Jericho
أريحا (Arabic)
יריחו (Hebrew)
Palestinian city
Arabic transcription(s)
 • DINArīḥā
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • DINYərīḥō
View of Jericho from Tell es-Sultan
View of Jericho from Tell es-Sultan
Official logo of Jericho
Municipal logo
Jericho is located in State of Palestine
Jericho
Jericho
Location of Jericho within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°51′22″N 35°27′36″E / 31.85611°N 35.46000°E / 31.85611; 35.46000
Palestine grid193/140
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateJericho
Founded9600 BCE
Government
 • TypeCity (from 1994)
 • Head of MunicipalitySalem Ghrouf[1][2]
Area
 • Total58,701 dunams (58.701 km2 or 22.665 sq mi)
Elevation
−258 m (−846 ft)
Population
 (2017)[3]
 • Total20,907
 • Density360/km2 (920/sq mi)

Jericho (/ˈdʒɛrɪkoʊ/ JERR-ik-oh; Arabic: أريحا Arīḥā [ʔaˈriːħaː] ⓘ; Hebrew: יְרִיחוֹ Yərīḥō) is a city in the West Bank; it is the administrative seat of the Jericho Governorate of the State of Palestine.[4] Jericho is located in the Jordan Valley, with the Jordan River to the east and Jerusalem to the west. In 2017, it had a population of 20,907.[3]

From the end of the era of Mandatory Palestine, the city was annexed and ruled by Jordan from 1949 to 1967 and, with the rest of the West Bank, has been subject to Israeli occupation since 1967; administrative control was handed over to the Palestinian Authority in 1994.[5][6]

Jericho is among the oldest cities in the world,[7][8][9] and it is also the city with the oldest known defensive wall.[10] Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho, the first of which dates back 11,000 years (to 9000 BCE),[11][12] almost to the very beginning of the Holocene epoch of the Earth's history.[13][14] Copious springs in and around the city have attracted human habitation for thousands of years.[15] Jericho is described in the Bible as the "city of palm trees".[16]

In 2023, the archaeological site in the center of the city, known as Tell es-Sultan / Old Jericho, was inscribed in UNESCO's list as a World Heritage Site in the State of Palestine, and described as the "oldest fortified city in the world".[17][18]

Etymology

Jericho's name in Modern Hebrew, Yeriẖo, is generally thought to derive from the Canaanite word rēḥ 'fragrant', but other theories hold that it originates in the Canaanite word Yaraḥ 'moon' or the name of the lunar deity Yarikh, for whom the city was an early centre of worship.[19]

Jericho's Arabic name, Arīḥā, means 'fragrant' and also has its roots in Canaanite Reaẖ.[20][21][22]

History and archaeology

The first excavations of the site were made by Charles Warren in 1868. Ernst Sellin and Carl Watzinger excavated Tell es-Sultan and Tulul Abu el-'Alayiq between 1907 and 1909, and in 1911, and John Garstang excavated between 1930 and 1936. Extensive investigations using more modern techniques were made by Kathleen Kenyon between 1952 and 1958. Lorenzo Nigro and Nicolò Marchetti conducted excavations in 1997–2000. Since 2009 the Italian-Palestinian archaeological project of excavation and restoration was resumed by Rome "La Sapienza" University and Palestinian MOTA-DACH under the direction of Lorenzo Nigro and Hamdan Taha, and Jehad Yasine since 2015.[23] The Italian-Palestinian Expedition carried out 13 seasons in 20 years (1997–2017), with some major discoveries, like Tower A1 in the Middle Bronze Age southern Lower Town and Palace G on the eastern flanks of the Spring Hill overlooking the Spring of 'Ain es-Sultan dating from Early Bronze III.

Stone Age: Tell es-Sultan and spring

The earliest excavated settlement was located at the present-day Tell es-Sultan (or Sultan's Hill), a couple of kilometers from the current city. In both Arabic and Hebrew, tell means "mound" – consecutive layers of habitation built up a mound over time, as is common for ancient settlements in the Middle East and Anatolia. Jericho is the type site for the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) periods.

Natufian hunter-gatherers, c. 10,000 BCE

Calibrated carbon 14 dates for Jericho as of 2013[24]

Epipaleolithic construction at the site appears to predate the invention of agriculture, with the construction of Natufian culture structures beginning earlier than 9000 BCE, the beginning of the Holocene epoch in geologic history.[9]

Jericho has evidence of settlement dating back to 10,000 BCE. During the Younger Dryas period of cold and drought, permanent habitation of any one location was impossible. However, the Ein es-Sultan spring at what would become Jericho was a popular camping ground for Natufian hunter-gatherer groups, who left a scattering of crescent-shaped microlith tools behind them.[25] Around 9600 BCE, the droughts and cold of the Younger Dryas stadial had come to an end, making it possible for Natufian groups to extend the duration of their stay, eventually leading to year-round habitation and permanent settlement.

Pre-Pottery Neolithic, c. 9500–6500 BCE

Dwelling foundations unearthed at Tell es-Sultan in Jericho

The Pre-Pottery Neolithic at Jericho is divided in Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B.

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)

The first permanent settlement on the site of Jericho developed near the Ein es-Sultan spring between 9,500 and 9000 BCE.[26][27] As the world warmed up, a new culture based on agriculture and sedentary dwelling emerged, which archaeologists have termed "Pre-Pottery Neolithic A" (abbreviated as PPNA). Its cultures lacked pottery, but featured the following:

  • small circular dwellings
  • burial of the dead under the floor of buildings
  • reliance on hunting of wild game
  • cultivation of wild or domestic cereals
Head of an ancestor statue, Jericho, from c. 9000 years ago, among the oldest representations of a human face ever found. Rockefeller Archeological Museum, Jerusalem.[28]

At Jericho, circular dwellings were built of clay and straw bricks left to dry in the sun, which were plastered together with a mud mortar. Each house measured about 5 metres (16 ft) across, and was roofed with mud-smeared brush. Hearths were located within and outside the homes.[29]

The 8000 BCE Tower of Jericho at Tell es-Sultan

The Pre-Sultan (c. 8350 – 7370 BCE) is sometimes called Sultanian. The site is a 40,000 square metres (430,000 sq ft) settlement surrounded by a massive stone wall over 3.6 metres (12 ft) high and 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) wide at the base, inside of which stood a stone tower, over 8.5 metres (28 ft) high, containing an internal staircase with 22 stone steps[20][30] and placed in the centre of the west side of the tell.[31] This tower and the even older ones excavated at Tell Qaramel in Syria[32][33] are the oldest towers ever to be discovered. The wall of Jericho may have served as a defence against flood-water, with the tower used for ceremonial purposes.[34] The wall and tower were built during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) period around 8000 BCE.[35][36] For the tower, carbon dates published in 1981 and 1983 indicate that it was built around 8300 BCE and stayed in use until c. 7800 BCE.[31] The wall and tower would have taken a hundred men more than a hundred days to construct, thus suggesting some kind of social organization. The town contained round mud-brick houses, yet no street planning.[37] The identity and number of the inhabitants of Jericho during the PPNA period is still under debate, with estimates going as high as 2,000–3,000, and as low as 200–300.[12][34] It is known that this population had domesticated emmer wheat, barley and pulses and hunted wild animals.

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)

The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) was a period of about 1.4 millennia, from 7220 to 5850 BCE (though carbon-14-dates are few and early). The following are PPNB cultural features:

  • Expanded range of domesticated plants
  • Possible domestication of sheep
  • Apparent cult involving the preservation of human skulls, with facial features reconstructed using plaster, and eyes set with shells in some cases
Area of the Fertile Crescent, c. 7500 BC, with main sites. Jericho was a foremost site of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. The area of Mesopotamia proper was not yet settled by humans.

After a few centuries, the first settlement was abandoned. After the PPNA settlement phase, there was a settlement hiatus of several centuries, then the PPNB settlement was founded on the eroded surface of the tell. This second settlement, established in 6800 BCE, perhaps represents the work of an invading people who absorbed the original inhabitants into their dominant culture. Artifacts dating from this period include ten plastered human skulls, painted so as to reconstitute the individuals' features.[20] These represent either teraphim or the first example of portraiture in art history, and it is thought that they were kept in people's homes while the bodies were buried.[9][38]

The architecture consisted of rectilinear buildings made of mudbricks on stone foundations. The mudbricks were loaf-shaped with deep thumb prints to facilitate bonding. No building has been excavated in its entirety. Normally, several rooms cluster around a central courtyard. There is one big room (6.5 m × 4 m (21.3 ft × 13.1 ft) and 7 m × 3 m (23.0 ft × 9.8 ft)) with internal divisions; the rest are small, presumably used for storage. The rooms have red or pinkish terrazzo-floors made of lime. Some impressions of mats made of reeds or rushes have been preserved. The courtyards have clay floors.

Kathleen Kenyon interpreted one building as a shrine. It contained a niche in the wall. A chipped pillar of volcanic stone that was found nearby might have fitted into this niche.

The dead were buried under the floors or in the rubble fill of abandoned buildings. There are several collective burials. Not all the skeletons are completely articulated, which may point to a time of exposure before burial. A skull cache contained seven skulls. The jaws were removed and the faces covered with plaster; cowries were used as eyes. A total of ten skulls were found. Modelled skulls were found in Tell Ramad and Beisamoun as well.

Other finds included flints, such as arrowheads (tanged or side-notched), finely denticulated sickle-blades, burins, scrapers, a few tranchet axes, obsidian, and green obsidian from an unknown source. There were also querns, hammerstones, and a few ground-stone axes made of greenstone. Other items discovered included dishes and bowls carved from soft limestone, spindle whorls made of stone and possible loom weights, spatulae and drills, stylised anthropomorphic plaster figures, almost life-size, anthropomorphic and theriomorphic clay figurines, as well as shell and malachite beads.

In the late 4th millennium BCE, Jericho was occupied during Neolithic 2 and the general character of the remains on the site link it culturally with Neolithic 2 (or PPNB) sites in the West Syrian and Middle Euphrates groups. This link is established by the presence of rectilinear mud-brick buildings and plaster floors that are characteristic of the age.

Bronze Age

Red terracotta jar, Ancient Bronze period 3500–2000 BCE, Tell es-Sultan, ancient Jericho, Tomb A IV. Louvre Museum AO 15611.

A succession of settlements followed from 4500 BCE onward.

Early Bronze Age

In the Early Bronze IIIA (c. 2700 – 2500/2450 BCE; Sultan IIIC1), the settlement reached its largest extent around 2600 BCE.[20]

During Early Bronze IIIB (c. 2500/2450–2350 BCE; Sultan IIIC2) there was a Palace G on Spring Hill and city walls.

Middle Bronze Age

Jericho was continually occupied into the Middle Bronze Age; it was destroyed in the Late Bronze Age, after which it no longer served as an urban centre. The city was surrounded by extensive defensive walls strengthened with rectangular towers, and possessed an extensive cemetery with vertical shaft-tombs and underground burial chambers; the elaborate funeral offerings in some of these may reflect the emergence of local kings.[39]

During the Middle Bronze Age, Jericho was a small prominent city of the Canaan region, reaching its greatest Bronze Age extent in the period from 1700 to 1550 BCE. It seems to have reflected the greater urbanization in the area at that time, and has been linked to the rise of the Maryannu, a class of chariot-using aristocrats linked to the rise of the Mitannite state to the north. Kathleen Kenyon reported "the Middle Bronze Age is perhaps the most prosperous in the whole history of Kna'an. ... The defenses ... belong to a fairly advanced date in that period" and there was "a massive stone revetment ... part of a complex system" of defenses.[40] Bronze Age Jericho fell in the 16th century at the end of the Middle Bronze Age, the calibrated carbon remains from its City-IV destruction layer dating to 1617–1530 BCE. Carbon dating c. 1573 BCE confirmed the accuracy of the stratigraphical dating c. 1550.

Late Bronze Age

There was evidence of a small settlement in the Late Bronze Age (c. 1400s BCE) on the site, but erosion and destruction from previous excavations have erased significant parts of this layer.[41][42]

Hebrew Bible narrative

The Hebrew Bible tells the story of the Battle of Jericho led by Joshua, leading to the fall of the Canaanite city, the first one captured by the Israelites in the Promised Land. Archaeological excavations have failed to find traces of a fortified city at the site during the relevant time, the 13th century BCE at the end of the Bronze Age.[43] In fact, the current consensus among scholars is that Jericho was unoccupied from the late 15th century until the 10th/9th centuries BCE,[44] although this has been questioned by recent excavations.[45]

Iron Age

Tell es-Sultan remained unoccupied from the end of the 15th to the 10th–9th centuries BCE, when the city was rebuilt.[46][42][47] Of this new city not much more remains than a four-room house on the eastern slope.[48] By the 7th century, Jericho had become an extensive town, but this settlement was destroyed in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century.[46]

Persian and Early Hellenistic periods

After the destruction of the Judahite city by the Babylonians in the late 6th century,[46] whatever was rebuilt in the Persian period as part of the Restoration after the Babylonian captivity, left only very few remains.[48] The tell was abandoned as a place of settlement not long after this period.[48] During the Persian through Hellenistic periods, there is little in terms of occupation attested throughout the region.[46]

Jericho went from being an administrative centre of Yehud Medinata ("the Province of Judah") under Persian rule to serving as the private estate of Alexander the Great between 336 and 323 BCE after his conquest of the region. In the middle of the 2nd century BCE Jericho was under Hellenistic rule of the Seleucid Empire, when the Syrian General Bacchides built a number of forts to strengthen the defences of the area around Jericho against the revolt by the Macabees.[49] One of these forts, built at the entrance to Wadi Qelt, was later refortified by Herod the Great, who named it Kypros after his mother.[50]

Hasmonean and Herodian periods

After the abandonment of the Tell es-Sultan location, the new Jericho of the Late Hellenistic or Hasmonean and Early Roman or Herodian periods was established as a garden city in the vicinity of the royal estate at Tulul Abu el-'Alayiq and expanded greatly thanks to the intensive exploitation of the springs of the area.[48] The new site consists of a group of low mounds on both banks of Wadi Qelt.[46] The Hasmoneans were a dynasty descending from a priestly group (kohanim) from the tribe of Levi, who ruled over Judea following the success of the Maccabean Revolt until Roman influence over the region brought Herod to claim the Hasmonean throne.[51]

The rock-cut tombs of a Herodian- and Hasmonean-era cemetery lie in the lowest part of the cliffs between Nuseib al-Aweishireh and Mount of Temptation. They date between 100 BCE and 68 CE.[50]

Herodian period

Remains from Herod's palace

Herod had to lease back the royal estate at Jericho from Cleopatra, after Mark Antony had given it to her as a gift. After their joint suicide in 30 BCE, Octavian assumed control of the Roman Empire and granted Herod absolute rule over Jericho, as part of the new Herodian domain. Herod's rule oversaw the construction of a hippodrome-theatre (Tell es-Samrat) to entertain his guests and new aqueducts to irrigate the area below the cliffs and reach his winter palaces built at the site of Tulul Abu el-Alaiq (also written ʾAlayiq).[50] In 2008 the Israel Exploration Society published an illustrated volume of Herod's third Jericho palace.[52]

The murder of Aristobulus III in a swimming pool at the Hasmonean royal winter palaces, as described by the Roman Jewish historian Josephus, took place during a banquet organized by Herod's Hasmonean mother-in-law. After the construction of the palaces, the city had functioned not only as an agricultural center and as a crossroad, but also as a winter resort for Jerusalem's aristocracy.[53]

Herod was succeeded in Judea by his son, Herod Archelaus, who built a village in his name not far to the north, Archelaïs (modern Khirbet al-Beiyudat), to house workers for his date plantation.

First-century Jericho is described in Strabo's Geography as follows:

Jericho is a plain surrounded by a kind of mountainous country, which in a way, slopes toward it like a theatre. Here is the Phoenicon, which is mixed also with all kinds of cultivated and fruitful trees, though it consists mostly of palm trees. It is 100 stadia in length and is everywhere watered with streams. Here also are the Palace and the Balsam Park.[50]

In the New Testament

Christ Healing the Blind in Jericho, El Greco

The Christian Gospels state that Jesus of Nazareth passed through Jericho where he healed blind beggars (Matthew 20:29), and inspired a local chief tax collector named Zacchaeus to repent of his dishonest practices (Luke 19:1–10). The road between Jerusalem and Jericho is the setting for the Parable of the Good Samaritan.[54]

John Wesley, in his New Testament Notes on this section of Luke's Gospel, claimed that "about twelve thousand priests and Levites dwelt there, who all attended the service of the temple".[55]

Smith's Bible Names Dictionary suggests that "Jericho was once more 'a city of palms' when our Lord visited it. Here he restored sight to the blind (Matthew 20:30; Mark 10:46; Luke 18:35). Here the descendant of Rahab did not disdain the hospitality of Zacchaeus the publican. Finally, between Jerusalem and Jericho was laid the scene of his story of the good Samaritan."[56]

Roman province

After the fall of Jerusalem to Vespasian's armies in the Great Revolt of Judea in 70 CE, Jericho declined rapidly, and by 100 CE it was but a small Roman garrison town.[57] A fort was built there in 130 and played a role in putting down the Bar Kochba revolt in 133.

Byzantine period

Copy of Mosaic of the Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue, 6th–7th century CE

Accounts of Jericho by a Christian pilgrim are given in 333. Shortly thereafter the built-up area of the town was abandoned and a Byzantine Jericho, Ericha, was built 1600 metres (1 mi) to the east, on which the modern town is centered.[57] Christianity took hold in the city during the Byzantine era and the area was heavily populated. A number of monasteries and churches were built, including the Monastery of Saint George of Choziba in 340 CE and a domed church dedicated to Saint Eliseus.[53] At least two synagogues were also built in the 6th century CE.[50] The monasteries were abandoned after the Sasanian invasion of 614.[20]

The Jericho synagogue in the Royal Maccabean winter palace at Jericho dates from 70 to 50 BCE. A synagogue dating to the late 6th or early 7th century CE was discovered in Jericho in 1936, and was named Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue, or "peace unto Israel", after the central Hebrew motto in its mosaic floor. It was controlled by Israel after the Six Day War, but after the handover to Palestinian Authority control per the Oslo Accords, it has been a source of conflict. On the night of 12 October 2000, the synagogue was vandalized by Palestinians who burned holy books and relics and damaged the mosaic.[58][59]

The Na'aran synagogue, another Byzantine era construction, was discovered on the northern outskirts of Jericho in 1918. While less is known of it than Shalom Al Yisrael, it has a larger mosaic and is in similar condition.[59]

Early Muslim period

Arabic Umayyad mosaic from Hisham's Palace in Jericho

Jericho, by then named "Ariha" in Arabic variation, became part of Jund Filastin ("Military District of Palestine"), part of the larger province of Bilad al-Sham. The Arab Muslim historian Musa b. 'Uqba (died 758) recorded that caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab exiled the Jews and Christians of Khaybar to Jericho (and Tayma).[60]

By 659, that district had come under the control of Mu'awiya, founder of the Umayyad dynasty. That year, an earthquake destroyed Jericho.[61] A decade later, the pilgrim Arculf visited Jericho and found it in ruins, all its "miserable Canaanite" inhabitants now dispersed in shanty towns around the Dead Sea shore.[62]

A palatial complex long attributed to the tenth Umayyad caliph, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743) and thus known as Hisham's Palace, is located at Khirbet al-Mafjar, about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) north of Tell es-Sultan. This "desert castle" or qasr was more likely built by Caliph Walid ibn Yazid (r. 743–744), who was assassinated before he could complete the construction.[63] The remains of two mosques, a courtyard, mosaics, and other items can still be seen in situ today. The unfinished structure was largely destroyed in an earthquake in 747.

Umayyad rule ended in 750 and was followed by the Arab caliphates of the Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties. Irrigated agriculture was developed under Islamic rule, reaffirming Jericho's reputation as a fertile "City of the Palms".[64] Al-Maqdisi, the Arab geographer, wrote in 985 that "the water of Jericho is held to be the highest and best in all Islam. Bananas are plentiful, also dates and flowers of fragrant odor".[65] Jericho is also referred to by him as one of the principal cities of Jund Filastin.[66]

Crusader period

In 1179, the Crusaders rebuilt the Monastery of St. George of Koziba, at its original site 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the center of town. They also built another two churches and a monastery dedicated to John the Baptist, and are credited with introducing sugarcane production to the city.[67] The site of Tawahin es-Sukkar (lit. "sugar mills") holds remains of a Crusader sugar production facility. In 1187, the Crusaders were evicted by the Ayyubid forces of Saladin after their victory in the Battle of Hattin, and the town slowly went into decline.[20]

Ayyubid and Mamluk periods

Jericho, as depicted in the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle

In 1226, Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi said of Jericho, "it has many palm trees, also sugarcane in quantities, and bananas. The best of all the sugar in the Ghaur land is made here." In the 14th century, Abu al-Fida writes there are sulfur mines in Jericho, "the only ones in Palestine".[68]

Ottoman period

Postcard image depicting Jericho in the late 19th or early 20th century

16th century

Jericho was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1545 a revenue of 19,000 Akçe was recorded, destined for the new Waqf for the Haseki Sultan Imaret of Jerusalem.[69] The villagers processed indigo as one source of revenue, using a cauldron specifically for this purpose that was loaned to them by the Ottoman authorities in Jerusalem.[70] Later that century, the Jericho revenues no longer went to the Haseki Sultan Imaret.[71]

In 1596 Jericho appeared in the tax registers under the name of Riha, being in the nahiya of Al-Quds in the liwa of Al-Quds. It had a population of 51 household, all Muslims. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and beehives, water buffaloes, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 40,000 Akçe. All of the revenue still went to a Waqf.[72]

17th century

The French traveller Laurent d'Arvieux described the city in 1659 as "now desolate, and consists only of about fifty poor houses, in bad condition ... The plain around is extremely fertile; the soil is middling fat; but it is watered by several rivulets, which flow into the Jordan. Notwithstanding these advantages only the gardens adjacent to the town are cultivated."[73]

19th century

Roman aqueducts

In the 19th century, European scholars, archaeologists and missionaries visited often.[20] At the time it was an oasis in a poor state, similar to other regions in the plains and deserts.[74] Edward Robinson (1838) reported 50 families, which were about 200 people,[75] Titus Tobler (1854) reported some 30 poor huts, whose residents paid a total of 3611 kuruş in tax.[76] Abraham Samuel Herschberg (1858–1943) also reported after his 1899–1900 travels in the region[77] of some 30 poor huts and 300 residents.[78] At that time, Jericho was the residence of the region's Turkish governor. The main water sources for the village were a spring called Ein al-Sultan, lit. "Sultan's Spring", in Arabic and Ein Elisha, lit. "Elisha Spring", in Hebrew, and springs in Wadi Qelt.[74]

J. S. Buckingham (1786–1855) describes in his 1822 book how the male villagers of er-Riha, although nominally sedentary, engaged in Bedouin-style raiding, or ghazzu: the little land cultivation he observed was done by women and children, while men spent most of their time riding through the plains and engaging in "robbery and plunder", their main and most profitable activity.[79]

An Ottoman village list from around 1870 showed that Riha, Jericho, had 36 houses and a population of 105, though the population count included men only.[80][81]

The first excavation at Tell es-Sultan was carried out in 1867.[20]

20th century

Jericho, the Jordan Hotel, 1912
Jericho from the air in 1931

The Greek Orthodox monasteries of St. George of Choziba and John the Baptist were refounded and completed in 1901 and 1904, respectively.[20]

British Mandate period

Jericho 1938

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I, Jericho came under British rule, as part of Mandatory Palestine.

According to the 1922 census of Palestine, Jericho had 1,029 inhabitants (931 Muslims, 92 Christians, and six Jews).[82] The Christian population consisted of 45 Orthodox, 12 Roman Catholics, 13 Greek Catholics (Melkite Catholics), 6 Syrian Catholic, 11 Armenians, four Copts and one Church of England.[83]

In 1927, an earthquake struck and affected Jericho and other cities. Around 300 people died,[84] but by the 1931 census the population had increased to 1,693 inhabitants (1,512 Muslims, 170 Christians, seven Druze, and four Jews), in 347 houses.[85]

In the 1938 statistics, Jericho lists a population of 1,996 people (including five Jews).[86]

In the 1945 statistics, Jericho's population was 3,010 (2,570 Muslims, 260 Christians, 170 Jews, and 10 "other"[87]) and it had jurisdiction over 37,481 dunams of land.[88] Of this, 948 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 5,873 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 9,141 for cereals,[89] while a total of 38 dunams were urban, built-up areas.[90]

During World War II The British built fortresses in Jericho with the help of the Jewish company Solel Boneh, and bridges were rigged with explosives in preparation for a possible invasion by German allied forces.[91]

Jordanian period

Jericho came under Jordanian control after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Jericho Conference, organized by King Abdullah and attended by over 2,000 Palestinian delegates in 1948 proclaimed "His Majesty Abdullah as King of all Palestine" and called for "the unification of Palestine and Transjordan as a step toward full Arab unity". In mid-1950, Jordan formally annexed the West Bank and Jericho residents, like other residents of West Bank localities became Jordanian citizens.[92]

In 1961, the population of Jericho was 10,166,[93] of whom 935 were Christian, and the rest were Muslim.[94]

1967 and aftermath

2018 United Nations map of the area, showing the Israeli occupation arrangements

Jericho has been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967 along with the rest of the West Bank. It was the first city handed over to Palestinian Authority control in accordance with the Oslo Accords.[95] The limited Palestinian self-rule of Jericho was agreed on in the Gaza–Jericho Agreement of 4 May 1994. Part of the agreement was a "Protocol on Economic Relations", signed on 29 April 1994.[96] The city is in an enclave of the Jordan Valley that is in Area A of the West Bank, while the surrounding area is designated as being in Area C under full Israeli military control. Four roadblocks encircle the enclave, restricting Jericho's Palestinian population's movement through the West Bank.[97]

In response to the 2001 Second Intifada and suicide bombings, Jericho was re-occupied by Israeli troops.[95] A 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) deep trench was built around a large part of the city to control Palestinian traffic to and from Jericho.[98]

On 14 March 2006, the Israel Defense Forces launched Operation Bringing Home the Goods, raiding a Jericho prison to capture the PFLP general secretary, Ahmad Sa'adat, and five other prisoners, all of whom had been charged with assassinating the Israeli tourist minister Rehavam Zeevi in 2001.[99]

After Hamas assaulted a neighborhood in Gaza mostly populated by the Fatah-aligned Hilles clan, in response to their attack that killed six Hamas members, the Hilles clan was relocated to Jericho on 4 August 2008.[100]

In 2009, Palestinian Authority Prime Minister Salam Fayyad and U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs David Johnson inaugurated the Presidential Guard Training Center in Jericho, a $9.1 million training facility for Palestinian Authority security forces built with U.S. funding.[101]

Geography and environment

Jericho is located 258 metres (846 ft) below sea level in an oasis in Wadi Qelt in the Jordan Valley, which makes it the lowest city in the world.[8][20][102] The nearby spring of Ein es-Sultan produces 3.8 m3 (1,000 gallons) of water per minute, irrigating some 10 square kilometres (2,500 acres) through multiple channels and feeding into the Jordan River, 10 kilometres (6 mi) away.[20][102]

Panorama of Jericho

Important Bird Area

A 3,500 ha (8,600-acre) site encompassing the city of Jericho and its immediate surrounds has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of black francolins, lanner falcons, lesser kestrels and Dead Sea sparrows.[103]

Climate

Annual rainfall is 204 mm (8.0 in), mostly concentrated in the winter months and into early spring.[104] The average temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in January and 31 °C (88 °F) in July. According to the Köppen climate classification, Jericho has a hot desert climate (BWh). Rich alluvial soil and abundant spring water have made Jericho an attractive place for settlement.[102]

Climate data for Jericho
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2)		 20.6
(69.1)		 24.4
(75.9)		 29.5
(85.1)		 34.4
(93.9)		 37.0
(98.6)		 38.6
(101.5)		 37.9
(100.2)		 35.8
(96.4)		 32.7
(90.9)		 28.1
(82.6)		 21.4
(70.5)		 30.0
(86.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3)		 12.6
(54.7)		 16.3
(61.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 26.6
(79.9)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.9
(87.6)		 30.4
(86.7)		 28.6
(83.5)		 25.8
(78.4)		 22.8
(73.0)		 16.9
(62.4)		 22.9
(73.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9)		 5.9
(42.6)		 9.6
(49.3)		 13.6
(56.5)		 18.2
(64.8)		 20.2
(68.4)		 21.9
(71.4)		 21.1
(70.0)		 20.5
(68.9)		 17.6
(63.7)		 16.6
(61.9)		 11.6
(52.9)		 15.1
(59.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 59
(2.3)		 44
(1.7)		 20
(0.8)		 4
(0.2)		 1
(0.0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1
(0.0)		 2
(0.1)		 3
(0.1)		 5
(0.2)		 65
(2.6)		 204
(8.0)
Average relative humidity (%) 77 81 74 62 49 50 51 57 52 56 54 74 61
Mean monthly sunshine hours 189.1 186.5 244.9 288.0 362.7 393.0 418.5 396.8 336.0 294.5 249.0 207.7 3,566.7
Mean daily sunshine hours 6.1 6.6 7.9 9.6 11.7 13.1 13.5 12.8 11.2 9.5 8.3 6.7 9.8
Source: Arab Meteorology Book[104]

Demographics

Municipality of Jericho, 1967

In the first census carried out by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), in 1997, Jericho's population was 14,674. Palestinian refugees constituted a significant 43.6% of the residents or 6,393 people.[105] The gender make-up of the city was 51% male and 49% female. Jericho has a young population, with nearly half (49.2%) of the inhabitants being under the age of 20. People between the ages of 20 and 44 made up 36.2% of the population, 10.7% between the ages of 45 and 64, and 3.6% were over the age of 64.[106] In the 2007 census by the PCBS, Jericho had a population of 18,346.[107]

Demographics have varied widely depending on the dominant ethnic group and rule in the region over the past three thousand years. In a 1945 land and population survey by Sami Hadawi, 3,010 inhabitants is the figure given for Jericho, of which 94% (2840) were Arab and 6% (170) were Jews.[108] Today, the overwhelming majority of the population is Muslim.[109] The Christian community makes up around 1% of the population.[110] A large community of black Palestinians is present in Jericho.[109]

Economy

Jericho marketplace, 1967

In 1994, Israel and Palestine signed an economic accord that enabled Palestinians in Jericho to open banks, collect taxes and engage in export and import in preparation for self-rule.[111] Agriculture is another source of income, with banana groves ringing the city.[5]

The Jericho Agro-Industrial Park is a public-private enterprise being developed in the Jericho area. Agricultural processing companies are being offered financial concessions to lease plots of land in the park in a bid to boost Jericho's economy.[112]

Tourism

Jericho cable car

In 1998, a $150 million casino-hotel was built in Jericho with the backing of Yasser Arafat.[113] The casino is now closed, though the hotel on the premises is open for guests.

In 2010, Jericho, with its proximity to the Dead Sea, was declared the most popular destination among Palestinian tourists.[114]

Biblical and Christian landmarks

Christian tourism is one of Jericho's primary sources of income. There are several major Christian pilgrimage sites in and around Jericho.

Archaeological landmarks

Schools and religious institutions

In 1925, Christian friars opened a school for 100 pupils that became the Terra Santa School. The city has 22 state schools and a number of private schools.[110]

Health care

In April 2010, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) held a groundbreaking ceremony for the renovation of the Jericho Governmental Hospital. USAID is providing $2.5 million in funding for this project.[115]

Sports

The sports team Hilal Areeha plays association football in the West Bank First Division. They play home games in the 15,000-spectator Jericho International Stadium.[116]

Twin towns – sister cities

Jericho is twinned with:[117]

Notable people

See also

Citations

  1. ↑ Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  2. ↑ "Foreign Minister of Japan, Palestinian Minister of National Economy and UNDP Open PalPro Centre at the Jericho Agro-industrial Park | United Nations Development Programme". www.undp.org. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  3. 1 2 Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  4. ↑ Kershner, Isabel (6 August 2007). "Abbas hosts meeting with Olmert in West Bank city of Jericho". The New York Times. United States. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 Balint, Judy Lash (21 January 2012). "The lost Jewish presence in Jericho". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  6. ↑ "Palestinian farmers ordered to leave lands". Al Jazeera. 29 August 2012.
  7. ↑ Gates, Charles (2003). "Near Eastern, Egyptian, and Aegean Cities", Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 0-415-01895-1. Jericho, in the Jordan River Valley in the West Bank, inhabited from ca. 9000 BC to the present day, offers important evidence for the earliest permanent settlements in the Near East.
  8. 1 2 Murphy-O'Connor, 1998, p. 288.
  9. 1 2 3 Freedman et al., 2000, p. 689–671.
  10. ↑ Michal Strutin, Discovering Natural Israel (2001), p. 4.
  11. ↑ Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (18 April 2015). "Exploring the Indus Valley's Secrets". The diplomat. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  12. 1 2 Kenyon, Kathleen Mary. "Jericho, Town, West Bank". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  13. ↑ "What is the oldest city in the world?". The Guardian. 16 February 2015.
  14. ↑ "The world's 20 oldest cities". The Telegraph. 4 February 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  15. ↑ Bromiley, 1995, p. 715
  16. ↑ Deuteronomy 34:3
  17. ↑ "Photos: Jericho's Tell es-Sultan added to UNESCO World Heritage list". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  18. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  19. ↑ Schreiber, 2003, p. 141.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ring et al., 1994, p. 367–370.
  21. ↑ Bromiley, 1995, p. 1136.
  22. ↑ "The Creation Account in Genesis 1:1–3" (PDF). Bibliotheca Sacra. 132: 327–42. 1975. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  23. ↑ "Tell es-Sultan/Jericho". lasapienzatojericho.it. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  24. ↑ Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (7 May 2014). "The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): Appendix S1. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995714G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4012948. PMID 24806472.
  25. ↑ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice: a global human history, 20,000–5000 BCE (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-674-01999-7.
  26. ↑ "Prehistoric Cultures". Museum of Ancient and Modern Art. 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  27. ↑ "Ancient Jericho: Tell es-Sultan". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  28. ↑ Rice, Patricia C.; Moloney, Norah (2016). Biological Anthropology and Prehistory: Exploring Our Human Ancestry. Routledge. p. 636. ISBN 9781317349815.
  29. ↑ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000 BCE (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-674-01999-7.
  30. ↑ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000 BCE (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-674-01999-7.
  31. 1 2 Barkai, Ran; Liran, Roy (2008). "Midsummer Sunset at Neolithic Jericho". Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture. 1 (3): 279. doi:10.2752/175169708X329345. S2CID 161987206.
  32. ↑ Ślązak, Anna (21 June 2007). "Yet another sensational discovery by Polish archaeologists in Syria". Science in Poland service, Polish Press Agency. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  33. ↑ Mazurowski, R.F. (2007). "Pre- and Protohistory in the Near East: Tell Qaramel (Syria)". Newsletter 2006. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, Warsaw University. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  34. 1 2 Akkermans, Peter M. M.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2004). The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000–300 BCE). Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0521796668.
  35. ↑ O'Sullivan, Arieh (14 February 2011). "World's first skyscraper sought to intimidate masses". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  36. ↑ Kenyon, Kathleen M.; Holland, Thomas A. (1981). Excavations at Jericho: The architecture and stratigraphy of the Tell: plates, p. 6. British School of Archaeology. ISBN 978-0-9500542-3-0.
  37. ↑ "Old Testament Jericho". 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  38. ↑ Janson and Janson, 2003.
  39. ↑ Kuijt 2012, p. 167.
  40. ↑ Kenyon, Kathleen Mary (1957). Digging Up Jericho. London, England: Ernest Benn Limited. pp. 213–218. ISBN 978-0510033118. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  41. ↑ Davis, Miriam C. (16 September 2016). Dame Kathleen Kenyon: Digging Up the Holy Land. Routledge. pp. 121, 126, 129. ISBN 978-1315430676.
  42. 1 2 Robert L. Hubbard Jr. (30 August 2009). Joshua. Zondervan. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-310-59062-0. The current scholarly consensus follows the conclusion of Kenyon: Except for a small, short-lived settlement (ca. 1400 B.C.), Jericho was completely uninhabited c. 1550 – 1100 B.C.
  43. ↑ Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-0-664-21262-9.
  44. ↑ Jacobs 2000.
  45. ↑ Nigro 2020, pp. 202–204.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 Jacobs 2000, p. 691.
  47. ↑ Dever, William G. (1990) [1989]. "2. The Israelite Settlement in Canaan. New Archeological Models". Recent Archeological Discoveries and Biblical Research. US: University of Washington Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-295-97261-0. Retrieved 7 January 2013. (Of course, for some, that only made the Biblical story more miraculous than ever—Joshua destroyed a city that wasn't even there!)
  48. 1 2 3 4 Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon, eds. (2001). "Jericho". Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York and London: Continuum. p. 259. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1. Retrieved 26 July 2021. (Snippet view).
  49. ↑ 1 Maccabees 9:50
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 Murphy-O'Connor, 1998, pp. 289–291.
  51. ↑ Magnusson, Magnus (1977). Archaeology of the Bible. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 219. ISBN 9780671240103.
  52. ↑ Silvia Rozenberg; Ehud Netzer (2008). Hasmonean and Herodian palaces at Jericho: final reports of the 1973–1987 excavations. 4, "The decoration of Herod's third palace at Jericho". Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. ISBN 9789652210715. WorldCat website
  53. 1 2 Jericho – (Ariha) Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Studium Biblicum Franciscum – Jerusalem.
  54. ↑ "The Parable of the Good Samaritan Luke 10:25". Biblegateway.com. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  55. ↑ Wesley, J., Notes on The Gospel According to St Luke
  56. ↑ Smith's Bible Names Dictionary: Jericho. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  57. 1 2 Losch, 2005, p. 117–118.
  58. ↑ "The Palestinian Authority and the Jewish Holy Sites". JCPA. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  59. 1 2 "Jewish life in Jericho". Jewishjericho.org.il. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  60. ↑ Several hadith collections: e.g. Bukhari, Sahih as translated Muḥammad Muḥsin Khân, The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari (India: Kitab Bhavan, 1987) 3.39.531 and 4.53.380, and Muslim Sahih trans. Abdul Hamid Siddiqui (Lahore: Kazi Publications, 1976) 10.3763.
  61. ↑ The Maronite Chronicle, written during Mu'awiya's caliphate. For propaganda reasons it dates the earthquake to the wrong year: Andrew Palmer, The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993), 30, 31, 32.
  62. ↑ "The Pilgrimage of Arculf in the Holy Land", De Locis Sanctis as translated by Rev. James Rose MacPherson (W. London: BD. 24, Hanover Square, 1895), ch. I.11.
  63. ↑ Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700, Oxford University Press 2008, pp. 342–344.
  64. ↑ Shahin, 2005, p. 285.
  65. ↑ Shahin, 2005, p. 283.
  66. ↑ al-Muqaddasi quoted in Le Strange, 1890, p. 39
  67. ↑ Hull, 1855.
  68. ↑ al-Hamawi and Abu-l Fida quoted in Le Strange, 1890, p. 397
  69. ↑ Singer, 2002, pp. 50, 52
  70. ↑ Singer, 2002, p. 120
  71. ↑ Singer, 2002, p. 126
  72. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 114
  73. ↑ Graham, 1836, p. 122
  74. 1 2 Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua. "The Sanjak of Jerusalem in the 1870s". In Cathedra, 36. Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi. 1985. pp. 80–82
  75. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, p. 280
  76. ↑ Titus Tobler, Topographie von Jerusalem und seinen Umgebungen, Berlin, 1853–1854, p. 642
  77. ↑ Skolnik, Fred, ed. (2007). "Herschberg, Abraham Samuel (1858–1943)" (PDF). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Keter, Thomson Gale. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-02-865930-5. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  78. ↑ Hershberg, A. S. (1899). In the Land of the East. Vilna. p. 469.
  79. ↑ van der Steen, Eveline (2014). "Raiding and robbing". Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town. Routledge. ISBN 9781317543473.
  80. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 159
  81. ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 124, noted 34 houses
  82. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jericho, p. 19
  83. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. 45
  84. ↑ "Israel hit by fifth minor quake in a week". Ya Libnan. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  85. ↑ Mills, 1932, p.45
  86. ↑ "Village statistics, February 1938". rosetta.nli.org.il. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  87. ↑ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 24
  88. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  89. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 102
  90. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 153
  91. ↑ Friling and Cummings, 2005, p. 65.
  92. ↑ Benvenisti, 1998, pp. 27–28.
  93. ↑ Government of Jordan, 1964, p. 13
  94. ↑ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, pp. 115–116
  95. 1 2 Prusher, Ilene R. (14 September 2004). "At 10th anniversary, a far poorer Palestinian Authority". The Christian Science Monitor.
  96. ↑ Simons, Marlise (30 April 1994). "Gaza-Jericho Economic Accord Signed by Israel and Palestinians". The New York Times. Jericho (West Bank); Middle East; Gaza Strip. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  97. ↑ Ġānim, Asʻad (2010), Palestinian Politics After Arafat: A Failed National Movement, Indiana University Press, p. 35, ISBN 9780253354273
  98. ↑ ARIJ & LRC, 20 March 2001, The Tightening of the Siege on Jericho: Israel Employs a New Policy of Trench Digging Archived 13 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  99. ↑ Israel holds militant after siege 14 March 2006 BBC News
  100. ↑ Jerusalem Post Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine 4 August 2008 IDF: Hilles clan won't boost terrorism Yaacov Katz And Khaled Abu Toameh
  101. ↑ "Training Center for Palestinian Authority Security Forces Opens in Jericho". Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
  102. 1 2 3 Holman (15 September 2006). The Holman Illustrated Study Bible-HCSB. Broadman & Holman. p. 1391. ISBN 1586402765.
  103. ↑ "Jericho". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  104. 1 2 "Appendix I: Meteorological Data" (PDF). Springer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  105. ↑ Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Archived 18 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
  106. ↑ Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years Archived 14 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine (PCBS).
  107. ↑ 2007 PCBS Census Archived 10 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
  108. ↑ Hadawi, 1970, p.57
  109. 1 2 Fisher, Dan (2 February 1987), "World's Oldest City Retains Lure : Biblical Jericho: Winter Oasis for the West Bank", Los Angeles Times
  110. 1 2 "HOLY LAND/ Jericho: A small Christian community and their school". Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  111. ↑ Simons, Marlise (30 April 1994). "Gaza-Jericho Economic Accord Signed by Israel and Palestinians". The New York Times.
  112. ↑ Ford, Liz (18 June 2012). "Jericho business park aims to inch Palestine towards sustainability". The Guardian.
  113. ↑ "Walls going up in Jericho – construction of casino-hotel Palestinians, Israelis have role in project". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  114. ↑ Rabinowitz, Gavin (11 February 2010). "Palestinians aim to push tourism beyond Bethlehem". Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  115. ↑ "USAID to Renovate the Jericho Governmental Hospital". Archived from the original on 18 March 2011.
  116. ↑ "World Stadiums – Stadiums in Palestine". worldstadiums.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  117. ↑ "العلاقات التي تربط مدينة أريحا بالمدن الأجنبية". jericho-city.ps (in Arabic). Jericho. Retrieved 30 May 2020.

General and cited references

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