John Parr (1 June 1722 – 7 October 1798) was an English merchant and shipowner. He was bailiff and mayor of the Borough of Liverpool in 1773.[1]

The Parr family of Liverpool

Confusingly, there are three (more or less related) John Parrs listed among the prominent merchants in the Liverpool Directory of 1766: John Parr of Old Church Yard, merchant; John Parr of Frederick Street, gunsmith; and John Parr of Water Street, draper.[2]

Edward Parr of Castle Street, merchant and apothecary, also listed, was the first cousin of the present John Parr. Edward was a merchant and slave trader with West Africa, the West Indies and Chesapeake Bay; member of the African Company of Merchants, 1752; shipowner (True Blue, 1758, etc.); and rumoured to be 'the second richest man in Liverpool'.[3]

John Parr of Frederick Street and (later) of Argyle Street, Liverpool, and of Elm House, West Derby (which he built, c. 1777), gunmaker,[4] is distinguished in records as a Presbyterian. He is of the line described by Bernard Burke as "Parr of Lythwood".[5] He was born about 1734 and died 15 March 1798;[6] his will dated 1794 and probated in Chester, 30 September 1799, described 'very large and commodious workshops and warehouses' for the gun trade in Liverpool, in the area of Argyle Street where he lived, extending to Pitt Street.[7] His eldest son John Parr, born 1767, is recorded as an insolvent debtor of Elm House, ‘out of business’, by February 1840.[8] His third son Thomas Parr (slave trader), born in 1769, succeeded him in his business as a Liverpool merchant.

Life

This John Parr of Old Church Yard was the son of John Parr, of Haysom in Rainford, of a family settled there as small landowners in the 15th century, who had moved to Liverpool as a general merchant and shipowner about 1700.[9][10] He married Jane Horton, daughter of Joshua Horton, ancestor of the Horton baronets of Chadderton.[11]

John Parr is usually described as a "merchant" and shipowner involved in the Atlantic slave trade. He may have developed his business as a gun trader and exporter, later in association with his younger cousin, John Parr of Frederick Street, the gunsmith.[12] In 1751 (when the gunsmith was just 17) it was probably this John Parr who was recruited as an agent for the Birmingham firm of Farmer & Galton, by James Farmer, partner of Samuel Galton Jr. He took over a role selling guns on commission under John Hardman. In this business relationship with Farmer and Galton, he also took on the "battery trade", another aspect of the hinterland commerce dealing in small copper and brass items.[12] In 1752 he was listed with Hardman and Edward Parr as an African Company of Merchants founding member.[13] The gun trade presented particular difficulties of long credit required by customers, and Galton chased Parr to collect payments.[14] Up to the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756, discounts for cash on guns were high.[15]

At the time when he was mayor in 1773, he is stated to have lived in Water Street.[1] Rioting broke out in Liverpool at the end of August 1775, when sailors employed in the Atlantic trade, then in a slump, objected to a cut in wages.[16] In the aftermath, Parr supplied guns, ammunition and swords to the Liverpool corporation.[17]

The "tower gun" was a staple trade item at Old Calabar and generally in West Africa.[18][19] It took its name, in effect a brand, from the supposition that such guns had been tested on the Tower of London's firing range.[20] Commercial correspondence from 1788 mentions how Parr acquired old guns in Ireland, and had them reconditioned by workshops to be saleable in the African trade.[19]

Parr, or his cousin and namesake, were one of the manufacturers supplying French agents with guns, just before the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars. Galton, discussing the trade with John Mason who was in the pay of the Home Office, gave Parr most of the credit for importing Irish Ordnance fusils on behalf of the French.[21]

He invested in a steam-powered cotton factory and property in Liverpool and St Helen's. He died on 7 October 1798, aged 76, and has a memorial tablet in St Nicholas's Church.[22] His will was proved as John Parr, of Liverpool, merchant, in Chester in 1799.

Family

Parr married in 1756 Anne Wolstenholme (died 1765, aged 25), daughter of the Rev. Henry Wolstenholme (died 1771), rector of Liverpool.[22] Parr moved into the Wolstenholme family residence in Ropewalks, which was in an area partially built up towards the end of the 17th century, and later when fashionable called Wolstenholme Square.[22][23] The south side of the square was built up by 1765.[24] His father-in-law left Parr land between Wolstenholme Square and Colquitt Street.[22] Already in 1764 Parr had leased land north of RopeWorks, adjacent to Copperas Hill, but he never engaged in speculative building there.[4]

The Parrs' children included:

  • John Owen Parr I (1757 – 1819, Kentish Town), the eldest son, was an insurance broker and merchant (1791–94), at 11 Royal Exchange, London;[11][25][26] and in 1799 was a member of Lloyd's of London.[27] He suffered bankruptcy in 1800.[28] He married in 1792 Elizabeth Mary Patrick, daughter of Thomas Patrick and Elizabeth Chase, who was a niece of Sir Richard Chase of Much Hadham and first cousin of Chase Price.[29][30][31] Parr was in business with Thomas Chase Patrick, Elizabeth's brother, and they were involved together in the bankruptcy proceedings.[30][32] Their son John Owen Parr II matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford in 1815, graduating B.A. in 1818 and M.A. in 1850. He became vicar of Preston, Lancashire in 1840.[11][33] Another son was Thomas Chase Parr (died 1883), a general in the Hon. East India Co.'s service in the Bombay Army.[29]
  • Edward Parr (21 Mar 1760 – 1848), attorney, married Anne Jane Hamilton, daughter of Arthur Hamilton of Wavertree.[11][34]
  • The writer Wolstenholme Parr (1762–1845) spent much of his life in Venice. There he married and during the Austro-French wars he was imprisoned and his house, pictures and books were burned. He was later offered asylum by Napoleon and published The Story of the Moor of Venice, translated from Giraldi Cinthio's Hecatommithi, 1795.[35] He acquired the bulk of the papers of Pierre-François Hugues d'Hancarville,[1][36][37] editing and publishing his work on Raphael in French in 1842.[38][39]
  • Joshua Wolstenholme Parr, MD (1763–1810) was a chemical manufacturer of alum, copperas and vitriol, and a partner with Horne, Thomlin & Thomas Henry Jr in the Mona Vitriol Co., Amlwch, Anglesey (dissolved 25 Nov 1793), with works at Parys Mountain.[40] He married in 1792 Althea Barton, daughter of the Manchester calico and fustian manufacturer George Barton (1731–1789).[11][41][42] He retired to a small estate in Carmarthenshire called Pentre Parr, Ffairfach near Llandeilo, where he died aged 47.[41][43] He was the grandfather of William Barton Wright and the great-grandfather of Edward William Barton-Wright.[9]
  • Thomas Parr (30 March 1765 – 1834), merchant. Following his marriage to Mary Wood, daughter of Richard Wood,[11] he prosecuted Ralph Benson in a notorious trial for criminal conversation with his wife, the proceedings of which were published in full (1808),[44] following which he was confined at Dr Chew's of the Lunatic Society and at Mr Holme's Madhouse, Clapton.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Society, Chetham (1866). Remains historical and literary connected with the Palatine counties of Lancaster and Chester published by the Chetham Society. p. 187.
  2. ↑ Liverpool's First Directory: A Reprint of the Names and Addresses from Gore's Directory for 1766 : to which is Added a Street Directory for the Same Year. H. Young. 1766. p. 43.
  3. ↑ Letter book of Joshua Dixon, 1764–5 (Wellcome Library, MS. 2196); Stuart Anderson, ‘Liverpool apothecary in the slave trade’, The Pharmaceutical Journal, 285, 2010, 732.
  4. 1 2 Richardson, David; Tibbles, Anthony; Schwarz, Suzanne (1 January 2007). Liverpool and Transatlantic Slavery. Liverpool University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-84631-066-9.
  5. ↑ Landed Gentry, 1847, vol. 2, pp. 1003-4
  6. ↑ Bishop's Transcripts Liverpool 1790-1799
  7. ↑ Peers, Douglas M. (1997). Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures. Ashgate/Variorum. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-86078-528-6.
  8. ↑ London Gazette
  9. 1 2 Nicholas Mander. Borromean Rings: the Genealogy of the Mander Family, 2011; 2nd edition, revised and enlarged, 2023.
  10. ↑ Burke's Landed Gentry, sub 'Parr of Liverpool formerly of Rainford', 'Parr of Grappenhall Heyes', 'Parr of Lythwood', 1847, 2, 1003–4, various editions, 1847 to 1972
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Burke, Bernard (1852). A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain & Ireland for 1852. Colburn and Company. p. 1004.
  12. 1 2 Satia, Priya (3 November 2018). Empire of Guns: The Violent Making of the Industrial Revolution. Duckworth Books. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7156-5306-7.
  13. ↑ The Liverpool Memorandum-Book; or Gentleman's, Merchant's, and Tradesman's Daily Pocket Book for ... 1753, etc. 1752. p. 18.
  14. ↑ Satia, Priya (3 November 2018). Empire of Guns: The Violent Making of the Industrial Revolution. Duckworth Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7156-5306-7.
  15. ↑ Satia, Priya (3 November 2018). Empire of Guns: The Violent Making of the Industrial Revolution. Duckworth Books. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-0-7156-5306-7.
  16. ↑ Brooke, Richard (1853). Liverpool as it was During the Last Quarter of the Eighteenth Century. p. 328.
  17. ↑ Brooke, Richard (1853). Liverpool as it was During the Last Quarter of the Eighteenth Century. p. 347.
  18. ↑ Inikori, J. E. (1977). "The Import of Firearms into West Africa 1750-1807: A Quantitative Analysis". The Journal of African History. 18 (3): 356. doi:10.1017/S0021853700027304. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 180637. S2CID 161693017.
  19. 1 2 Inikori, J. E. (21 September 2022). Forced Migration: The Impact of the Export Slave Trade on African Societies. Taylor & Francis. p. 145 and note. ISBN 978-1-000-64755-6.
  20. ↑ Seymour, George L.; Anderson, Benjamin J. K. (13 November 2003). African-American Exploration in West Africa: Four Nineteenth-Century Diaries. Indiana University Press. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-253-34194-5.
  21. ↑ Satia, Priya (3 November 2018). Empire of Guns: The Violent Making of the Industrial Revolution. Duckworth Books. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7156-5306-7.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Peet, Henry (1923). "Rector Wolstenholme and his Memorial Tablet" (PDF). hslc.org.uk. The Historic Society of Lancashire & Cheshire. p. 72 note 2.
  23. ↑ Picton, Sir James Allanson (1858). The Architectural History of Liverpool ... Papers Read Before the Liverpool Architectural and Archæological Society. Privately printed. p. 29.
  24. ↑ Pollard, Richard; Pevsner, Nikolaus; Sharples, Joseph (1 January 2006). Lancashire: Liverpool and the Southwest. Yale University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-300-10910-8.
  25. ↑ Foundation, Lloyd's Register (1 January 1791). Lloyd's Register of Shipping 1791. Lloyd's Register. p. 5.
  26. ↑ "Directory of London and Westminster, & Borough of Southwark. 1794". geneagraphie.com.
  27. ↑ Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Cox and Wyman, printers. 1799. p. 9.
  28. ↑ The European Magazine, and London Review. Philological Society of London. 1800. p. 12.
  29. 1 2 "Obituary Notices". Homeward Mail from India, China and the East. 26 June 1883. p. 21.
  30. 1 2 County Genealogies: Pedigrees of Hertfordshire Families. John Russell Smith. 1833. p. 25.
  31. ↑ "PwF - Papers of William Henry C. Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738-1809), statesman, in the Portland (Welbeck) Collection". mss-cat.nottingham.ac.uk.
  32. ↑ Britain, Great (1811). The London Gazette. T. Neuman. p. 247.
  33. ↑ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Parr, John Owen (1)" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
  34. ↑ Burke, Bernard (1879). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland. Harrison. p. 1236.
  35. ↑ Biographical note in Admissions Register for Manchester School, ed. J.F. Smith, vol. 1, 1866, p. 187
  36. ↑ George, David (10 February 2022). Coriolanus: Shakespeare: The Critical Tradition. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-350-16838-1.
  37. ↑ Stempel, Daniel (1989). "Identifying Ahania: Etymology and Iconology in Blake's Allegorical Nomenclature". Studies in Romanticism. 28 (1): 106. doi:10.2307/25600761. ISSN 0039-3762. JSTOR 25600761.
  38. ↑ Dissertation on the Helicon of Rafaël, written in the French language by the baron d'HANCARVILLE, and translated with some altération by Wolstenholme Parr, esqr., the depositary of his manuscripts. Lausanne: printed by Hignou, 1842.
  39. ↑ Müntz, Louis Frédéric Eugène (1883). Les historiens et les critiques de Raphael, 1483-1883: essai bibliographique (in French). Hachette. p. 81.
  40. ↑ Archaeologia Cambrensis. Vol. 112–114. Cambrian Archaeological Association. 1963. p. 110.
  41. 1 2 Kingsley, Nick (28 July 2020). "(425) Barton of Swinton Park, Stapleton Park, Saxby Hall and Caldy Manor". Landed families of Britain and Ireland.
  42. ↑ "Marriages". Kentish Gazette. 28 September 1792. p. 3.
  43. ↑ The History of North Wales: Comprising a Topographical Description of the Several Counties of Anglesey, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth, and Montgomery. To which is Prefixed, A Review of the History of Britain, from the Roman Period to the Saxon Heptarchy. Interspersed with Notes Biographical and Explanatory. J. Gleave and sons. 1828. p. 20.
  44. ↑ See Trial of Ralph Benson Esq., Merchant of Liverpool, for Criminal conversation with Mrs Parr of Liverpool, wife of Thomas Parr of that Place, Merchant, Tried before Lord Ellenborough, damages £1,000, 1808,
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