Jar Jar Binks
Star Wars character
In Episode II – Attack of the Clones
First appearanceThe Phantom Menace (1999)
Created byGeorge Lucas
Portrayed byAhmed Best (motion capture, some body close-ups, Episodes I-III)
Voiced byAhmed Best (most media)
Phil LaMarr (three episodes of The Clone Wars, Lego: The Padawan Menace, and Lego Star Wars: The Skywalker Saga)
Trevor Devall (Lego: The Yoda Chronicles and Lego: Droid Tales)
In-universe information
SpeciesGungan
GenderMale
OccupationGeneral in the Gungan Grand Army
Representative of the Gungan race
Senator of Chommell Sector (substituting for Padmé Amidala)
Entertainer
AffiliationGungan Grand Army, Galactic Republic, Galactic Senate, Delegation of 2000, Galactic Empire, Imperial Senate, New Republic
HomeworldNaboo

Jar Jar Binks is a fictional character of the Gungan race from the Star Wars saga created by George Lucas. Jar Jar appears throughout the Star Wars prequel trilogy – as a major character in Episode I: The Phantom Menace and with a supporting role in Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith – as well as having a role in the television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars. The first fully computer-generated supporting character in a live-action film, he has been voiced by Ahmed Best in most of his appearances, who also acted out the character with prosthetics prior to the CGI work. The last mention of Binks is in the 2017 canonical novel Aftermath: Empire's End.

Jar Jar's primary role in Episode I was to provide comic relief for the audience. He was met with overwhelming dislike from both critics and audiences, and has been recognized as one of the most hated characters in Star Wars and the history of film in general, with some commentators arguing that the character was based on stereotypes of Black people, especially Jamaicans. The hate affected Best personally, who rejected the idea that the character was based on racist stereotypes.[1][2][3]

In 2015, a Reddit user posted a fan theory that Jar Jar was originally going to be revealed as a manipulative villain, but this plot point was removed due to the character's unpopularity. The theory gained popularity on the internet, and was even encouraged by Best, who implied that it could have been partially true.

The character's reception changed as he was championed by fans who had seen the prequels at the time of their release as children. He has also been defended by members of the prequels' production team.[4] Since then Ahmed Best felt grateful for the support and admiration.[4][5]

Conception

George Lucas was inspired to develop Jar Jar based on the Disney character Goofy.[6] Singer Michael Jackson wanted to play the role, but wished to portray the character using prosthetics while Lucas wanted him to be all CGI.[7][lower-alpha 1] Ahmed Best was cast based on his work in the production of Stomp, as Lucas wanted someone athletic for the role.[8] During his audition he performed several martial arts moves and flips, which according to Best was a contrast to how Lucas pictured the character, more in line with comedic silent actors such as Buster Keaton.[8] After Lucas walked out of the audition, Best felt he had failed it.[8] Terryl Whitlatch created the final designs for the "cowardly and insecure" character.[9]

Best wore a prosthetic costume to portray Jar Jar, which cost about $100,000 and served as a reference for the actors to interact with, animators to base the performance on, and digital artists to match the lighting.[10] He was the first computer-generated supporting character in a live-action film,[11] although in a small number of shots (such as those only showing the character's hands or feet), the costume was not replaced with CGI.[12]

Appearances

Films

Jar Jar appears only in the prequel trilogy.

The Phantom Menace

Jar Jar Binks first appears in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace as a bumbling, foolish Gungan from the planet Naboo who is banished by his tribe as punishment for his clumsiness. He is nearly killed by a Trade Federation transport, only to be saved at the last minute by Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson). Qui-Gon and his padawan, Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor), persuade Jar Jar's tribe to release him to their custody as a guide. He later goes with the Jedi and Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman) to the planet Tatooine, where he meets and befriends nine-year-old slave Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd).

Jar Jar later appears in the film's climactic battle scene, where he leads his fellow Gungans, as a general in the Gungan army, in defeating the Trade Federation. After the battle, he appears at the funeral of Qui-Gon Jinn and in the ending parade with his fellow Gungans.

Attack of the Clones

Jar Jar's role in Attack of the Clones is much smaller, but his actions are significant. Ten years after helping save his planet, he is a delegate to the Galactic Senate and as such, plays a role in bringing his old friends, Obi-Wan and Anakin (Hayden Christensen), back to Coruscant, where he greets them with enthusiasm. Later, on the behalf of the Naboo, he gives a speech to the assembled Senate in favor of granting Chancellor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) vast emergency powers.

Revenge of the Sith

Jar Jar appears in only a few scenes in Revenge of the Sith, and has no dialogue (besides a brief "'scuse me" at one point). He was originally given some dialogue in the beginning, but this was cut.[13] Another cut scene would have shown Palpatine mocking Jar Jar for putting him in power before crowning himself emperor.[14] He is most prominently featured in Padmé Amidala's funeral procession at the end of the film, marching sadly behind her coffin alongside Boss Nass.

The Clone Wars television series

Jar Jar Binks is a supporting character in the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars, once again voiced by Best, although Phil LaMarr voiced the character in three season one episodes under the pseudonym BJ Hughes. In this series, he is a Senate representative who sometimes accompanies the main characters—Anakin, Obi-Wan, Padmé, and Anakin's padawan Ahsoka Tano—on their adventures. He and Jedi Master Mace Windu are the two main characters of the two-part episode "The Disappeared" in which they had to search for missing elders and rescue a queen, who was Jar Jar's past love interest.

Literature

Aftermath: Empire's End

Chuck Wendig's 2017 novel Star Wars: Aftermath: Empire's End, set after the events of Return of the Jedi, finds Binks as a street performer who entertains refugee children but is loathed by adults who blame him for his part in the rise of the Empire. Chris Taylor of Mashable wrote that the situation reflects real life in that adults disliked Jar Jar in the prequel films, but children were entertained by him.[15][16]

In an interview, director J. J. Abrams suggested that Jar Jar's death might be referenced in Star Wars: The Force Awakens,[17] but this did not happen.[18]

Legends

With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.[19][20][21]

In the game Star Wars: The Force Unleashed, Jar Jar is shown to have been frozen in carbonite by an Imperial officer and kept in his trophy room.

Other appearances

Binks is a Lego mini-figure in the Lego Star Wars video games, and appears as an Angry Bird with a hook move called "Jar Jar Wings" in Angry Birds Star Wars II. Ahmed Best was signed on to portray Binks in the show Star Wars Detours.

Reception

Even before the release of The Phantom Menace, Jar Jar Binks became the subject of significant media and popular attention. After the film's release, Binks became symbolic of what many reviewers such as Brent Staples (The New York Times),[22] David Edelstein (Slate),[23] and Eric Harrison (Los Angeles Times)[24] considered to be creative flaws of the film. The character was widely rejected and often ridiculed[25] by people who felt that Jar Jar was included in the film solely to appeal to children (a criticism first leveled with the introduction of the Ewoks in Return of the Jedi).[25] Bruce Handy of Vanity Fair wrote that "Jar Jar has come to symbolize what many fans see as the faults of the prequel trilogy: characters no one much cares about; a sense of humor geared toward the youngest conceivable audience members; an over-reliance on computer graphics; and story lines devoted to the kinds of convoluted political machinations which wouldn't have been out of place in adaptations of I, Claudius or The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, but which fit less snugly in films with characters like Jar Jar Binks."[26] One fan, Mike J. Nichols, created and distributed, free of charge, a modified version of the film, entitled The Phantom Edit, which cut out several scenes featuring what Nichols dubbed 'Jar Jar antics.' The character was also lampooned on an episode of the television show South Park entitled "Jakovasaurs", in The Fairly OddParents (Episode: "Abra-Catastrophe!"), The Simpsons (Episode: "Co-Dependents' Day"), as well as the parody Star Wars episodes of Robot Chicken, in which Best reprised the role in voice-over form.[27]

In response to the criticism surrounding Jar Jar, Star Wars creator George Lucas stated that he feels there is a section of the fanbase upset that "the movies are for children but they don't want to admit that... There is a small group of fans that do not like comic sidekicks. They want the films to be tough like The Terminator, and they get very upset and opinionated about anything that has anything to do with being childlike."[28]

In July 2018, Best said that the widespread criticism of his character had led to him considering suicide. Fans felt sorry for and showed their support for Best, feeling that toxic abuse is unacceptable. Among the group of people is the interpreter of Yoda, Frank Oz, who said that he enjoyed the character Jar Jar Binks and wrote on Twitter: “I LOVED Jar Jar Binks. I know I’ll get raked over the coals for saying that but I just will never understand the harshness of people’s dislike of him. I do character work. He is a GREAT character! Okay. Go ahead. Shoot. Gimme all ya got—but you’ll never make me change my mind.”[29][5]

In April 2019, during the annual Star Wars Celebration event ahead of the 20th anniversary panel for The Phantom Menace, George Lucas named Jar Jar as his favorite Star Wars character.[30][31]

Allegations of racial caricature

In an article for The Wall Street Journal, film critic Joe Morgenstern described the character as a "Rastafarian Stepin Fetchit on platform hoofs, crossed annoyingly with Butterfly McQueen."[32] Legal scholar Patricia J. Williams argued that many aspects of Jar Jar Bink's characterization were reminiscent of the blackface archetypes in minstrel shows, while academic Paul J. Ford suggested the character is a "laid-back clown character" which utilized stereotypes of Afro-Caribbean people.[33][34] Lucasfilm responded to these claims by denying that there were any racist intentions during the character's creation.[35] George Lucas has also responded, stating that "those criticisms are made by people who've obviously never met a Jamaican....How in the world could you take an orange amphibian and say that he's a Jamaican?".[36] Ahmed Best also rejected such claims, stating that "Jar Jar has nothing to do with the Caribbean".[37]

Speculations of villainy

In late October 2015, a Reddit user by the name of "Lumpawarroo" published a detailed theory speculating that Binks was originally written as a major antagonist of the series, a manipulative, prominent collaborator of Palpatine, before being written off from his major villain's role due to the character's negative reception.[38] This theory was related to an earlier interview with actor Ahmed Best in /r/IAmA, where he claimed that Jar Jar had been displaced from the story's main focus due to the backlash, implying at the same time that the hate received by the character was not entirely unintentional.[39]

The post quickly became popular and received significant media coverage internationally by independent bloggers and major news outlets like The Guardian, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, which included analysis of his actions in The Phantom Menace and gave him the nickname of "Darth Jar Jar".[40][41][42][43] Journalist Andrew Street from The Guardian called it a "classic twist", comparing it to Yoda's role in The Empire Strikes Back,[41] while Matt Hickey from Forbes went to the extent of contacting George Lucas about the question, but received no answer.[40]

In response to the speculations, Best tweeted, "I will say this, it feels really good when the hidden meaning behind the work is seen. No matter how long it takes," apparently confirming the theory.[44] Some months later, he expanded upon his tweet in a YouTube interview, stating, "there is a lot about [the theory] that is true, there are some things about it that are not true... Could Jar Jar have evolved into that? I think the answer is yes. Because of the backlash, and rightfully so, Lucasfilm backed off of Jar Jar a lot, but a lot of the influence that I put into the character mirrored a lot of what was already in the Star Wars universe." Best concluded only Lucas could unveil the actual role of Binks, yet he also claimed that a deleted scene from Attack of the Clones would have still shown Palpatine darkly confiding his plans about the Empire to Jar Jar.[45]

J. J. Abrams, who directed two installments of the franchise's sequel trilogy after its buyout by Disney, personally approved the theory about the villainous Jar Jar. He described Lumpawarroo's argumentation as an "unbelievably lengthy analysis, in a very seriously thought-out way, as to why it's obviously true he's [evil]."[46]

Character reassessment

I actually felt terrible that Ahmed Best suffered so much. I remember when he came out to [ILM headquarters] Kerner and I met him, showed him around, and I said, “We’re really interested in having your interpretation of this character. You’re going to bring a lot to this, the personality is something that we have not experienced that yet. And that’s going to be your part in it.”

And he was this kid in his twenties, who did that beautiful Stomp, that show that he was involved in, which we all got to see. George let us see a special [performance] of that -- yeah, that was during a company meeting. There was a big theater up there in San Rafael, and the company meeting turned out to be a little bit of conversation and then we got to see Stomp. Ahmed was in that thing, and I was just like, “This is so cool!” It was just wonderful.

So here he was, this kid I think had hoped that this was going to be something that transformed his life in a really great way. Who wouldn’t think that? It’s an opportunity to work on a Star Wars movie.

—Digital model designer Jean Bolte remembers meeting actor Ahmed Best.[4]

Since the release of the movie The Phantom Menace, many people who have worked on the Star Wars films and viewers have defended Jar Jar Binks.[47]

Filmmaker George Lucas defended the character Jar Jar Binks by clarifying that the Star Wars films were made for 12-year-old children and claims to have said this from the beginning in early interviews when he made A New Hope.[47][48]

In an interview with IGN during the premiere of The Force Awakens, Frank Oz said that Jar Jar Binks is his favorite character: "I love Jar Jar Binks. I swear to god I do...When I saw that script I thought he was a fantastic character and I don’t know what the heck happened….I thought he was fantastic; he was hysterical. He reminded me of Abbott and Costello."[49][50]

Actor Liam Neeson praised Ahmed Best for his portrayal of Jar Jar Binks: "I know a lot of fans and critics didn't like it. Ahmed Best, who played Jar Jar Binks, received a lot of criticism, to the point where it really hurt his career. And I have to say that when he was making that movie, with Ahmed Best as Jar Jar Binks and with Ewan McGregor as young Obi-Wan Kenobi, he was probably one of the funniest and most talented guys I've ever worked with. I remember calling... my old ex-agent... and saying, 'Listen, I think I just worked with the new Eddie Murphy.' And I still believe it."[51][52]

During the 20th anniversary of The Phantom Menace film, many members of the prequel production team have defended the character and appreciated the public's acceptance at the Star Wars Celebration panel. Visual effects supervisor John Knoll reflected: "Well, I think it's good to see [his newfound popularity], because I think George took a lot of the criticism pretty harshly. It was kind of painful for me to see how cruel people were about it and how personally George took it. I think the movies didn't deserve as much hate as they received. It hurt me to see how much George took those things." He also said, "I thought [the Star Wars Celebration panel] was great, especially the warm reaction there was to Ahmed. I know he took all the vicious comments people had about Jar Jar very hard. That's not his fault, he didn't write that character. He's an actor who did a really good job and worked hard to get it right. Seeing the really warm reaction of the crowd made me feel... It was moving.".[47] Animation director Rob Coleman said that twenty years later he still has younger people coming up to him and telling him that Jar Jar is their favorite character.[47] Digital model designer Jean Bolte cited Jar Jar Binks as one of her favorite characters to work with alongside Sebulba and Yoda, saying, "Going to Star Wars Celebration and seeing and hearing the fans so interested in which one was our contribution…. It really completely changed my point of view about being privileged to have had anything to do with these films.".[47][53][54]

In an interview with Europa Press during the premiere of Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, a journalist asked actress Felicity Jones who she would like to receive a gift from if she were in the Star Wars galaxy at Christmas time and she responded: "I think she would be very interested to receive a gift from Jar Jar Binks or C-3P0."[55][56]

Ahmed Best was moved by people's appreciation for Jar Jar Binks: "It was definitely the kids. I had to start looking at Jar Jar through their eyes, and that's what made me smile again. Now those kids They are between 20 and 30 years old. They have a different perspective on The Phantom Menace. The Phantom Menace, for them, is their Star Wars. [Episodes] IV, V and VI, that's their parents' Star Wars, and VII, VIII and IX, that's their children's Star Wars. But the prequels, that's theirs, and they defend the prequels. So I see the same thing. I see the resurgence of The Phantom Menace." He then talked about his experience of going to Star Wars Celebration: "To be very honest, I was very afraid to go to Celebration. Every time I’m in a Star Wars setting, I spend most of my time defending our work and defending Jar Jar. And I just don’t want to do that anymore. So I was very reluctant to come to Celebration because of that, and I have to say, I was pleasantly surprised. It wasn’t the case at all. I just felt nothing but love and respect and admiration for the work we did. I couldn’t have been more proud and I couldn’t have been happier. I wish George was there because I think we’re at a time right now where we have to stand in that work. We have to say, “We did it,” and step into that in a very proud way, because it stands the test of time."[47][54]

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Ahmed Best, who would end up playing the character, later hypothesized that Lucas might have felt uncomfortable with the thought of the singer's casting overshadowing the actual movie.[7]

Citations

  1. ↑ Marikar, Sheila; Heron, Liz. "The Top 10 Worst TV and Film Characters". ABC News. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  2. ↑ Kim, Wook (February 10, 2012). "10 Things We (Still) Kinda Hate About The Phantom Menace". Time. New York City: Meredith Corporation. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  3. ↑ Nordine, Michael (January 5, 2019). "Jar Jar Binks Actor Ahmed Best Opens Up About Racism-Fueled Backlash". IndieWire. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 Brooks, Dan. ""All Films Are Personal": An Oral History of Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace". StarWars.com. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  5. 1 2 Parker, Ryan (July 6, 2018). "Jar Jar Binks Actor Thanks Fans for Support After Sharing He'd Once Considered Suicide". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  6. ↑ Schwerdtfeger, Conner (December 18, 2015). "Jar Jar Binks Was Inspired By This Classic Disney Character". Cinemablend. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  7. 1 2 Britton, Luke Morgan (July 23, 2015). "Michael Jackson wanted to play Jar Jar Binks in 'Star Wars'". NME. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 Godfrey, Gavin (July 23, 2015). "The Actor Who Played Jar Jar Binks Is Not Sorry". Vice. New York City: Vice Media. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  9. ↑ Bouzereau, Laurent; Duncan, Jody (1999). The Making of Star Wars: The Phantom Menace. New York City: Ballantine Books. pp. 18, 25. ISBN 0-345-43111-1.
  10. ↑ Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace featurette: The Beginning: Making Episode I (DVD). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. 2001. Event occurs at 40.
  11. ↑ Placido, Dani Di (October 31, 2017). "Jar Jar Binks Actor Claims His Role In Cinema History Has Been Forgotten". Forbes. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  12. ↑ Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace audio commentary (DVD). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. 2001. Event occurs at 49, 79.
  13. ↑ Lucas, George. "Star Wars Episode 3: Revenge of the Sith Script". IMSDb. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  14. ↑ Rohan Williams (July 21, 2017). "How was George Lucas going to end Jar Jar's story?". Force Material. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
  15. ↑ Taylor, Chris (February 16, 2017). "Revealed: What really happened to Star Wars' most hated character". Mashable.
  16. ↑ Breznican, Anthony. "New Star Wars novel reveals fate of Jar Jar Binks". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
  17. ↑ Hooton, Christopher. "Jar Jar Binks is going to be killed off unceremoniously in Star Wars: The Force Awakens". The Independent. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Jar Jar Binks Killed By Star Wars: The Force Awakens?". Moviepilot.com. December 23, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  19. ↑ Hood, Bryan (December 15, 2015). "Why Disney Blew Up More Than 30 Years of Star Wars Canon". Bloomberg. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  20. ↑ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  22. ↑ Staples, Brent (June 20, 1999), "Shuffling Through Star Wars", The New York Times, pp. WK4
  23. ↑ Edelstein, David (May 19, 1999), "Dark Side Lite", Slate, archived from the original on March 6, 2000
  24. ↑ Harrison, Eric (June 21, 1999), "Even an Insider Found Jar Jar, Well, Jarring", Los Angeles Times, pp. F6
  25. 1 2 O'Ehley, James, Jar Jar Binks Must Die!, retrieved August 9, 2008
  26. ↑ Handy, Bruce (September 1, 2015), "The Daring Genesis of J. J. Abrams's Star Wars: The Force Awakens", Vanity Fair, retrieved October 22, 2015
  27. ↑ Robot Chicken: Star Wars at IMDb
  28. ↑ "Star Wars: Lucas strikes back". BBC News. July 14, 1999. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
  29. ↑ Shoard, Catherine (July 4, 2018). "Jar Jar Binks actor 'considered suicide' after Star Wars prequel backlash". The Guardian.
  30. ↑ "Star Wars: George Lucas names Jar Jar Binks as his favourite character". BBC News. April 17, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  31. ↑ Sharf, Zack (April 16, 2019). "20 Years Later, George Lucas Still Names Jar Jar Binks His Favorite 'Star Wars' Character". IndieWire. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  32. ↑ Morgenstern, Joe (May 19, 1999). "Our Inner Child Meets Young Darth Daver". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  33. ↑ Williams, Patricia J. (July 5, 1999). "Racial Ventriloquism". The Nation. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  34. ↑ Ford, Paul J. (2001), "A further analysis of the ethics of representation in virtual reality: Multi-user environments", Ethics and Information Technology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 3 (2): 113–121, doi:10.1023/A:1011846009390, S2CID 30377478.
  35. ↑ Okwu, Michael (June 14, 1999). "Jar Jar jarring". CNN. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  36. ↑ McDowell, John C. (2016). Identity Politics in George Lucas' Star Wars. McFarland. p. 137.
  37. ↑ Okwu, Michael (June 24, 1999). "Jar Jar Binks: A Digital Star Is Born". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  38. ↑ Lumpawarroo (October 30, 2015). "[Theory] Jar Jar Binks was a trained Force user, knowing Sith collaborator, and will play a central role in The Force Awakens". Reddit /r/StarWars. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  39. ↑ Ahmed Best (April 16, 2014). "IamA Ahmed Best actor/writer/director, best known for playing Jar Jar Binks in Star Wars Ep. 1,2,3. Ask me Anything!". Reddit /r/IAmA. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  40. 1 2 Hickey, Matt (October 31, 2015). "Fans Rocked By Star Wars Character Theory That Changes Everything They Know". Forbes. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  41. 1 2 Street, Andrew P. (November 6, 2015). "Is Jar Jar Binks the ultimate Star Wars bad guy? Yes, says the internet". The Guardian. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  42. ↑ Petri, Alexandra (November 4, 2015). "The biggest problem with the Jar Jar Theory". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  43. ↑ Ross Douthat (November 9, 2015). "Darth Jar Jar and the Wisdom of Fans". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  44. ↑ Ahmed Best [@ahmedbest] (November 2, 2015). "I will say this, it feels really good when the hidden meaning behind the work is seen. No matter how long it takes. #TPM" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  45. ↑ Stangroom, Jamie. "Ahmed Best says DARTH JAR JAR theory is TRUE! (sort of)". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  46. ↑ Rosen, Christopher (November 30, 2015). "Jar Jar Binks fan theory: J. J. Abrams weighs in". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brooks, Dan. ""All Films Are Personal": An Oral History of Star Wars: Episode I The Phantom Menace". StarWars.com. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  48. ↑ Dretzka, Gary (May 13, 2002). "Lucas strikes back / 'Star Wars' creator defends Jar Jar and..." SFGATE. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  49. ↑ Brent McKnight (December 17, 2015). "What Frank Oz Really Thinks Of Jar Jar Binks". CINEMABLEND. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  50. ↑ Frank Oz Defends Jar Jar Binks, retrieved October 20, 2023
  51. ↑ Scott, Ryan (September 14, 2020). "Liam Neeson Praises Jar Jar Binks Actor While Defending The Phantom Menace". MovieWeb. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  52. ↑ Parker, Ryan (September 14, 2020). "Liam Neeson Explains Why He's "Proud" of 'The Phantom Menace'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  53. ↑ "Star Wars: The Phantom Menace cast and crew reunited ahead of 20th anniversary". CNET. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  54. 1 2 Star Wars: Phantom Menace 20th Anniversary Celebration Live Panel, retrieved October 20, 2023
  55. ↑ "ENTREVISTA | Felicity Jones: "Rogue One es una historia sobre personajes imperfectos y vulnerables"". www.europapress.es. Europa Press. December 14, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
  56. ↑ Entrevista con Felicity Jones por 'Rogue One', retrieved October 20, 2023
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