John III Doukas Vatatzes
Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
15th-century portrait of John III (from a 15th-century codex containing a copy of the Extracts of History by Joannes Zonaras)
Emperor of Nicaea
Claimant Byzantine Emperor
ReignDecember 1221 –
3 November 1254
PredecessorTheodore I Laskaris
SuccessorTheodore II Laskaris
Bornc. 1192
Didymoteicho, Byzantine Empire
Died3 November 1254 (aged 62)
Nymphaion, Byzantine Empire
(now Kemalpaşa, Izmir, Turkey)
Burial
Monastery of Sosandra, region of Magnesia
SpousesIrene Laskarina
Anna of Hohenstaufen
IssueTheodore II Laskaris
Names
John Doukas Vatatzes
Ιωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης
HouseVatatzes
FatherBasil Vatatzes (?)
MotherUnknown
ReligionEastern Orthodox

John III Doukas Vatatzes, Latinized as Ducas Vatatzes (Greek: Ἱωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης, Iōannēs Doukas Vatatzēs, c. 1192 – 3 November 1254), was Emperor of Nicaea from 1221 to 1254. He was succeeded by his son, known as Theodore II Laskaris.

Life

John Doukas Vatatzes, born in about 1192 in Didymoteicho, was probably[1][2] the son of the general Basil Vatatzes, who was killed in battle in 1194, and his wife, a cousin of the Emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos.[3] John Doukas Vatatzes had two older brothers. The eldest was Isaac Doukas Vatatzes (1188-1261), while his younger brother died young. Through his marriage to Eudokia Angelina he fathered Theodora Doukaina Vatatzaina, who later married Michael VIII Palaiologos. The middle brother's name is unknown, but his daughter married the protovestiarios Alexios Raoul.[4][5]

A successful soldier from a military family, John was chosen in about 1216 by Emperor Theodore I Laskaris as the second husband for his daughter Irene Laskarina and as heir to the throne, following the death of her first husband, Andronikos Palaiologos. This arrangement excluded members of the Laskarid family from the succession, and when John III became emperor in December 1221,[note 1] following Theodore I's death in November,[8][9] he had to suppress opposition to his rule. The struggle ended with the Battle of Poimanenon in 1224, in which his opponents were defeated in spite of support from the Latin Empire of Constantinople. John III's victory led to territorial concessions by the Latin Empire in 1225, followed by John's incursion into Europe, where he seized Adrianople.[10]

John III's possession of Adrianople was terminated by Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epirus and Thessalonica, who drove the Nicaean garrison out of Adrianople and annexed much of Thrace in 1227. The elimination of Theodore by Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria in 1230 put an end to the danger posed by Thessalonica, and John III made an alliance with Bulgaria against the Latin Empire.[11]

Gold hyperpyron of John III Vatatzes

In 1235 this alliance resulted in the restoration of the Bulgarian patriarchate and the marriage between Elena of Bulgaria and Theodore II, respectively Ivan Asen II's daughter and John III's son. In that same year, the Bulgarians and Nicaeans campaigned against the Latin Empire, and in 1236 they attempted a siege of Constantinople.[11] Subsequently, Ivan Asen II adopted an ambivalent policy, effectively becoming neutral, and leaving John III to his own devices.

John III Vatatzes was greatly interested in the collection and copying of manuscripts, and William of Rubruck reports that he owned a copy of the missing books from Ovid's Fasti.[12] Rubruck was critical of the Hellenic traditions he encountered in the Empire of Nicaea, specifically the feast day for Saint Felicity favored by John Vatatzes, which Friedrich Risch suggests would have been the Felicitanalia, practiced by Sulla to venerate Felicitas in the 1st century with an emphasis on inverting social norms, extolling truth and beauty, reciting profane and satirical verse and wearing ornamented "cenatoria", or dinner robes during the day.[13]

In spite of some reverses against the Latin Empire in 1240, John III was able to take advantage of Ivan Asen II's death in 1241 to impose his own suzerainty over Thessalonica (in 1242), and later to annex this city, as well as much of Bulgarian Thrace in 1246.[14] By 1247 he had established an effective stranglehold on Constantinople. In the last years of his reign Nicaean authority extended far to the west, where John III attempted to contain the expansion of Epirus. Michael's allies Golem of Kruja and Theodore Petraliphas defected to John III in 1252.[15][16] John III died in Nymphaion in 1254, and was buried in the monastery of Sosandra, which he had founded, in the region of Magnesia.[17]

Family

John III Doukas Vatatzes married first Irene Lascarina, the daughter of his predecessor Theodore I Laskaris in 1212.[17] They had one son, the future Theodore II Doukas Laskaris. Irene fell from a horse and was so badly injured that she was unable to have any more children.

Irene retired to a convent, taking the monastic name Eugenia, and died there in summer of 1240.[18] John III married as his second wife Constance II of Hohenstaufen,[17] an illegitimate daughter of Emperor Frederick II by his mistress Bianca Lancia. They had no children.

Legacy

John Vatatzes the Merciful, Emperor of the Romans
St. John Vatatzes the Merciful King, Emperor of Nicaea and "the Father of the Greeks."
Emperor
Venerated inEastern Orthodoxy
Major shrineDidymoteicho, Western Thrace and Nymphaion (Ionia) modern-day Kemalpaşa, Turkey
Feast4 November
AttributesImperial Vestment

John III Doukas Vatatzes was a successful ruler who laid the groundwork for Nicaea's recovery of Constantinople. He was successful in maintaining generally peaceful relations with his most powerful neighbors, Bulgaria and the Sultanate of Rum, and his network of diplomatic relations extended to the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy. Among the armed forces he used were the large Cuman communities he had settled to guard Western Anatolia against invasions by Oghuz-Turkmens.[19][20][21][22][23]

John III effected Nicaean expansion into Europe, where by the end of his reign he had annexed his former rival Thessalonica and had expanded at the expense of Bulgaria and Epirus. He also expanded Nicaean control over much of the Aegean and annexed the important island of Rhodes,[24] while he supported initiatives to free Crete from Venetian occupation aiming toward its re-unification with the Byzantine empire of Nicaea.[25]

Styling himself the true inheritor of the Roman Empire, John III encouraged justice and charity, and provided active leadership in both peace and war despite his epilepsy. He carefully developed the internal prosperity and commerce of his realm, which became known for bountiful harvest festivals reportedly drawing on traditions from the Felicitas feast days described in the missing 11th book of Ovid's Book of Days.[26]

A half-century after his death, John III was canonized as a saint, under the name John the Merciful, and is commemorated annually on November 4.[27][28] George Akropolites mentions that the people saw to the construction of a temple in his honour in Nymphaeum, and that his cult as a saint quickly spread to the people of western Asia Minor.[29] On the same day, since 2010, the Vatatzeia festival is organized at Didymoteicho by the local metropolitan bishop.[30] Alice Gardiner remarked on the persistence of John's cult among the Ionian Greeks as late as the early 20th century, and on the contrast she witnessed where "the clergy and people of Magnesia and the neighbourhood revere his memory every fourth of November. But those who ramble and play about his ruined palace seldom connect it even with his name."[31]

His feast day is formally an Eastern Orthodox holiday, although it is not commemorated with any special liturgy; there are two known historical akolouthiai for him, including an 1874 copy of an older Magnesian menaion for the month of November, which shows that in the 15th and 16th century, he was venerated as "the holy glorious equal of the Apostles and emperor John Vatatzes, the new almsgiver in Magnesia."[32] The relevant hymns are preserved in only one known manuscript in the library of the Leimonos monastery on Lesbos, Greece, and include references to the feast day for the almsgiver John Vatatzes.[33] John III Vatatzes' feast day has largely fallen out of favor other than in the church dedicated to him in his birth city of Didymoteicho.[34]

The generations after John Vatatzes looked back upon him as "the Father of the Greeks."[35][note 2]

Legend of the Reposed King

According to the legend, his incorrupt relics were transferred to Constantinople, which had been liberated from the Franks, where the legend of the reposed King became associated with him. At the time of the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, his relics were hidden in a catacomb, and were guarded by a family of Crypto-Christians, which kept them secret from generation to generation. The legend states that since that time, he has been awaiting the liberation of Constantinople.[37]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Jean Darrouzès dated the coronation of John III to c. 15 December.[6] However, as Dimiter Angelov points out, "the logic of his calculations is questionable".[7] George Akropolites notes that he was still “completing his thirty-third year” at the time of his death, which is corroborated by another source that gives him a reign of 32 years and 11 months.[7] Another chronicle states that he reigned 18 years and 3½ months from 1221 to 1 March 1239 (actually 1240).[6] This should give mid-November 1221, but Darrouzès dates it to "around 15 December".
  2. ↑ "Apostolos Vacalopoulos notes that John III Ducas Vatatzes was prepared to use the words 'nation' (genos), 'Hellene' and 'Hellas' together in his correspondence with the Pope. John acknowledged that he was Greek, although bearing the title Emperor of the Romans: "the Greeks are the only heirs and successors of Constantine", he wrote. In similar fashion John’s son Theodore II, acc. 1254, who took some interest in the physical heritage of Antiquity, was prepared to refer to his whole Euro-Asian realm as "Hellas" and a "Hellenic dominion". (What Vacalopoulos does not examine is whether, like the Latins, they also called their Aegean world 'Roman-ia')."[36]

References

  1. ↑ Polemis 1968, p. 107.
  2. ↑ Varzos 1984, pp. 855–856 (note 20).
  3. ↑ Varzos 1984, pp. 852–854.
  4. ↑ Varzos 1984, pp. 855–857.
  5. ↑ Polemis 1968, pp. 107–109.
  6. 1 2 Darrouzès, Jean (1978). "Peter Schreiner, Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken. II". Revue des études byzantines (in French). 36: 276–77.
  7. 1 2 Angelov, Dimiter (2019). The Byzantine Hellene: The Life of Emperor Theodore Laskaris and Byzantium in the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-108-48071-0.
  8. ↑ Judith Herrin, Guillaume Saint-Guillain. Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011 ISBN 1409410986 p 52
  9. ↑ Carr, John (30 April 2015). Fighting Emperors of Byzantium. Pen and Sword. p. 255. ISBN 978-1473856400.
  10. ↑ Treadgold 1997, pp. 719–721.
  11. 1 2 Treadgold 1997, pp. 722–724.
  12. ↑ Christopher S. Wood, Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art. University of Chicago Press, 2008
  13. ↑ Geschichte der Mongolen und Reisebericht, 1245–1247. (Trans. and ed., Friedrich Risch.). Leipzig: E. Pfeiffer, 1930, p. 174, n.34
  14. ↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 728.
  15. ↑ Ellis, Steven G.; Klusáková, Lud'a (2007). Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities. Edizioni Plus. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-88-8492-466-7.
  16. ↑ George Akropolites: The History: Introduction, translation and commentary. OUP Oxford. 19 April 2007. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1. Goulamos defected to the Emperor
  17. 1 2 3 Michael Borgolte, Bernd Schneidmüller. Hybride Kulturen im mittelalterlichen Europa/Hybride Cultures in Medieval Europe. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1 okt. 2010 ISBN 3050049669 p 73
  18. ↑ Murata, Koji; Ichikawa, Kohei; Fujii, Yuri I.; Hayakawa, Hisashi; Cheng, Yongchao; Kawamoto, Yukiko; Sano, Hidetoshi (2021), "Cometary records revise Eastern Mediterranean chronology around 1240 CE", Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 73: 197–204, arXiv:2012.00976, doi:10.1093/pasj/psaa114
  19. ↑ Konstantinopolis'te Türkler (11.-15. Yüzyıllar). pp. http://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/1706.
  20. ↑ "İznik İmparatorluğu (Nicaea) Tarihi". 22 May 2020.
  21. ↑ "BATI ANADOLU'DAKİ TÜRK YAYILIŞINA KARŞI BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU'NUN KUMAN-ALAN TOPLULUKLARINI BALKANLARDAN ANADOLU'YA NAKLETMESİ". 11 October 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ↑ Yalvar, Cihan (25 October 2022). "ANADOLU'DA SON TÜRK İSKÂNI: İZNİK İMPARATORLUĞU'NDA KUMAN-KIPÇAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMİYE (YORTAN) İLE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KÖYLERİNDEKİ VARLIKLARI". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ↑ Korobeinikov, Dimitri (25 October 2022). "İznik İmparatorluğun'da Kumanlar" [The Cumans in the Empire of Nicaea]. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ↑ Treadgold 1997, pp. 729–730.
  25. ↑ Agelarakis, P. A. (2012), "Cretans in Byzantine foreign policy and military affairs following the Fourth Crusade", Cretika Chronika, 32, 41–78.
  26. ↑ Lars Brownworth, Lost to the West: the Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization. Broadway Books, 2010, p 254
  27. ↑ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Βατατζὴς ὁ ἐλεήμονας βασιλιὰς. 4 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  28. ↑ Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 1969, p. 444.
  29. ↑ Banev Guentcho. "John III Vatatzes". Transl. Koutras, Nikolaos. Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor (EHW). 12/16/2002.
  30. ↑ Lorenzo M. Ciolfi, From Byzantium to the Web: the Endurance of John III Doukas Vatazes’ Legacy. EHESS paris, 2017, p. 64
  31. ↑ Gardiner, The Lascarids of Nicaea: The Story of an Empire in Exile, 1912, (Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1964), p. 196
  32. ↑ Polemis Demetrios, "Remains of an acoluthia for the emperor John Ducas Vatatzes" in C. Mango & O. Pritsak (eds.), Okeanos. Essays Presented to Ihor Sevcenko on His Sixtieth Birthday by His Colleagues and Students. Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University, 1983
  33. ↑ Polemis, p.584
  34. ↑ Lorenzo M. Ciolfi, "John III Vatazes, Byzantine imperial saint?" BULLETIN OF BRITISH BYZANTINE STUDIES, 2014
  35. ↑ A. A. Vasiliev. History of the Byzantine Empire. Vol. 2. University of Wisconsin Press, 1971. pp. 531–534.
  36. ↑ Michael O'Rourke. Byzantium: From Recovery to Ruin, A Detailed Chronology: AD 1220–1331. Comp. by Michael O'Rourke. Canberra, Australia, April 2010.
  37. ↑ (in Greek) Ιωάννα Κατσούλα. ΑΓΙΟΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ Ο ΒΑΤΑΤΖΗΣ: Ο μαρμαρωμένος ελεήμων βασιλιάς και η βασιλεύουσα. ΜΗΝΙΑΙΑ ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΗ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΗ ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ – «Στύλος Ορθοδοξίας». ΝΟΕΜΒΡΙΟΣ 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2018.

Sources

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