James Wyatt
Mezzotint after a portrait by Wyatt's son Matthew Cotes Wyatt
Born(1746-08-03)3 August 1746
Blackbrook Farm, Weeford, Staffordshire, England
Died4 September 1813(1813-09-04) (aged 67)
2 miles east of Marlborough in carriage accident
NationalityEnglish
OccupationArchitect
SpouseRachel Lunn
Children4 sons, including Benjamin Dean, Matthew Cotes, Philip
BuildingsFonthill Abbey

James Wyatt PRA (3 August 1746 – 4 September 1813) was an English architect, a rival of Robert Adam in the neoclassical and neo-Gothic styles. He was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts in 1785 and was its president from 1805 to 1806.

Early life

Wyatt was born on 3 August 1746 at Weeford, near Lichfield, Staffordshire, England.[1]

Early classical career

Wyatt spent six years in Italy, 1762–68, in company with Richard Bagot of Staffordshire, who was Secretary to Charles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton's embassy to the Venetian Republic. In Venice, Wyatt studied with Antonio Visentini (1688–1782) as an architectural draughtsman and painter. In Rome he made measured drawings of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica, "being under the necessity of lying on his back on a ladder slung horizontally, without cradle or side-rail, over a frightful void of 300 feet".

Back in England, his selection as architect of the proposed Pantheon or "Winter Ranelagh" in Oxford Street, London, brought him almost unparalleled instant success. His brother Samuel was one of the principal promoters of the scheme, and it was doubtless due to him that the designs of a young and almost unknown architect were accepted by the committee. When the Pantheon was opened in 1772, their choice was at once endorsed by the fashionable public: Horace Walpole pronounced it to be "the most beautiful edifice in England".

Wyatt's "Pantheon" in Oxford Street, London

Externally it was unremarkable, but the classicising domed hall surrounded by galleried aisles and apsidal ends was something new in assembly rooms, and brought its architect immediate celebrity. The design was exhibited at the Royal Academy, private commissions followed, and at the age of 26 Wyatt found himself a fashionable domestic architect and on 27 August 1770 an Associate of the Royal Academy.[2] His polished manners secured him friends as well as patrons among the great, and when it was rumoured that he was about to leave the country to become architect to Catherine II of Russia, a group of English noblemen is said to have offered him a retaining fee of £1,200 to remain in their service. His major neoclassical country houses include Heaton Hall near Manchester (1772), Heveningham Hall in Suffolk (circa 1788–99), and Castle Coole in Ireland, as well as Packington Hall, Staffordshire, the home of the Levett family for generations, and Dodington Park in Gloucestershire for the Codrington family. On 15 February 1785 Wyatt was elected an Academician of the Royal Academy,[1] his diploma work being a drawing of the Darnley Mausoleum.[2]

The Large Dining Room at Westport House, County Mayo was designed by Wyatt

Later classical work

In later years, he carried out alterations at Frogmore for Queen Charlotte, and was made Surveyor-General of the Works. In about 1800, he was commissioned to carry out alterations to Windsor Castle which would probably have been much more considerable had it not been for George III's illness, and in 1802 he designed for the King the "strange castellated palace" at Kew which was remarkable for the extensive employment of cast iron in its construction.

Between 1805 and 1808 Wyatt remodelled West Dean House in West Dean, West Sussex. Wyatt's work was remarkable because it is built entirely of flint, even to the door and window openings, which would normally be lined with stone.

In 1776, Wyatt succeeded Henry Keene as Surveyor to Westminster Abbey (in which year he was appointed Elizabeth, Countess of Home's architect on Home House, though he was sacked and replaced by Robert Adam a year later). In 1782 he became, in addition, Architect of the Ordnance.[3] The death of Sir William Chambers brought him the post of Surveyor General and Comptroller of the Works in 1796.

Broadway Tower, Worcestershire, designed by Wyatt in the 1790s

Wyatt was now the principal architect of the day, the recipient of more commissions than he could well fulfil. His widespread practice and the duties of his official posts left him little time to give proper attention to the individual needs of his clients. As early as 1790, when he was invited to submit designs for rebuilding St Chad's Church at Shrewsbury, he broke his engagements with such frequency that the committee "became at length offended, and addressed themselves to Mr. George Stewart". In 1804, Jeffry Wyatt told Farington that his uncle had lost "many great commissions" by such neglect. When approached by a new client, he would at first take the keenest interest in the commission, but when the work was about to begin he would lose interest in it and "employ himself upon trifling professional matters which others could do". His conduct of official business was no better than his treatment of his private clients, and there can be no doubt that it was Wyatt's irresponsible habits which led to the reorganization of the Board of Works after his death, as a result of which the Surveyor's office was placed in the hands of a political chief assisted by three "attached architects".

The Senior Common Rooms and Senior Library of Oriel College, Oxford, designed by Wyatt in the 1780s

Wyatt was a brilliant but facile designer, whose work is not characterized by any markedly individual style. At the time he began practice the fashionable architects were the brothers Adam, whose style of interior decoration he proceeded to imitate with such success that they complained of plagiarism in the introduction to their Works in Architecture, which appeared in 1773. Many years later Wyatt himself told George III that "there had been no regular architecture since Sir William Chambers – that when he came from Italy he found the public taste corrupted by the Adams, and he was obliged to comply with it". Much of Wyatt's classical work is, in fact, in a chastened Adam manner with ornaments in Coade stone and Etruscan-style medallions executed in many cases by the painter Biagio Rebecca, who was also employed by his rivals. It was not until towards the end of his life that he and his brother Samuel (with whom must be associated their nephew Lewis) developed the severe and fastidious style of domestic architecture which is characteristic of the Wyatt manner at its best.[lower-alpha 1] But among Wyatt's earlier works there are several (e.g., the Christ Church gateway and the mausoleum at Cobham) which show a familiarity with Chambers' Treatise on the Decorative Part of Civil Architecture, and so permit the belief that if his artistic integrity had been greater Wyatt might have continued the Chambers tradition instead of falling in with the "corrupt taste" of the brothers Adam. Had he been given the opportunity of designing some great public building, it is possible that he would have shown himself a true disciple of Chambers;[lower-alpha 2] but his career as a government architect coincided with the Napoleonic wars, and his premature death deprived him of participation in the metropolitan improvements of the reign of George IV.

Gothic architecture

Fonthill Abbey, built 1795–1807 by Wyatt for William Beckford, the author of the gothic fantasy novel 'Vathek'

Meanwhile, Wyatt's reputation as a rival to Robert Adam had been eclipsed by his celebrity as a Gothic architect. Every Georgian architect was called upon from time to time to produce designs in the medieval style, and Wyatt was by no means the first in the field. However, whereas his predecessors had merely Gothicized their elevations by the addition of battlements and pointed windows, Wyatt went further and exploited to the full the picturesque qualities of medieval architecture by irregular grouping and the addition of towers and spires to his silhouettes. Never, indeed, have the romantic possibilities of Gothic architecture been more strikingly demonstrated than they were by Wyatt at Fonthill Abbey and Ashridge; and although crude in scale and often unscholarly in detail, these houses are among the landmarks of the Gothic revival in England. In his lifetime Wyatt enjoyed the reputation of having "revived in this country the long forgotten beauties of Gothic architecture", but the real importance of his Gothic work lay in the manner in which it bridged the gap between the rococo Gothic of the mid 18th century and the serious medievalism of the early 19th century.

View in the Gallery, Fonthill: a coloured print from the elaborately-produced souvenir album commissioned by Beckford
Saint Michael's church, Hafod

Of his cathedral restorations, inspired as they were by the mistaken idea that a medieval church ought to be homogeneous in style and unencumbered by screens, monuments, and other obtrusive relics of the past, it can only be said that the Chapters who employed him were no more enlightened than their architect, and that at Westminster Abbey at least he accomplished an urgent work of repair in an unexceptionable manner. His activities at Salisbury, Durham, Hereford, and Lichfield were bitterly criticized by John Carter in his Pursuits of Architectural Innovation, and it was due in large measure to Carter's persistent denunciation that, in 1796, Wyatt failed to secure election as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In the following year, however, he was permitted to add F.S.A. to his name by a majority of one hundred and twenty-three votes.

Wyatt was elected to the Royal Academy in 1785, and took an active part in the politics of the Academy. In 1803 he was one of the members of the Council which attempted to assert its independence of the General Assembly of Academicians, and when the resultant dissensions led Benjamin West to resign the Presidency in the following year, it was Wyatt who was elected to take his place.[1] But his election was never formally approved by the King, and in the following year he appears to have acquiesced in West's resumption of office. Wyatt was one of the founders of the Architects' Club in 1791, and sometimes presided at its meetings at the Thatched House Tavern.

In 1802 Wyatt built a new house for John Egerton, 7th Earl of Bridgewater on the Ashridge estate in Hertfordshire which is now a Grade I listed building. In 1803 Thomas Johnes hired Wyatt to design Saint Michel's Hafod Church, Eglwys Newydd, in Ceredigion, Wales.

Family and death

Wyatt died on 4 September 1813 as the result of an accident to the carriage in which he was travelling over the Marlborough Downs with his friend and employer, Christopher Bethell-Codrington of Dodington Park. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

He left a widow and four sons, of whom the eldest, Benjamin Dean, and the youngest, Philip, were notable architects. Matthew Cotes (1777–1862), the second son, became a well-known sculptor, whose best work is the bronze statue of George III in Cockspur Street off Trafalgar Square. Charles, the third son, was for a time in the service of the East India Company at Calcutta, but returned to England in 1801; nothing is known of his later career.

Pupils and employees

He had many pupils, of whom the following is an incomplete list: William Atkinson; W. Blogg; H. Brown; Joseph Dixon (perhaps a son of the draughtsman); John Foster, junior of Liverpool; J. M. Gandy; C. Humfrey; Henry Kitchen; James Wright Sanderson; R. Smith; Thomas and John Westmacott; M. Wynn; and his sons Benjamin and Philip Wyatt. Michael Gandy and P. J. Gandy-Deering were also in his office for a time.

Wyatt's principal draughtsman was Joseph Dixon, who, according to Farington, had been with him from the time of the building of the Pantheon.

List of architectural works

Wyatt's known works include the following.[4]

Public buildings

Churches

London houses

  • 11–15 Portman Square, London, 1774
  • House, Grosvenor Square London, 1778-9
  • 9 Conduit Street, London, 1779
  • Richmond House, London, addition of two rooms and staircase 1782, burnt down 1791
  • 1 Foley Place, London, 1783, James Wyatt's own house, demolished 1925
  • Lichfield House, 15 St. James Square, London, alterations to the drawing room 1791-4
  • Montague House, 22 Portman Square, London, additions 1793, bombed in Blitz 1940
  • Queen's House (Buckingham Palace), London, alterations, rebuilt by John Nash 1825–1830
  • 22 St. James Square, London, 1803
  • Old Palace Kew, London, repairs 1802–11
  • New Palace Kew, London, 1802–11, never completed owing to George III's insanity, demolished 1827-8
  • Devonshire House, London, the crystal staircase 1811–12, demolished 1924
  • Carlton House, London, refitted library 1812, demolished

New country houses

Garden buildings and follies

Alterations to country houses

Drawings

Few original drawings by Wyatt are known to be in existence: but in the RIBA library there are designs by him for Badger Hall, Fonthill Abbey, Downing College, and Ashridge Park. The Royal Academy has drawings for the mausoleums at Brocklesby Park and Cobham Hall.[1] An album of Wyatt's sketches, in the possession of the Vicomte de Noailles, contains designs for chandeliers, torchères, vases, a plan for Lord Courtown, and more .[8] Those for Slane Castle are in the Murray Collection of the National Library of Ireland.

Portrayals

There is a portrait in the RIBA library, and a pencil portrait by George Dance is in the Library of the Royal Academy.[9] The National Portrait Gallery has a bronze bust of Wyatt by John Charles Felix Rossi.[10]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ For an admirable analysis of the mature "Wyatt manner", see Arthur Oswald article on "Rudding Hall, Yorks"., in Country Life, 4 February 1949. The architect of Rudding itself is unknown.
  2. ↑ The influence of Somerset House is, in fact, apparent in Wyatt's rejected design for Downing College, Cambridge, of c. 1800 (see Gavin Walkley, "A Recently Found James Wyatt Design", R.I.B.A. Jnl., 12 September, and 17 October 1938).

References

  • Colvin, H.M. (1954): A Biographical Dictionary of English Architects, 1660–1840, Harvard, pp. 722 and onwards. OCLC 2172754
  • Saint, A., Guillery, P. (eds.) (2012): Woolwich – Survey of London, Volume 48, Yale Books, London. ISBN 9780300187229 (online text)
  1. 1 2 3 4 "James Wyatt PRA (1746 – 1813)". Royal Academy of Arts. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  2. 1 2 Bingham, Neil, (2011) page 46 Masterworks: Architecture at the Royal Academy of Arts, Royal Academy of Arts, ISBN 978-1-905711-83-3
  3. ↑ Saint & Guillery (2012), p. 148.
  4. ↑ Anthony Dale, James Wyatt, pg. 210–217, 2nd edition 1956, Blackwell
  5. ↑ "Former Officers' Mess, Fenham Barracks, Newcastle upon Tyne". British listed buildings. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  6. ↑ "Pelham Mausoleum". Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  7. ↑ Historic England. "Gothic ruin of temple by lake in Frogmore Gardens (Grade II*) (1319305)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  8. ↑ Country Life, 5 December 1947 and 2 July 1948
  9. ↑ "Portrait of James Wyatt, P.R.A. | RA Collection". Royal Academy of Arts. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  10. ↑ "James Wyatt". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
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