King's Wark
Leith, Scotland
Site of the King's Wark Royal Arsenal
King's Wark is located in Scotland
King's Wark
King's Wark
Coordinates55°58′34″N 3°10′10″W / 55.9761°N 3.1695°W / 55.9761; -3.1695
Site history
Builtin royal occupation since 1434
In usedisused as arsenal since 1647
Battles/warsdestroyed May 1544
Garrison information
Past
commanders		John Chisholm (1564-1606)

John Chisholm was a 16th-century Scottish soldier and the chief officer, Comptroller and Prefect of the Scottish artillery for Mary, Queen of Scots and James VI of Scotland. He was also keeper of the King's Wark in Leith. Chisholm was a supporter of Mary, Queen of Scots in the years after her exile in England.

Career

Mary's artillery

In November 1561 John Chisholm, as comptroller clerk of the royal artillery, provided six culverins for Dunbar Castle.[1] Chisholm shipped cannon and gun carriages from Leith and Dunbar north to Aberdeen and back in October 1562 during operations against the Earl of Huntly.[2]

Mary, Queen of Scots was eager for Chisholm's arrival as a messenger in Perth in April 1564.[3] As Comptroller of the Royal Artillery in 1565, he received the large sum of 10,000 merks on her behalf from the town council of Edinburgh, for the right of superiority of Edinburgh over Leith. The money was used to take the royal artillery to the west of Scotland during the rebellion called the Chaseabout Raid.[4]

Timber for the royal artillery

In 1565 Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley reviewed the state of the royal artillery. In November the Treasurer of Scotland was ordered to supply oak for various needs, and iron, and lead for bullets. The Treasurer was also to pay any outstanding gunner's wages. John Chisholm was to oversee the restoration of the guns. Chisholm was given £1000 Scots for other supplies.[5] Mary wrote letters to the owners of woodlands for new timber to replace the worn-out and rotten mounts. Timber was cut at Kincardine, Aberuthven, Aberdalgie and Moncreiffe Hill and taken to the mouth of the Water of Earn. In April 1566 Chisholm was ordered to liaise with the Earl of Montrose and Lord Drummond to transport the timber to Edinburgh. The timber was shipped from the Tay to Leith and the Earl of Bothwell as Sheriff of Edinburgh was made to organise transporting the timber to Edinburgh Castle.[6]

Mary's fireworks

John Chisholm arranged the firework display for the baptism of her son Prince James at Stirling Castle in December 1566. The preparations were expensive, and John had to send to the Queen twice for extra money. John's account for the event lists his ingredients, including, colophony, orpiment, quicksilver, arrows and dozens of small pottery vessels. The fireworks were made in Leith and shipped to Stirling in great secrecy, carried to the castle at the dead of night "for feir of knowledge thairof." John also arranged the making of costumes used in a pageant of an assault on a mock castle.[7]

Chisholm and the King's Wark in Leith

In April 1567 Mary, Queen of Scots confirmed in Parliament John Chisholm's possession of the King's Wark at the Shore of Leith,[8][9] which he had held in feu since May 1564.[10] There, John was in charge of the long established arsenal which served the Royal Scots Navy.

The arsenal had been founded by James I of Scotland in 1434. In May 1505 two boats belonging to James IV were painted at the King's Wark then hauled back into the water.[11] In August 1539 cannon and other munitions captured from pirates by the royal ship the Unicorn were stored in the King's Wark.[12] The buildings, which included a tower had been burnt in May 1544 during the war of the Rough Wooing after 80,000 cannonballs were looted by the English army.[13] In 1545 Robert Logan of Restalrig used the tower as a Tolbooth for Leith.[14] Now demolished, the tower was depicted in a drawing by John Slezer in 1693.[15] Timber cut in Aberdalgie for stocking cannon was stored in the King's Wark in 1547.[16] The site is now a bar and restaurant.

Adversity and the Marian Civil War

In September 1567 Chisholm brought cannon from Edinburgh Castle to besiege Dunbar Castle which was held by the retainers of the Earl of Bothwell. He also dismounted cannons on Inchkeith island and brought them to Leith, and then to Edinburgh Castle.[17] He transported artillery to Glasgow for use at the battle of Langside.[18]

He was appointed Prefect and "Second Person" of the royal artillery of Scotland (S. D. N. Regis Machinarii Bellitarii Prefecti) on 23 August 1569, during the Regency of the James Stewart, Earl of Moray.[19] In 1570, Chisholm joined William Kirkcaldy of Grange in the garrison of Edinburgh Castle that remained loyal to Mary, Queen of Scots. During the following 'Lang Siege' of the Castle and Marian civil war, Chisholm travelled abroad seeking support and supplies. In February 1571 he was in London and wrote about ongoing peace negotiations, hoping that Elizabeth I of England would act to restore Mary to the Scottish throne. He hoped that the frustrating talks would be concluded soon; "I hoip seurlie within sax ouilkis (six weeks), we salbe at our wittis end and sooner".[20]

Chisholm visited Mary at Sheffield Castle, and took letters to France in April, borrowing £3 from John Lesley, Bishop of Ross. The Bishop kept a note of Chisholm's movements; he returned to Scotland from Dieppe in June 1571, carrying money sent by the exiled Bishop of Glasgow, cannonballs of four different calibres and pikes. These supplies were obtained from Charles IX of France.[21] Chisholm and his ship were captured at North Queensferry in July by Patrick, Lord Lindsay, but he managed to pass some of the money to Mary's supporters. It was thought he had intended to take Tantallon Castle, linking up with Mary's supporters who unsuccessfully attacked the castle on 2 July 1571.[22]

Chisholm was allowed to return to France and joined the Bishop of Glasgow. In March 1573 William Maitland of Lethington thought his adversaries had discovered the key to the cipher code he used in his letters when James Kirkcaldy was captured. He used John Chisholm's code in a letter to the Bishop. Agents of the English Secretary of State, William Cecil, intercepted and easily decoded this letter.[23] John wrote to Mary, Queen of Scots from Paris in August 1575. He asked that he might come to England and serve in her household with his wife, and concluded his letter with his hopes of Mary's "suddane" delivery from her troubles.[24]

Rehabilitation

After this period of exile,[25] in July 1576 Chisholm gained an official pardon for his support of Mary and Grange and unauthorized travel abroad. On 31 May 1579 he was re-appointed as "Comptroller and Second Person of the Artillery and Munition within all parts of Scotland."[26] The gift of the King's Wark, the Opus Regium, was confirmed in May 1588, giving his title as; Compotorus Rotulatori Tormentorum Bellicorum – Controller of the accounting rolls for war machines.[27]

The French Ambassador Bertrand de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon noted that Chisholm was still active as a supporter of Mary in February 1583, and Chisholm asked that Mary should continue paying him a pension. In May 1583 the English diplomat Robert Bowes reported him as a "notorious instrument" for Maineville, the agent of Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox who was expelled from Scotland by the Gowrie Regime.[28]

Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie identifies Chisholm as the builder of the "lang stair upon Leith pier".[29]

Subsequent history of the King's Wark

Anne of Denmark at the King's Wark

In October 1589, James VI decided to sail to Norway to meet his bride Anne of Denmark. Chisholm mounted the royal artillery to the king's fleet. Accounts of expenses made by the Chancellor John Maitland of Thirlestane include the preparation of a ship, the James Royall of Ayr, hired from Robert Jameson, with a payment to Chisholm of £28 for "dressing, mounting and putting the ordinance on board."[30]

Anne of Denmark arrived in Scotland on 1 May 1590 with James VI, and stayed five nights in the King's Wark.[31] The path from the ship to their throne room in Chisholm's house was strewn with tapestry and Turkish carpets.[32] The ceremony of the reception at Leith and the King's Wark had been carefully planned the previous September, when it was thought the queen's arrival was imminent. A special wooden stair was built for her to enter directly into the first-floor hall, beyond which was the queen's bedchamber. There would be chairs for Anne and James VI on this "scaffold", where they would sit in public and listen to a speech of welcome called an oration or "harangue" made by James Elphinstone in French. The directions included the order of entry, seating, and even where people should look. James and Anne would enter the bedchamber, then her Danish ladies in waiting would enter the hall, followed by the Scottish ladies and gentlemen. James would then come out of the bedchamber and greet these people, then leave. Once Anne was lodged in the King's Wark the scaffold would be taken away. The people of Leith were ordered to unload any guns and forbidden to mend ships on the Shore until she left.[33] On the day however, James Elphinstone gave his speech in Latin to the king and queen who were seated on thrones inside the hall.[34]

Bernard Lindsay

The buildings of the King's Wark passed to Bernard Lindsay of Lochhill in 1606 by Act of Parliament. Lindsay had a Leith connection, his father, Thomas Lindsay, had been the searcher-general at Leith, a customs official.[35] As a courtier and chamber servant of James VI, Bernard Lindsay had brought Henry Wotton to James VI at Dunfermline Palace in 1601, when Wotton was masquerading as an Italian "Octavio Baldi".[36] The property was to be regarded as a free barony. Lindsay was required to reserve a cellar for storing wines for the King's use.[37] He also added a tennis court.[38] In 1612 he planned a stone arched open arcade facing the shore with seating for merchants to be the burse or exchange of Leith. The king granted him a tax on wine imports for the building work. It is not clear if Lindsay built his "fyne gallerye ... reised upoun arches and pilleris of friestone" and paved underneath with "hewne stone".[39][40] The description of the planned arches resembles the surviving facade of Gladstone's Land on the Royal Mile.

In preparation for James's "salmonlike" return to Scotland in 1617, cannon wheels and stocks were kept at the Wark, and in 1623 the Master of Work, James Murray of Kilbaberton stored cannon and shot from a Dunkirk ship in Bernard Lindsay's Close.[41]

In 1626 Charles I asked the depute treasurer of Scotland to buy the "King's Houses" from Bernard Lindsay for use as a Customs House.[42] It is thought that Bernard Street takes its name from Lindsay of Lochhill. In 1647 the site was acquired by Edinburgh burgh council from William Dick of Braid.[43]

References

  1. ↑ Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1916), pp. 82-3.
  2. ↑ Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1916), pp. 217-8.
  3. ↑ J. H. Pollen, Papal Negotiations with Mary Queen of Scots (SHS: Edinburgh, 1901), p. 450.
  4. ↑ James David Marwick, Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1557–1571 (Edinburgh, 1875), p. 228.
  5. ↑ Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 402-3.
  6. ↑ Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 446-7, 474-5.
  7. ↑ Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1970), pp. 58, 403–9.
  8. ↑ "History of the house: King's Wark". 26 February 2018.
  9. ↑ The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007-2013) Retrieved: 3 March 2013
  10. ↑ Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, vol. 19 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 282–3: Robertson, David, The Sculptured Stones of Leith (1851), p. 67
  11. ↑ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland: 1506-1507, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1901), p. 198.
  12. ↑ Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 228.
  13. ↑ Patten, William, in Tudor Tracts (London, 1903), p. 44.
  14. ↑ "Edinburgh, Leith, The Shore, 'king's Wark' | Canmore". canmore.org.uk.
  15. ↑ "Slezer, John". Capital Collections.
  16. ↑ Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), p. 104.
  17. ↑ Charles Thorpe McInnes, Accounts of the Treasurer: 1566-1574, vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1970), pp. 84-5, 94.
  18. ↑ Charles Thorpe McInnes, Accounts of the Treasurer: 1566-1574, vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1970), p. 121.
  19. ↑ Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1963), p. 141, no. 723.
  20. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 3, p. 486.
  21. ↑ Fenelon, Bertrand De Salignac; Teulet, Jean Baptiste Alexandre Theodore; Cooper, Charles Purton. "Correspondance Diplomatique De Bertrand De Salignac De La Mothe Fenelon. Publiee Pour La Premiere Fois Sur Les Manuscrits Conserves Aux Archives Du Royaume". Paris, 1838-40 – via Internet Archive.
  22. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1903), pp. 478–80, 485–87, 529, 532–33, 535, 620–21, 623–4, 636.
  23. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1905), p. 523, no. 586.
  24. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 158–60, no. 167.
  25. ↑ Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1970), p. 379.
  26. ↑ Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1966), pp. 97, no. 659, 312 no. 1909.
  27. ↑ Register of the Great Seal of Scotland: 1580–1593 (Edinburgh, 1888), pp. 529–30, no. 1547.
  28. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1910), pp. 312, 375, 441, 449.
  29. ↑ Aeneas James George Mackay, Chroniclis of Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1899), p. 257.
  30. ↑ Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596', Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 29.
  31. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10, (Edinburgh, 1936), 863: Robert Chambers, The Life of King James the First, 1 (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 153.
  32. ↑ David Stevenson, Scotland's Last Royal Wedding (Edinburgh, 1997), pp. 100, 139: Papers Relative to the Marriage of James VI, (1828) pp.37-8: David Moysie, Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 83.
  33. ↑ Thomson, Thomas, ed., David Calderwood's History of Kirk of Scotland, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1844), pp. 60–64, 94. (James Elphinstone also had a house on the Shore in Leith, "Balmerino's House".)
  34. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 186, 863: David Stevenson, Scotland's Last Royal Wedding (John Donald: Edinburgh, 1997), p. 100.
  35. ↑ Charles Rogers, History of the Chapel Royal (Grampian Clun, 1874), p. cxxxii.
  36. ↑ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 (HMSO: Edinburgh, 1969), p. 876: Henry Wotton, Reliquiae Wottonianae (London, 1654), pp. 29–35.
  37. ↑ Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1816), p. 315.
  38. ↑ Hugo Arnot, History of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1816), pp. 444-5.
  39. ↑ Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1889), p. 393.
  40. ↑ King's Wark, text from the RCAHMS 1951 Inventory, HES Canmore
  41. ↑ Imrie & Dunbar, ed., Accounts of the Master's of Work, vol. 2 (HMSO: Edinburgh (1982), pp. 81, 157, 159.
  42. ↑ Charles Rogers, Earl of Stirling's Register of Royal Letters, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1885), p. 47.
  43. ↑ Marguerite Wood, Extracts Burgh Records Edinburgh: 1604-1624 (Edinburgh, 1931), p. 376: Tales, Traditions, & Antiquities of Leith (1865), pp. 36–38.
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