The Je Khenpo in 2010, at Punakha Dzong, in a saffron kabney

The Je Khenpo (Tibetan: རྗེ་མཁན་པོ་, Wylie: Rje Mkhan-po; "The Chief Abbot of the Central Monastic Body of Bhutan"[1]), formerly called the Dharma Raja by orientalists, is the title given to the senior religious hierarch of Bhutan. His primary duty is to lead the Dratshang Lhentshog (Commission for the Monastic Affairs) of Bhutan, which oversees the Central Monastic Body, and to arbitrate on matters of doctrine, assisted by Five Lopen Rinpoches (learned masters).[2] The Je Khenpo is also responsible for many important liturgical and religious duties nationwide. The sitting Je Khenpo is also formally the leader of the southern branch of the Drukpa Kagyu sect, which is part of the Kagyu tradition of Himalayan Buddhism. Aside from the King of Bhutan, only the Je Khenpo may don a saffron kabney.[3]

History

According to the dual system of government established by Ngawang Namgyal in the 17th century, the powers of the government of Bhutan were ideally split between the religious branch, headed by the Je Khenpo, and the administrative branch, headed by the Druk Desi.[4] The position of Je Khenpo was granted on merit by-election, and typically was given to the most respected monk in the Dratshang Lhentshog (Commission for the Monastic Affairs). Thus, unlike reincarnation lineages such as the Dalai Lama, Zhabdrung Rinpoche, or Panchen Lama, the position of Je Khenpo was never held by a child but always by a seasoned monk.

Historically, the role of the Je Khenpo was quite powerful. The Je Khenpo and Druk Desi collaborated to disempower the office of the Zhabdrung by finding multiple incarnations of various aspects of the Zhabdrung; both the Je Khenpo and the Druk Desi wanted to retain the power they had accrued through the dual system of government.[5] However, since the establishment of the monarchy in 1907, the relative influence of the Je Khenpo has diminished. Nonetheless, the position remains powerful, and Je Khenpo is typically viewed as the closest and most powerful advisor to the King of Bhutan.

The 67th Je Khenpo, Ngawang Thinley Lhundup, died at age 84 on 10 June 2005. He was noted as a strict disciplinarian who would not compromise any rules in managing the Central Monastic Body. In addition to his position as Je Khenpo, he was recognized as the tulku of Nyizergang, the seat of the tertön Woogpa Lingpa in Wangdue Phodrang Province.

The 70th and present Je Khenpo is Tulku Jigme Chhoeda.[6] He is believed to be the reincarnation of Maitreya and the mahasiddha Saraha, Hungchen Kara, Kheuchung Lotsawa, and Pema Tsering.

In 2008, the office of the Je Khenpo was codified as part of the Constitution of Bhutan. Under Article 3 Section 4, the King appoints the Je Khenpo as the spiritual leader of Bhutan on the recommendation of the Five Lopons. In turn, the Je Khenpo appoints, on the recommendation of the Dratshang Lhentshog (Commission for the Monastic Affairs), monks with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog (stages of development and completion in Vajrayana practice) as the Five Lopons.[1]

The residences of the Je Khenpo and the Central Monastic Body are:[7]

List of Je Khenpos

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (English)" (PDF). Government of Bhutan. 18 July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
  2. ↑ Worden, Robert L.; Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.) (1991). "Chapter 6 - Bhutan: Religious Tradition". Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies (3rd ed.). Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0777-1. Retrieved 2 November 2010. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  3. ↑ Worden, Robert L.; Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.) (1991). "Chapter 6 - Bhutan: Social System". Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies (3rd ed.). Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0777-1. Retrieved 2 November 2010. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  4. ↑ Worden, Robert L.; Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.) (1991). "Chapter 6 - Bhutan: Theocratic Government, 1616-1907". Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies (3rd ed.). Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0777-1. Retrieved 2 November 2010. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  5. ↑ Worden, Robert L.; Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.) (1991). "Chapter 6 - Bhutan: Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728". Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies (3rd ed.). Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0777-1. Retrieved 2 November 2010. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  6. ↑ His Facebook
  7. ↑ Central Monastic Body returns to their summer residence
  8. ↑ Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center W8683-3638-3-238
  9. ↑ "bzod pa 'phrin las". TBRC. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.
  10. ↑ "ngag dbang lhun grub". TBRC. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.
  11. ↑ "shAkya rin chen". TBRC. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.
  12. ↑ "ngag dbang 'phrin las". TBRC. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.
  13. ↑ "kun dga' rgya mtsho". TBRC. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.
  14. ↑ "yon tan mtha' yas". TBRC. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.
  15. ↑ "shes rab seng+ge". TBRC. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.
  16. ↑ "ye shes rdo rje". TBRC. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.
  17. ↑ "shAkya rgyal mtshan". TBRC. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.
  18. ↑ "srid zhi rnam rgyal". TBRC. Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center.

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