There was much controversy during the construction of Jeju Naval Base (Hangul: 제주 해군기지; Hanja:濟州海軍基地), which is a joint civil and Republic of Korea Navy base constructed by the South Korean government in Gangjeong village on the southern coast of Jeju Island (coterminous with Jeju Province, or Jeju-do), South Korea.[1][2] By 2011, construction had been halted seven times by protesters concerned about the base's environmental impact and who saw it as a US-driven project aimed at China, rather than enhancing South Korean defense.[3] In July 2012, the South Korean Supreme Court upheld the base's construction.[4] It is expected to host up to 20 military vessels and occasional civilian cruise ships.[4][5]

Background & rationale

The plan was first announced in 1993 during the Kim Young Sam presidency.[6] During the Roh Moo-hyun presidency, the southwestern villages of Hwasun and Wimi were considered potential sites of construction.[7] In 2007, Gangjeong village, located on the southern coast of Jeju Island, was designated as the official site.[8] Two days after former village chief Yoon Tae-Jun announced his approval for the naval base construction on April 24, 2007, a vote was held on April 26, 2007 during which only 87 of the over 1,000 eligible voters were present. Ignoring local voting protocol, the motion was passed based on clapping.[9]

The base was chosen for its strategic forward location that could provide rapid response to any type of activity in the neighboring seas shared with China and Japan, along with protecting the vital Korean shipping lanes through which 99% of Korean exports and all oil imports flow.[10] A 2012 editorial in The Dong-a Ilbo, made the case for the base in the context of maritime disputes with China over claims to the Socotra Rock, which South Korea claims lies within its exclusive economic zone: "... the planned naval base on Jeju Island is a must ... If disputes arise over Ieo [i.e. the Socotra Rock], the South Korean Navy should respond to them."[11] The editorial noted that naval response time to the Socotra Rock from the base in Busan is 23 hours versus eight hours from Jeju and went on to observe: "The naval base is also essential to protecting the Jeju sea route, where more than 90 percent of inbound and outbound maritime freight passes."[11] Jeju provincial council representative, Park Weon-cheol (박원철), discussed how the naval base can be potentially used as an aircraft carrier base.[12]

According to South Korean defense officials, the base is a multipurpose joint civilian-military project and will not allow permanent stationing of American or other foreign naval vessels.[5][13] In 2011, South Korea's then-deputy chief of naval operations, Rear Admiral Koo Ok-hyoe, indicated that the base "is meant to deter North Korea, not China" and will not host a US missile defense system.[13] In 2013, the South Korean government denied reports that it plans to participate in the US missile defense program but this does not include South Korean guided missile destroyers equipped with the US-made Aegis Combat System, which will be based in Jeju.[2][14][15][note 1]

Environmental impact

The coastline surrounding Gangjeong Village consists of one contiguous volcanic rock. The estuary is Jeju Island’s only rocky wetland and acts as home to several endangered species and soft coral reefs. In 1991, the Jeju Provincial government designated the coastline surrounding Gangjeong Village an Absolute Conservation Area (ACA). In 2002, the area where the naval base construction is currently ongoing was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Conservation Area.[18] In December 2009, Jeju Island Governor Kim Tae-hwan nullified the ACA designation to proceed with the naval base construction. The Jeju Branch of the Korean Federation of Environmental Movements have criticized the Navy’s Environmental Impact Assessment noting that several endangered species are absent from the report.[19]

During its recent archeological excavation of the Gangjeong coastal area the Jeju Cultural Heritage Research Institute discovered artifacts dating back to 4-2 B.C.E. inside the naval base construction zone. According to the director of the Korean Cultural Heritage Policy Research Institute only 10 – 20% of the site has been excavated and the naval base construction violates cultural properties protection law.[20]

Protests, reactions and recent developments

Rally near the U.S. Embassy in downtown Seoul against the planned Jeju-do Naval Base

A recent statement to the International Union for Conservation of Nature signed by a number of leading academics and well known figures including Vandana Shiva, Walden Bello, David Suzuki, Noam Chomsky, Gloria Steinem and Robert Redford cites police brutality and claims that over 500 people have been arrested thus far.[21] The protesters have staged rallies to stop the naval base construction despite these actions being ruled illegal by the Jeju courts.[22] Protestors include resident villagers, other Jeju Islanders, mainland activists, international peace activists, leading figures from various religious orders, women's rights and environmental organizations, and opposition politicians, among others.[23][24] International human rights organizations including Amnesty International have condemned indiscriminate arrests of protestors by the police and the alleged hiring of "thugs" by construction companies.[25][26][27][28]

Writing in The Diplomat in 2013, professor Andrew Yeo of Catholic University argued most South Koreans do not support the protesters, rejecting their cause as a case of either NIMBYism or "a politically motivated agenda driven by leftist activists and opposition party members."[29]

2011

In June, 2011, protesters staged a sit in on the construction future site, halting construction for several months.[30] They were not cleared out until September 2, 2011.[30]

A press conference was held in the Jeju Special Self-governing Provincial Council on October 4, 2011 where protesters such as university students and religious figures shared episodes of harassment they faced at the hand of members of the ROK Navy Ship Salvage Unit.[31]

2012

On March 6, 2012, Han Myeong-sook, leader of the opposition Democratic United Party, traveled to the base site to protest its construction saying: "... we need to completely re-examine the construction of the naval base" and "The Roh Moo-hyun government had planned to create a civilian-military base, but the incumbent government is pushing to build a naval base."[32] Editorializing on this event, the Dong-a Ilbo, a leading South Korean newspaper, quoted then-Prime Minister Han speaking in the National Assembly in February 2007: "The Jeju Island naval base is inevitably needed to foster the Navy and secure sea routes to the south."[32] The same unsigned editorial quoted then-President Roh at the Jeju Peace Forum in June 2007: "The Navy is necessary to protect Jeju and the Jeju naval base is a preventive one."[32]

On March 8, 2012, nineteen law school students from Seoul National University protested the construction over concerns the construction is destroying the natural marine habitat around Gureombi rocks (구럼비 바위) near the Gangjeong village.[33]

The proportional representative candidate from the Unified Progressive Party, Kim Ji-yoon, called the planned naval base a pirate base.[34][35] Writer Gong Ji-young has also supported her statement.[36] The statement received nationwide criticism, and Kim Ji-yoon was blasted for her criticism. The South Korean Navy and other politicians threatened to sue Kim, and some of Kim's fellow opponents even denounced her comments.[37]

On March 11, a 20,000-ton barge that used for the construction was pushed by strong winds, and sank two fishing boats.[38] [39]

Law School professor Dr. Yong-in Shin (신용인) of Jeju National University claimed construction violates severals provisions of the third Article of Technological Standards of Constructing Harbors (항만시설의 기술기준에 관한 규칙 제3조).[40]

In July 2012, the ROK Supreme Court ruled the construction of the base legal, despite the fact the government began construction before examining environmental risk assessment reports.[41][42]

2013

In August 2013, one thousand demonstrators, including filmmaker Oliver Stone, participated in the Grand March for Life and Peace and the Human Chain that encircled the base. In a brief interview with reporters, Stone said his opposition to the base comes down to his fear that another Pacific war is brewing: “This base will host US Aegis missile destroyers, aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines. It’s part of Obama’s Pacific pivot...put in place to threaten China...We have to stop this. All this is leading up to a war, and I’ve seen war in Asia. I do not want another war.”[43]

2014

On April 7, 2014, tensions between the South Korean government and the local Catholic community, who have been protesting the base for years, came to a head. Two priests, a nun and a lay Catholic in the Diocese of Cheju were arrested on charges of "interfering with police business." The nun, Sister Roserina, and the lay Catholic, Lee Jonghwa, were released later that day, but the two priests, Jesuit Fr Kim Seunghwan and Fr Junghyun, were held until April 9, 2014.[44] This instance was not the first time members of the Catholic community have clashed with local authorities. Recent events include September 3, 2011 when two priests were arrested[45] and January 2012 when twenty nuns and a priest were arrested for “praying for peace outside the gates of the naval construction.”[46]

2015

On April 3, 2015, DPRK officials commemorated the 67th anniversary of the Jeju Uprising by calling on South Koreans to oppose the United States’s military presence in their country. In addition to urging South Koreans to "hold in their hearts the deeds of Jeju insurgents,” DPRK officials declared that the naval base under construction at Gangjeong village is proof that Jeju Island is still under “imperial rule.”[47]

On July 31, 2015, the ROK defense procurement agency announced that the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board ordered the Korean Navy to pay Samsung C&T Corp., a contractor working on the base, 7.3 billion won (US$23.2 million) because of delays. In 2010, Samsung C&T Corp. was contracted to build two piers for the naval base to accommodate cruise ships, but due to severe protests, construction did not get underway until 2012.[48]

On October 26, 2015, ROK Navy officials announced that the base, now 91% complete, would open as early as December 1, 2015, with official ceremonies planned for sometime between mid-December and early January. The officials also said that when the Jeju Naval Base opens, the Navy’s 7th Task Flotilla and part of the Submarine Force Command will be relocated there from Busan and Jinhae, South Gyeongsang Province, respectively. After the base opens, an estimated 3,000 naval personnel and their families will be stationed at the base.[49]

2016

The base, now named the Jeju Civilian-Military Complex Port was officially opened on 26 February 2016.[50]

International reactions

The "International Interfaith Solidarity" and Veterans For Peace expressed concerns about the naval base. They believe it will strengthen the military presence of U.S. in the region and escalate the tensions between U.S. and China.[51] In October 2011 and March 2012, two international environment activists, Angie Zelter and Benjamain Monnet, had been arrested and then deported from the country[52] when they illegally approached the construction site. The Asian Human Rights Commission criticized South Korean police for assaulting and detaining activists.[53] Julia Marton-Lefèvre, the Director General of the IUCN, stated that "...The Republic of Korea has the responsibility of keeping its country safe; it has equal obligations on the development of the society and economy and the protection of the environment..."[54]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Aegis Combat System is distinct from the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) system, the naval component of the US Missile Defense Agency's (MDA) Ballistic Missile Defense System.[16] According to the MDA, Japan is the only foreign country to have purchased or deployed the Aegis BMD.[17]

References

  1. ↑ "Construction of Disputed Naval Base Resumes on Jeju Island". The Chosun Ilbo. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Chosun Media Group. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  2. 1 2 Choe, Sang-Hun (18 August 2011). "Island's Naval Base Stirs Opposition in South Korea". The New York Times. New York, NY, USA. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  3. ↑ Salmon, Andrew (5 October 2011). "S. Korean base tests U.S., Chinese interests". The Washington Times. Washington, DC, USA: The Washington Times LLC. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  4. 1 2 Rabiroff, Jon; Yoo, Kyong Chang (6 July 2012). "Plans for South Korean naval bases moving forward". Stars and Stripes. Washington, DC, USA: Defense Media Activity. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  5. 1 2 Rabiroff, Jon (5 October 2011). "S. Korea: Jeju Island naval base not built for U.S." Stars and Stripes. Washington, DC, USA: Defense Media Activity. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  6. ↑ "Will Jeju naval base trigger arms race in Asia?". koreatimes. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  7. ↑ Jung, Sung-ki (June 20, 2007). "Jeju Residents Clash Over Naval Base Plan". Korea Times. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Korean island village split over naval base plans". ABC News. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  9. ↑ Ahn, Christine. "Naval Base Tears Apart Korean Village". Foreign Policy in Focus. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  10. ↑ Lee (이), Sang-Hyun (상현) (2007-05-29). 제주 해군기지, 왜 필요한가?. Konas.net (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  11. 1 2 "Deluded opponents of Jeju naval base", Dong-a Ilbo, 12 March 2012, retrieved 26 August 2014
  12. ↑ Kang (강), Hong-gyun (홍균) (2011-09-23). 제주 해군기지 크루즈항, 사실은 항공모함용. Kyunghyang Sinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  13. 1 2 "S.Korean Navy Says New Base Will Not Host U.S. Military Vessels". The Chosun Ilbo. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Chosun Media Group. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  14. ↑ "Gov't Has 'No Plans' to Join U.S. Missile Defense". The Chosun Ilbo. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Chosun Media Group. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  15. ↑ "Korea to Build 3 More Aegis Destroyers". The Chosun Ilbo. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Chosun Media Group. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  16. ↑ "Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense". Missile Defense Agency. US Dept. of Defense. 8 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  17. ↑ "Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense - Foreign Military Sales". Missile Defense Agency. US Dept. of Defense. 2 January 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  18. ↑ "STATEMENT TO THE IUCN AND THE WORLD CONSERVATION CONGRESS BY KOREAN CIVIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS" (PDF). Korean Civic Environmental Groups. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  19. ↑ "제주해군기지사업의 환경적 검토". 제주환경운동연합. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  20. ↑ Cha, Imok. "Preserving Jeju's Ancient Relics An Interview with Hwang Pyeong-Woo". Korea Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  21. ↑ "IUCN blocks anti-naval base Jeju Villagers from participation". Save Jeju Now. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  22. ↑ 제주 해군기지 불법시위, 더 이상 안된다. 연합뉴스 (in Korean). 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  23. ↑ Gwon, Gwisook. "National and International Protests Challenge Naval Base Construction on Jeju Island". The Asia Pacific Journal. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  24. ↑ Kim, Jung-wook; Moon Gwang-lip. "DUP vows to stop Jeju naval base". Joongang Daily. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  25. ↑ "SOUTH KOREA: Licence of arrest granted to police and military in Gangjeong, Jeju Island". Asian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  26. ↑ "South Korea". Annual Report 2012: The State of the World's Human Rights. Amnesty International. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  27. ↑ "Korea, (South) Republic of: Grave concerns over ongoing violations against environmental activists in Gangjeong village". World Organization Against Torture. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  28. ↑ "Statement of Support by the Right Livelihood Award Laureates for the nonviolent struggle against the construction of the Korean/USA Naval Base in Gangjeong, on the Peace Island of Jeju, Republic of Korea". The Right Livelihood Award. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  29. ↑ Yeo, Andrew (10 July 2013). "Will S. Korea's New Naval Base Provoke China?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  30. 1 2 "S Korea activists protest at Jeju naval base - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  31. ↑ Kim (김), Dae-hwi (대휘) (2011-10-04). 제주 해군기지, 민간인 폭행 잇따라 증언. NoCut News (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  32. 1 2 3 "Opposition's flipflopping on Jeju naval base", Dong-a Ilbo, March 8, 2012, retrieved 26 August 2014
  33. ↑ Kim (김), Hyo-jeong (효정) (2012-03-08). 서울대 로스쿨생 19명 "구럼비 발파 멈춰라". Yonhap News (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  34. ↑ Kim (김), Gwi-geun (귀근) (2012-03-08). 국방부-해군, '해적기지' 표현에 발끈. Yonhap News (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  35. ↑ Choi, He-suk (2012-03-08). "Military holds course on Jeju naval base". The Korean Herald. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  36. ↑ Lee (이), Jin (진) (2012-03-11). 공지영 "시민을 패고 물속에 처넣는…해적 맞다". Nocut News (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  37. ↑ "고대녀의 '해적기지' 파문 일파만파".
  38. ↑ Kim (김), Dae-hwi (대휘) (2012-03-11). 해군기지 바지선 어선 충돌…2척 침몰. Nocut News (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  39. ↑ "External groups going to Jeju Island to protest base project". The Dong-a Ilbo. 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
  40. ↑ Kim (김), Dae-hwi (대휘) (2012-03-16). 제주 해군기지 항만설계 문제 또 있다. Nocut News (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-03-24.
  41. ↑ "Bringing War to the "Island of Peace" The Fight for the Preservation of Jeju-do". blogs.scientificamerican.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  42. ↑ "Plans for South Korean naval bases moving forward". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  43. ↑ "Jeju Island - Tragic Destruction of Pristine Marine Area for Another Naval Base for the US Missile Defense System". Truthout. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  44. ↑ "SOUTH KOREA Jeju: priests and nun arrested for protesting against naval base - Asia News". www.asianews.it. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  45. ↑ "SOUTH KOREA Priests and lay people arrested for protesting against new military base on Jeju Island - Asia News". www.asianews.it. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  46. ↑ "Jeju Island Naval Base- A Threat to the South Korean Island of World Peace | Columban Fathers". columban.org. Archived from the original on 2015-11-16. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  47. ↑ "North Korea denounces U.S. military presence on anniversary of Jeju Uprising". UPI. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  48. ↑ "Navy to pay compensation for delayed naval base project on Jeju". Real Estate Monitor Worldwide. July 31, 2015.
  49. ↑ "Navy to open Jeju base in Dec". www.koreaherald.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  50. ↑ "Jeju naval base". The Korea Herald. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  51. ↑ Kang, Hyun-kyung (2012-03-16). "Why are int'l activists joining naval base protest?". Korea Times. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
  52. ↑ Koh (고), Seong-sik (성식) (14 March 2012). 해군기지 반대시위로 추방되는 외국인은?. Yonhap News (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  53. ↑ "SOUTH KOREA: Licence of arrest granted to police and military in Gangjeong, Jeju Island". Asian Human Rights Commission. 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
  54. ↑ Park, Eun Ho (2012-06-06). "Korean gov't has equal obligations to conserve environment and develop economy and society". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 2012-06-10.
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