Jean Lemoine, Jean Le Moine, Johannes Monachus[1] (1250, Crécy-en-Ponthieu – 22 August 1313, Avignon) was a French canon lawyer, Cardinal, bishop of Arras and papal legate. He served Boniface VIII as representative to Philip IV of France, and founded the Collège du Cardinal Lemoine,[2] in Paris. He is the first canon lawyer to formulate the legal principle of the presumption of innocence.

Early life

He was awarded degrees in canon law and theology by the University of Paris. He then became a canon of the cathedral chapters at Amiens and then in Paris. A royal adviser, he travelled to Rome, and was made Auditor of the Rota in 1282.[3]

Between France and Rome

Master Jean Le Moine was Dean of Bayeux Cathedral from 1288 to 1292.[4] He was actually, during that period, not in Bayeux but at the Papal Curia, serving as Vice-Chancellor. He signed the papal bulls under Pope Nicholas IV (1288-1292) as Magister Johannes Decanus Baiocensis.[5]

Le Moine was then elected bishop of Arras after the death of Bishop Guillaume de Issiaco on September 23, 1293.[6] The election was finally confirmed by Boniface VIII.

Pope Celestine V created him cardinal, with the title of Saints Marcellino e Pietro, at the consistory of 18 September 1294.[7] On 21 June 1295, he was in Anagni and attended the Consistory in which Pope Boniface recognized King James II of Aragon as the successor of King Pedro; Johannes tit. S. Marcellini et Petri presb. Card. subscribed to the bull.[8] He is attested among the cardinal-priests, under the name Johannes Monachus, as being present in the Roman Curia and receiving his share (1/18 on this occasion) in a distribution of the income from the Treasury of the College of Cardinals on 25 November 1295.[9] He appears again on 10 May 1297, as one of nineteen cardinals who received a share of the 50% of the income of the two deposed Colonna cardinals, thanks to the generosity of Pope Boniface VIII.[10] When the procurator of the Bishop of Siena paid in 300 livres Tournois around 24 June 1297, Jo. Monachus was one of seventeen cardinals entitled to a share.[11] There were many other distributions in which the names of the recipient cardinals are not listed, but which undoubtedly brought Cardinal Le Moine various sums of money. At Easter, 1297, the Archbishop of Tours paid in 200 livres Tournois, 1/15th of which went to Cardinal Le Moine, and around Pentecost he received 1/16 of the 500 livres Tournois presented by the Archbishop of Rouen.[12] On 5 September, thanks to the payment of the Abbot Majoris Monasterii (Marmoutier) in Tours of 180 livres Tournois, the Cardinal received a 1/15th share.[13] In the winter of 1297/1298 he was appointed auditor by Pope Boniface in the case of a Dominican Inquisitor and a Milanese soldier.[14] In the winter of 1297/1298 he was appointed auditor along with Cardinal Nicolas de Nonancourt by Pope Boniface in a case involving the Diocese of Lund and the King of Denmark.[15]

Collège du Cardinal Lemoine

As patron, he contracted at Rome (15 March 1302) to buy from the Grands-Augustins the "Maison du Chardonnet" and adjoining land to found a college. Initially "la Maison du Cardinal", after his death it was called "Collège du Cardinal Lemoine" or "Collège du Cardinal Le Moine." Initially it was to take 60 theology students and 40 in the arts. It received approval from Boniface VIII on 4 May 1302.[16] Beatus Rhenanus would become a student in the college from 1503 to 1507 graduating with a BA in 1506 and a MA in 1507.[17] The French humanist Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples was a director of the college.[17]

Legate

On 24 November 1302, Boniface VIII sent Cardinal Jean of S. Marcellino e Pietro to France as legate to Philippe le Bel.[18] Philippe stood up to papal demands, and the Cardinal laid an interdict on the kingdom, requiring Nicolas de Fréauville, the king's confessor, to appear at the Roman Curia to make an explanation.

The pope modified the interdict to an excommunication of the king. Phillipe intercepted the messengers with the bull, at Troyes, and placed the legate Jean under surveillance. The king then called together the États Généraux (1303).

The Cardinal left Paris by night, and returned to Rome. In Rome, he was appointed Assessor by Pope Boniface, in the case of the suspension of the Bishop of Vasio from both spiritualities and temporalities. The death of the Pope interrupted the proceedings, and the suspension was not finally lifted until 18 March 1304.[19] During his time in France as Apostolic Legate, he had been granted the right to appoint ten clerics to benefices in the various cathedrals of France (Paris, Chartres and Amiens excepted), but these were cancelled when Pope Boniface revoked and reserved to the Holy See all benefices in the Churches and Abbeys of France; Cardinal Jean was able to reinstate these ten clerics through the special favor shown to him by Pope Benedict XI.[20]

Roman Curia

His properties in France, however, were apparently being misappropriated. On 18 December 1303, the new pope, Benedict XI (1303-1304), issued a mandate, instructing several abbots in the dioceses of Bayeux and Amiens to see to it that the Cardinal's rights and the income from his benefices were protected. The letter specifically states that he was Dean of Bayeux, and that he had canonries and prebends in Bayeux, Amiens, and Paris.[21] At the same time he was appointed by Pope Benedict to be an Auditor in the case of a dispute between the Bishop and the Chapter of Amiens.[22] In January 1304, he was appointed to be a member of the committee to examine the election of a Bishop of Bamberg, but as soon as the committee was appointed, the bishop-elect resigned his election into the hands of the Pope, and the Pope provided the new bishop.[23] On 14 March 1304, he was one of the fifteen cardinals who subscribed the bull of privileges in favor of the monastery of Santo Spirito in Sulmone in the Diocese of Valva.[24] In February 1304, the Pope assigned him the trial of facts in a complaint laid by the Abbot and monks of Farfa in the matter of the subinfeudation of Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza to several castles and their lands, which involved the Monastery of Farfa.[25]

Conclave of 1304, move to Avignon

Clément V (cameo)

Pope Benedict XI died at Perugia on 7 July 1304.[26] The Sede Vacante lasted nearly eleven months. There were nineteen qualified electors, not counting the two Colonna cardinals who had been deposed.[27] Jean Le Moine belonged to the group led by Cardinal Napoleone Orsini,[28] composed of ten cardinals altogether.[29] He is said to have been the first choice of that group, but the cardinals in the opposition, led by Matteo Rosso Orsini,[30] would by no means consent to the election.[31] Because of illness, four cardinals did not participate in the final ballot in which the canonical election of Bertrand de Got, Archbishop of Bordeaux took place. He was elected by a bare 2/3 majority of ten votes, but finally the other five accepted the election and, of course, made it unanimous.[32] Cardinal Jean Le Moine was absent from the Conclave, from 18 August 1304, suffering from a pain in the tibia,[33] but his name appears among the majority at the final ballot and on the Election Manifesto.[34] All the Cardinals attended the new pope in France, with the exception of Cardinal Robert de Pontigny, who died during the journey at Parma, on 9 October 1305.

On 6 November 1305, he was elected Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals.[35] He stayed with Clement through all his wanderings, through to Avignon where the pope stationed himself in 1309.

Cardinal Lemoine died in Avignon. His will, dated 21 July 1313, asks that he should be buried in the chapel of his college in Paris, in rue Saint-Victor. These wishes were carried out on 1 October 1314, according to the inscription on his funeral monument (image above).

His brother André Lemoine, bishop of Noyon,[36] was a benefactor of the College; he died in 1315. The brothers were buried in the same tomb, and a joint epitaph could be seen there up to the end of the eighteenth century.

Works

His Glossa aurea Joannis Monachi cardinalis in Sextum Decretalium, a commentary on the Liber Sextus collection of canonical decretals, was presented by him to the University of Paris, with an accompanying letter, dated 16 February 1301 [1302].[37] The text was first printed in Paris in 1515.[38]

He formulated the rule on presumption of innocence in the words "item quilbet presumitur innocens nisi probetur nocens (a person is presumed innocent until proven guilty)".[39]

Placenames

References

  1. ↑ His Latin epitaph on his tomb in the Collège du Cardinal Lemoine in Paris reads: Hic iacet Dominus Iohannes Monachus Ambianensis Dioecesis Tituli Sanctorum Petri, et Marcellini Presbyt. Cardinalis: Jacobus Laderchii, De sacris basilicis SS. Martyrum Marcellini presbyteri, et Petri exorcistae de Urbi dissertation historica (Roma 1705), p. 352. "Le Moine" is a family name, not an indication that Jean was a monk: Jean Roy, Nouvelle histoire des cardinaux François V (1788), pp. 7-8.
  2. ↑ Collège du Cardinal Le Moine Retrieved: 2016-05-20.
  3. ↑ These assertions, and others, are made by older authors, and summarized by Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa II (Rome 1793), p. 42. But they lack documentary proof, or contemporary testimony. The title "Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota" did not yet exist. See Emmanuele Cerchiari, Capellani papae et Apostolicae Sedis Auditores causarum Sacri Palatii Apostolici, seu Sacra Romana Rota Volumen II (Roma 1920). Jean Le Moine's name does not appear in the catalogue of Auditors.
  4. ↑ Gallia christiana XI (Paris 1759), p. 400.
  5. ↑ Signatures on bulls are extant from 3 September 1288 to 22 September 1291. Augustus Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), p. 1915. Pope Nicholas IV died on 4 April 1292, and the Throne was vacant for the next two years and three months, during which no papal documents were issued.
  6. ↑ Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 115. Cf. Denis Sammarthani, Gallia christiana III (Paris 1725), p. 334. The Dictionnaire of Moréri erroneously makes him bishop of Meaux; there was a Bishop Johannes (1298-1305) who had been Cantor of Bayeux.
  7. ↑ Giovanni Vittori, "Cenni biografici dei cardinali eletti da Celestino V," Celestino V ed il VI centenario della sua Incornazione (Aquila 1894), 301-320. Paul Maria Baumgarten, "Die Cardinalsernennungen Cälastins V. im September und Oktober 1294," (Stephan Ehses, editor) Festschrift zum elfhundertjährigen Jubiläum des deutschen Campo Santo in Rom (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder 1897) 161-169. He signed bulls with this title, from 21 June 1295 to 16 February 1302, and then on 14 March 1304.
  8. ↑ Augustus Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), no. 24106. J. C. Lünig, Codex Italiae Diplomaticus Tomus Quartus (Francofurti-Leipzig 1735), p. 447-450, no. 17.
  9. ↑ Johann Peter Kirsch, Die Finanzverwaltung des Kardinalkollegiums im XIII. und XIV. Jahrhundert (Münster 1895), p. 98. Only cardinals who were resident in the Roman Curia received a proportionate share in a distribution. Those who were AWOL or who were on a papal Legation did not participate.
  10. ↑ Johann Peter Kirsch, Die Finanzverwaltung des Kardinalkollegiums im XIII. und XIV. Jahrhundert (Münster 1895), p. 102.
  11. ↑ Johann Peter Kirsch, Die FInanzverwaltung des Kardinalkollegiums im XIII. und XIV. Jahrhundert (Münster 1895), p. 103.
  12. ↑ Johann Peter Kirsch, Die Finanzverwaltung des Kardinalkollegiums im XIII. und XIV. Jahrhundert (Münster 1895), p. 120.
  13. ↑ Johann Peter Kirsch, Die Finanzverwaltung des Kardinalkollegiums im XIII. und XIV. Jahrhundert (Münster 1895), p. 124.
  14. ↑ Registres de Boniface VIII Tome 2, p. 78, no. 2508 (13 March 1298).
  15. ↑ Registres de Boniface VIII Tome 2, p. 87-89, no. 2526 (27 March 1298).
  16. ↑ Augustus Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), no. 25153. The text reads "iv. non. Mai", not "iv. id. Mai". See also, Statuts du Cardinal Le Moine, En 1302, 1308, 1310, 1313 (1765), p. 21.
  17. 1 2 Rhenanus, Beatus (2013). "1". In Hirstein, James (ed.). Rhenanus, Beatus. Epistulae Beati Rhenani. La Correspondance latine et grecque de Beatus Rhenanus de Sélestat. Édition critique raisonnée, avec traduction et commentaire. Vol. 1 (1506–1517). Brepols. p. 3. ISBN 9782503513584.
  18. ↑ The Pope's instructions for the Legate survive: Pierre Dupuy, Histoire du differend "Preuves", pp. 88-92.
  19. ↑ Ch. Grandjean (editor), Registre de Benoît XI (Paris 1883), p. 475 no. 753.
  20. ↑ Ch. Grandjean (editor), Registre de Benoît XI (Paris 1883), no. 1113, pp. 670-671 (22 November 1303): "Grandia tua merita probitatis, quibus in Ecclesia Dei, cujus honorabile membrum existis fulgere dinosceris, promerentur ut personam tuam prerogativa favoris et gratie honoremus."
  21. ↑ Ch. Grandjean (editor), Registre de Benoît XI (Paris 1883), p. 80 no. 81.
  22. ↑ Ch. Grandjean (editor), Registre de Benoît XI (Paris 1883), no. 194, p. 160.
  23. ↑ Ch. Grandjean (editor), Registre de Benoît XI (Paris 1883), no. 426, p. 289.
  24. ↑ Ch. Grandjean (editor), Registre de Benoît XI (Paris 1883), no. 476, p. 318.
  25. ↑ Ch. Grandjean (editor), Registre de Benoît XI (Paris 1883), no. 649, p. 413 (4 March 1304).
  26. ↑ Augustus Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), pp. 2037-2038, cites the contemporary sources.
  27. ↑ Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi Vol. I editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 13, n. 10 and 13.
  28. ↑ Albert Huyskens, Kardinal Napoleon Orsini (Marburg 1902), but written before Finke's publication of the important Spanish documents in 1908.
  29. ↑ H. Finke, Aus den Tage Bonifaz VIII. Funde und Forschungen (Münster 1902), "Quellen" nr.13, LVIII-LIX; and cf. no. 118, p. 181.
  30. ↑ R. Morghen, "Il cardinale Matteo Rosso," Archivio della Società romana di storia patria 46 (1923) 271-372.
  31. ↑ Letter of three Aragonese agents to King James II: H. Finke, Acta Aragonensia Quellen zur deutschen, italianischen, franzosischen, spanischen, zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte aus der diplomatischen Korrespondenz Jaymes II. (1291-1327) (Berlin und Leipzig 1908), no. 118, p. 182 (August 17, 1304)
  32. ↑ Augustinus Theiner (Editor), Caesaris S. R. E. Cardinalis Baronii, Od. Raynaldi et Jac. Laderchii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus Vigesimus Tertius 1286-1312 (Barri-Ducis: Ludovicus Guerin 1871), under the year 1304, § 6, p. 365-366.
  33. ↑ According to Olivarius de Biterris, the agent of King James of Aragon: H. Finke, Acta Aragonensia Quellen zur deutschen, italianischen, franzosischen, spanischen, zur Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte aus der diplomatischen Korrespondenz Jaymes II. (1291-1327) (Berlin und Leipzig 1908), no. 119, p. 184.
  34. ↑ ...eramus quindecim cardinales in conclavi manentes, et qui deposueramus in scrutinio vota nostra, quodque nos Albanensis, Sabinensis, Portuensis episcopi; Joannes, Fr. Robertus presbyteri; Neapolio, Landulfus, Guillelmus, Franciscus Cajetanus diaconi cardinales praedicti; vos in eodem scrutinio in summum Pontificem nominaveramus et elegeramus. Quo comperto, nos Theodoricus Civitatis Papalis episcopus, Frater Gentilis presbyter, Franciscus, Jacobus et Lucas, diaconi cardinales praefati, accessimus juxta morem....
  35. ↑ Johann Peter Kirsch, Die Finanzverwaltung des Kardinalkollegiums im XIII. und XIV. Jahrhundert (Münster 1895), p. 44. His successor, Cardinal Stephanus of S. Ciriaco, was in office on 16 January 1311. The office of Chamberlain of the College of Cardinals was not the same as the office of Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church. It was holder of the latter who was "Cardinal Camerlengo".
  36. ↑ Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 372 and n. 4. Bishop Andreas Le Moine was appointed by Benedict XI on 19 February 1304: Ch. Grandjean (editor), Registre de Benoît XI (Paris 1883), p. 251 no. 355. On 4 March, the Pope granted him the right to name two canons in his Cathedral who were normally reserved to the Pope: Registre de Benoît XI, p. 298 no. 447. Gallia christiana IX (Paris 1751), pp. 1012-1013.
  37. ↑ H. Denifle, Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis II (Paris 1891), pp. 90-91, no. 617.
  38. ↑ Cardinal Johannes Monachus is not to be confused with Johannes Monachus Cisterciensis, who also commented on the law in the 14th century. Authors sometimes honored their predecessors by using the same title as the predecessor's work. Philippus Probus (editor), Glossa aurea nobis priori loco super Sexto decretalium libro addita (Paris: Petit, 1535).
  39. ↑ Kenneth Pennington, "Innocent until Proven Guilty: The Origins of a legal Maxim," (revised version 2003); "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2010-08-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Bibliography

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  • Du Chesne, François (1660), Histoire de tous les cardinaux françois de naissance ou qui ont été promus au cardinalat par l’expresse recommandation de nos roys, Paris, 1660.
  • Hermant, Jean (1705). Histoire du Diocese de Bayeux Première partie (Caen: Pierre F. Doublet 1705).
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  • Fisquet, Honoré (1864), La France pontificale, histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France depuis l’établissement du christianisme jusqu’à nos jours, divisée en dix-sept provinces ecclésiastiques, Paris.
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