John Randolph of Roanoke
Portrait of Randolph by John Wesley Jarvis (1811)
8th United States Minister to Russia
In office
May 26, 1830 – September 19, 1830
PresidentAndrew Jackson
Preceded byHenry Middleton
Succeeded byJames Buchanan
United States Senator
from Virginia
In office
December 26, 1825 – March 3, 1827
Preceded byJames Barbour
Succeeded byJohn Tyler
Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia
In office
March 4, 1833 – May 24, 1833
Preceded byThomas T. Bouldin
Succeeded byThomas T. Bouldin
Constituency5th district
In office
March 4, 1827 – March 3, 1829
Preceded byGeorge W. Crump
Succeeded byThomas T. Bouldin
Constituency5th district
In office
March 4, 1819 – December 26, 1825
Preceded byArchibald Austin
Succeeded byGeorge W. Crump
Constituency16th district (1819–23)
5th district (1823–25)
In office
March 4, 1815 – March 3, 1817
Preceded byJohn W. Eppes
Succeeded byArchibald Austin
Constituency16th district
In office
March 4, 1799 – March 3, 1813
Preceded byAbraham B. Venable
Succeeded byJohn Kerr
Constituency7th district (1799–1803)
15th district (1803–13)
Personal details
Born(1773-06-02)June 2, 1773
Cawsons, Virginia Colony, British America
DiedMay 24, 1833(1833-05-24) (aged 59)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Resting placeHollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia
Political partyDemocratic-Republican
Alma materCollege of New Jersey
Columbia College
ProfessionPlanter
Signature
Gilbert Stuart painting of a youthful Randolph

John Randolph (June 2, 1773 – May 24, 1833), commonly known as John Randolph of Roanoke,[note 1] was an American planter, and a politician from Virginia, serving in the House of Representatives at various times between 1799 and 1833, and the Senate from 1825 to 1827. He was also Minister to Russia under Andrew Jackson in 1830. After serving as President Thomas Jefferson's spokesman in the House, he broke with the president in 1805 as a result of what he saw as the dilution of traditional Jeffersonian principles as well as perceived mistreatment during the impeachment of Samuel Chase, in which Randolph served as chief prosecutor.[1] Following this split, Randolph proclaimed himself the leader of the "Old Republicans" or "Tertium Quids", a wing of the Democratic-Republican Party[2] who wanted to restrict the role of the federal government. Specifically, Randolph promoted the Principles of '98, which said that individual states could judge the constitutionality of central government laws and decrees, and could refuse to enforce laws deemed unconstitutional.

Described as a quick-thinking orator with a remarkable wit, he was committed to republicanism and advocated a commercial agrarian society throughout his three decades in Congress. Randolph "attracted great attention from the severity of his invectives, the piquancy of his sarcasms, the piercing intonation of his voice and his peculiarly expressive gesticulation."[3] Randolph's conservative stance, displayed in his arguments against debt and for the rights of the landed, slaveholding gentry, have been attributed to his ties to his family estate and the elitist values of his native Southside Virginia. His belief in the importance of a landed gentry led him to oppose the abolition of entail and primogeniture: "The old families of Virginia will form connections with low people, and sink into the mass of overseers' sons and daughters".[4] Randolph vehemently opposed the War of 1812 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820; he was active in debates about tariffs, manufacturing, and currency. With mixed feelings about slavery, he was one of the founders of the American Colonization Society in 1816, to send free blacks to a colony in Africa. At the same time, he believed that slavery was a necessity in Virginia, saying, "The question of slavery, as it is called, is to us a question of life and death ... You will find no instance in history where two distinct races have occupied the soil except in the relation of master and slave."[4][5] In addition, Randolph remained dependent on hundreds of slaves to work his tobacco plantation. However, he provided for their manumission and resettlement in the free state of Ohio in his will, providing money for the purchase of land and supplies. They founded Rossville, now part of Piqua, Ohio and Rumley, Ohio.

His supporters admire Randolph's fiery character, and education was one of his passions. On the other hand, others, particularly northern advocates of democracy, mocked Randolph for his eccentricities discussed below, as did many Virginians including Thomas Jefferson. He applied rousing methods in electioneering, which he also enjoyed as a hobby. Randolph appealed directly to yeomen, using entertaining and enlightening oratory, sociability, and community of interest, particularly in agriculture. This resulted in an enduring voter attachment to him. His defense of limited government appeals to modern and contemporary conservatives, most notably Russell Kirk, who wrote an influential monograph on Randolph.

Early life and education

Randolph was born at Cawsons (now in Hopewell) in the Colony of Virginia, the son of rich tobacco planter John Randolph (1742–1775) and Frances Bland (1744–1788). His families, the Randolph family of Virginia and the Bland family of Virginia, are both among the prominent First Families of Virginia and often intermarried. His grandfathers were Richard Randolph and Theodorick Bland of Cawsons, who were, respectively, the son and grandson of William Randolph and Mary Isham of Turkey Island.[6][7] He was the first cousin once removed of both Richard Bland and Peyton Randolph, the two pillars of the First Continental Congress, the nephew of Congressman Theodorick Bland and stepnephew of Thomas Tudor Tucker, a half brother of Henry St. George Tucker, Sr. and Nathaniel Beverley Tucker, and a second cousin of Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson's mother was the daughter of Isham Randolph of Dungeness.[8]

His father died in 1775, when he (the youngest of three brothers, and ultimately the longest-lived) was two years old. Their mother managed the family plantations and waited to remarry until 1778, when she wed St. George Tucker, the son of a prominent planter in Bermuda (where he later took his stepsons to recover their health), who had traveled to Virginia to study law under George Wythe in Williamsburg, was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1774, became well-regarded in his profession (including teaching law at the College of William and Mary) and would become a judge of what later became the Virginia Supreme Court in 1804. His maternal fourth great grandfather was Richard Bennett of Virginia, elected governor of Virginia colony during the Cromwell Protectorate and a Puritan who in 1672 was converted to the Quaker movement by George Fox.[8]

Health issues

A genetic aberration — possibly Klinefelter syndrome — left him beardless and with a soprano prepubescent voice throughout his life.[9] Modern science has established that latent pulmonary tuberculosis can sometimes settle in the genital tract and can cause the symptoms and permanent damage that would prevent the onset of puberty. Randolph's brother died of tuberculosis, and it appears that Randolph contracted it as a youth and never went through puberty. He finally died of tuberculosis at age 60, after it broke out into the open. He began to use opium as a way to deal with the extreme pain caused by his lifelong battle with tuberculosis. Contemporary accounts attest to his having had a belligerent and bellicose personality before the onset of any disease.

Education

First studying under private tutors, Randolph attended Walker Maury's private school. After one of his brothers was disciplined, the Randolph brothers beat Maury and left the boarding school without completing their studies. Their stepfather then sent them to College of New Jersey, and Columbia College, New York City. The Randolph brothers neglected their studies and spent much time in taverns. After failing their courses and running out of money, they returned to Virginia. John later studied law in Philadelphia under his cousin Edmund Randolph, but never practiced. In 1792, his family's wealth and influence gained him admission to William and Mary College in Williamsburg, Virginia. Convinced that his pronunciations of words were the only correct ones, he insulted fellow student Robert B. for allegedly mispronouncing a word. Randolph refused to apologize and a duel ensued. Randolph soon after left William and Mary, thus ending his formal education.[10]

Political career

At the unusually young age of 26, Randolph was elected to the Sixth United States Congress. It was said that Randolph's youthful appearance prompted the Speaker of the House, Theodore Sedgwick, to ask Randolph whether he was old enough to be eligible, but that Randolph's reply — "Ask my constituents" — disinclined Sedgwick to pursue the question further.[11] Randolph was reelected to the six succeeding U.S Congresses, and served from 1799 to 1813. Even though he frequently criticized slavery, he devoted much of his congressional career to defending slavery and Virginia's class of wealthy slaveholders. Randolph also insisted that abolition would be worse for both enslaved blacks and whites. Indeed, Randolph lionized Virginia's wealthy slaveholding class as the rightful rulers of Virginia and the United States, and had great disdain for democracy and the advocates of more democratic government in Virginia and the Union.

Federalist William Plumer of New Hampshire wrote in 1803 of his striking presence:

Mr. Randolph goes to the House booted and spurred, with his whip in hand, in imitation, it is said, of members of the British Parliament. He is a very slight man but of the common stature. At a little distance, he does not appear older than you are; but, upon a nearer approach, you perceive his wrinkles and grey hairs. He is, I believe, about thirty. He is a descendant in the right line from the celebrated Indian Princess, Pochahontas. The Federalists ridicule and affect to despise him; but a despised foe often proves a dangerous enemy. His talents are certainly far above mediocrity. As a popular speaker, he is not inferior to any man in the House. I admire his ingenuity and address; but I dislike his politics.

Randolph was chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in the Seventh through the Ninth Congresses, acting as the Democratic-Republican party leader. After breaking in 1806 with his cousin, President Thomas Jefferson, due to fall-out from the international reception to his ill-fated Mobile Act of 1804, he founded the Tertium quids, a faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that called for a return to the Principles of 1798 and renounced what it saw as creeping nationalism.[12][13] Randolph's Teratium Quids believed that wealthy slaveholders like themselves were the rightful rulers of Virginia and the Union, and that any movement towards greater democracy would undermine the power and authority of Virginia's slaveholding class.

Although he greatly admired the political ideals of the Revolutionary War generation, Randolph, influenced by Southern anti-Federalism, propounded a version of republicanism that called for the traditional patriarchal society of Virginia's elite, slaveholding gentry to preserve social stability with minimal government interference. Randolph was one of the House managers who successfully prosecuted the impeachment trial of John Pickering, judge of the United States District Court for New Hampshire, in January 1804. Critics complained that he mismanaged the prosecution when he performed the same role during the failed impeachment effort the same year against Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Randolph had been a central proponent of impeaching Justice Chase.[14]

In June 1807, Randolph was the foreman of the Grand Jury in Richmond, which was considering the indictment of Aaron Burr and others for treason. By the end of the review, he was angry with Thomas Jefferson for supporting General James Wilkinson, Burr's chief accuser. He considered Wilkinson less than a reputable and honorable person.

Defeated for reelection in 1812 due to his opposition to the War of 1812, Randolph was elected in 1814 and 1816. He skipped a term, then was reelected and served from 1819 until his resignation in 1825. During the Missouri Crisis, Randolph emerged as an outspoken defender of the slaveholding gentry and a critic of democracy, even though he repeatedly insisted that he hated slavery.

In 1823–1824, John Randolph was asked to seek office as the Democratic-Republican Party candidate for the office of U.S. President in time for the 1824 U.S. presidential election. He declined this offer.

Randolph was appointed to the U.S. Senate in December 1825 to fill a vacancy, and he served until 1827. During his time in the Senate, his Whig colleagues, annoyed by the bitterness of his invective, sometimes foreshortened his speeches "by severally quitting their seats when he was speaking to an extent sufficient to leave the Senate without a quorum."[3] Randolph was elected to the Congress again in 1826, becoming the Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means.

In 1825, he talked for several days in opposition to a series of measures proposed by President John Quincy Adams; Randolph argued these measures would give advantage to the emerging industrial powers of New England at the expense of the Southern states. This series of speeches was the first Senate filibuster.[15]

John Randolph offered many pro-slavery speeches over his long career in Congress. He mocked universal emancipation as an unreliable fantasy. Speaking about Cuba Randolph said, “It is unquestionable but this invasion will be made with this principle – this genius of universal emancipation – the sweeping anathema against the white population… And then, sir, what is the position of the southern United States?” If we should accede, “we should deserve to have negroes for our taskmaster’s, and for the husbands of our wives.“ (Fred Kaplan, John Quincy Adams, 407–8).

Randolph was a member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830 at Richmond as a delegate from Charlotte County. He was appointed United States Minister to Russia by President Andrew Jackson and served from May to September 1830, when he resigned for health reasons.

Autographed portrait of John Randolph

Death, legacy and honors

Elected again in 1832, he served until his death in Philadelphia on May 24, 1833. He never married. Randolph is buried Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia. His Virginia home, Roanoke Plantation, remains standing today, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[16]

A modern conservative political group, the John Randolph Club, is named after Randolph. His defense of limited government appeals to modern and contemporary conservatives, most notably Russell Kirk (1918–1994).[18][19][20]

Places named in his honor include:

Personality, eccentricity and outsider status

Despite being a Virginia gentleman, one of the great orators in the history of Caroline, and House leader, Randolph after five years of leadership became, by 1803, a permanent outsider. His personal eccentricities may have been made worse by his lifelong ill health (he died of tuberculosis), heavy drinking, and occasional use of opium. According to Bill Kauffman, Randolph was "a habitual opium user [and] a bachelor who seems to have nurtured a crush on Andrew Jackson."[21]

John Greenleaf Whittier's poem "Randolph of Roanoke," written after the Virginian had become a symbol of "slave power," may capture his strange brilliance:

Mirth, sparkling like a diamond shower,
From lips of lifelong sadness;
Clear picturings of majestic thought
Upon a ground of madness
While others hailed in distant skies
Our eagle's dusky pinion,
He only saw the mountain bird
Stoop o'er his Old Dominion!
All parties feared him; each in turn
Beheld its schemes disjointed,
At right or left his fatal glance
And spectral finger pointed.

In March 1826, Randolph made a Senate speech in which he described the arrangement by which John Quincy Adams became president in 1825 and Henry Clay Adams's Secretary of State as the actions of the "puritan (Adams) with the blackleg[22] (Clay)".[23] Clay was under the impression that Randolph had waived congressional immunity before his speech; insulted by Randolph's description of him, he challenged Randolph to a duel.[23] Randolph had in fact not waived immunity, but rather than appear dishonorable by making this known, he accepted Clay's challenge.[23] During the preliminary activities, Randolph asserted that Clay had no right to issue a challenge over political remarks made on the U.S. Senate floor.[23] Because of this view, Randolph announced his intention not to fire at Clay.[23] On April 8, they met on the Virginia side of the Potomac River.[23] During their first volley, Randolph shot wildly and Clay missed.[23] During their second, Randolph fired into the air, clearly signalling that he would not participate.[23] Clay then ended the duel by approaching Randolph and expressing hope that Randolph was uninjured.[23] Clay's bullet had torn Randolph's outer clothing, and he replied good-naturedly "You owe me a coat, Mr. Clay".[23] Civil relations between Randolph and Clay were restored.[23] As Martin Van Buren later wrote:

He [Randolph] insisted that he at no time intended to take Mr. Clay's life and assigned as a reason his respect for Mrs. Clay and his unwillingness to make her unhappy, but he admitted that, after certain occurrences, he had determined to wound him in the leg — his failure to accomplish which design he attributed to an anxiety to avoid the kneepan, to hit which he regarded as murder![24]

Except for this incident, Randolph generally saved his bellicosity for the floor of Congress. He routinely dressed in a flashy manner, often accompanied by his slaves and his hunting dogs. "[W]hen Clay had set about making the speakership a position of true power upon his first election to that post in 1811, he had unceremoniously ordered Randolph to remove his dog from the House floor—something no previous Speaker had dared to do."[25]

Randolph had an intense dislike for Rep. Willis Alston and had a pitched fight with him in a Washington boarding house.[26] Heated words led to the two throwing tableware at each other.[27] Six years later, they fought again in a stairwell at the House after Alston loudly referred to Randolph as a "puppy".[27] Randolph beat Alston bloody with his cane and the two had to be separated by other congressmen.[28] Randolph was fined $20 for this breach of the peace.[28]

Nonetheless, Randolph maintained many friendships which crossed political party lines. As an example, he remained close with Federalist Congressman Harmanus Bleecker of Albany, New York.[29] Bleecker and Randolph exchanged portraits as a token of their mutual esteem, and each displayed in his home the portrait of the other.[30]

Religious conversion

Randolph was raised and remained within the Episcopal Church. Although he went through a phase of youthful irreligion, in 1818 he had a crisis ending in a conversion experience, which he recounted in letters to several friends.[31]

Randolph's life thereafter was marked with piety. For example, he wrote to John Brockenbrough that he was restrained from taking communion "by the fear of eating and drinking unrighteously."[31] Thus, the executors of Randolph's last will and testament (described below) included Virginia's bishop, William Meade (who had freed his slaves years earlier, but would by the end of his life during the American Civil War become a defender of the "peculiar institution").

Slavery

Together with Justice Bushrod Washington and his former student Henry Clay, Randolph was among the founders of the American Colonization Society (ACS) in 1816. It began as a collaboration of slaveholders and abolitionists that planned to transport and resettle free blacks in a colony in Africa (this territory became Liberia). Like some other slaveholders, Randolph had long been opposed to slavery in theory. Also, his eldest brother, Richard Randolph, had freed slaves in his will, and his widow Judith fought to implement that provision, which led to the founding of the free black community of Israel Hill on the former Randolph estate in Prince Edward County, Virginia.[32] In the two decades after the Revolutionary War, so many planters freed slaves that the proportion of free blacks in Virginia increased from less than one percent in 1782 to 13.5 percent in 1810.[33]

Nearly two decades after Richard's death, in 1819, John Randolph also wrote a will providing for the manumission of his slaves after his death. He wrote, "I give and bequeath to all my slaves their freedom, heartily regretting that I have ever been the owner of one."[34] The will made provision for settling the manumitted slaves on their own land in free territory (since these freed men unlike Richard's could not date their freedom before Virginia's law requiring freed blacks to leave the Commonwealth). Another will made in 1821 provided that each slave above the age of 40 was to receive 10 acres (4.0 ha) of land.[35] Although the will was challenged in the courts, his slaves were ultimately ruled to be free.[36] In 1846, 383 former "Randolph Slaves" arrived in Cincinnati.[37] Local farmers in the Ohio county where Randolph's executor had purchased 3200 acres for them prevented the freedpeople from settling there.[38] Many of them ultimately settled in Miami and Shelby Counties at places such as Rossville near Piqua, Ohio,[39] of which only the community cemetery remains.[40]

Electoral history

  • 1799; Randolph was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 40.54% of the vote, defeating Federalists Powhatan Bolling and Clement Carington.
  • 1801; Randolph was reelected unopposed.
  • 1823; Randolph was reelected unopposed.
  • 1825; Randolph was reelected unopposed.
  • 1827; Randolph was reelected unopposed.
  • 1833; Randolph was reelected unopposed.

Cultural depictions

Portrayed by Melvyn Douglas in the 1936 film The Gorgeous Hussy.[41]

Portrayed by Edwin Maxwell in the 1942 film Ten Gentlemen from West Point.[42]

Edgar Allan Poe in "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" (1845) states that the fatally consumptive M. Valdemar "is (or was) particularly noticeable for the extreme sparseness of his person—his lower limbs much resembling those of John Randolph".[43] Poe might have seen Randolph while living in Richmond, Virginia, from 1820 to 1827.

Ancestry

See also

Works

  • Randolph, John. Letters of John Randolph, to a Young Relative, 1834, 254 pp. (Available online.)
  • Randolph, John. Collected letters of John Randolph of Roanoke to Dr. John Brockenbrough, 1812–1833, edited by Kenneth Shorey; foreword by Russell Kirk, Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1988.

Notes

  1. ↑ Roanoke refers to Roanoke Plantation in Charlotte County, Virginia, not to the city of the same name.

References

  1. ↑ Johnson, David (2012). John Randolph of Roanoke. LSU Press. pp. 37–39.
  2. ↑ Varon, Elizabeth R. Disunion! The coming of the American Civil War. University of North Carolina Press.2008, p. 36
  3. 1 2 Martin Van Buren, The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren
  4. 1 2 Alan Taylor, The Internal Enemy
  5. ↑ Quincy, Josiah (1883). Figures of the Past: From the Leaves of Old Journals. Roberts Brothers. p. 212. ISBN 978-1331478263.
  6. ↑ Page, Richard Channing Moore (1893). "Randolph Family". Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia (2 ed.). New York: Press of the Publishers Printing Co. pp. 249–272.
  7. ↑ Glenn, Thomas Allen, ed. (1898). "The Randolphs: Randolph Genealogy". Some Colonial Mansions: And Those Who Lived In Them : With Genealogies Of The Various Families Mentioned. Vol. 1. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Henry T. Coates & Company. pp. 430–459.
  8. 1 2 Louise Pecquet du Bellet, Some Prominent Virginia Families, p. 161
  9. ↑ Timothy Stanley (October 12, 2012). "Who Was John Randolph?". Theamericanconservative.com. Retrieved March 23, 2015. [A] post-mortem examination of Randolph ... recorded that the 'scrotum was scarcely at all developed,' with only a right testicle 'the size of a small bean.'
  10. ↑ Alan Taylor, Thomas Jefferson's Education, 72-76.
  11. ↑ Sawyer, Lemuel, The Biography of John Randolph, p.12.
  12. ↑ Aggressive Nationalism: McCulloch v. Maryland and the Foundation of Federal Authority in the Young Republic, pp. 70-72
  13. ↑ A Companion to James Madison and James Monroe
  14. ↑ Bomboy, Scott (October 28, 2019). "Early impeachment trials dealt with familiar issues". Retrieved December 25, 2022.
  15. ↑ Caro, Robert (2003). Master of the Senate. New York: Vintage Books. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-394-52836-6.
  16. ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  17. ↑ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
  18. ↑ James E. Person (1999). Russell Kirk: A Critical Biography of a Conservative Mind. Madison Books. p. 79. ISBN 9781461700074.
  19. ↑ Charles W. Dunn and J. David Woodard (2003). The Conservative Tradition in America. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 90. ISBN 9780742522343.
  20. ↑ Russell Kirk, John Randolph of Roanoke: a Study in American Politics (1978).
  21. ↑ McCarthy, Daniel (May 5, 2008) Fewer Bases, More Baseball" Archived April 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The American Conservative
  22. ↑ "Definition of BLACKLEG". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Swain, Claudia (September 4, 2013). "Guys Trying to Get Themselves Killed: John Randolph and Henry Clay". Boundary Stones. Washington, DC: WETA-TV.
  24. ↑ Van Buren, Martin, The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren, p.204.
  25. ↑ Borneman, Walter R., Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America. New York: Random House, 2008 ISBN 978-1-4000-6560-8. p. 25
  26. ↑ Sawyer, Lemuel (1844). A Biography of John Randolph, of Roanoke. New York, NY: Burgess, Stringer & Co. p. 42. ISBN 9780598912626.
  27. 1 2 A Biography of John Randolph, of Roanoke, p. 42.
  28. 1 2 A Biography of John Randolph, of Roanoke, pp. 42–43.
  29. ↑ William Cabell Bruce, John Randolph of Roanoke, 1773-1833, Volume 1, 1922, Preface, page vi
  30. ↑ Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Albany Fifty Years Ago, Volume XIV, December 1856 to May 1857, page 458
  31. 1 2 Garland, Hugh A. (1874). "IX: Conversion". The Life of John Randolph of Roanoke. Vol. II (13th ed.). New York: D. Appleton and Co. pp. 94–104.
  32. ↑ Israel on the Appomattox: A Southern Experiment in Black Freedom from the 1790s Through the Civil War. Random House, Inc. 2005. ISBN 978-0-679-76872-2.
  33. ↑ Peter Kolchin, American Slavery: 1619–1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, p. 81
  34. ↑ David Lodge, "John Randolph and His Slaves", Shelby County History, 1998, accessed March 15, 2011
  35. ↑ Gregory May, A Madman's Will: John Randolph, 400 Slaves, and the Mirage of Freedom (New York: Liveright, 2023)
  36. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Randolph, John" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  37. ↑ David Lodge, "Randolph Slaves Come to Ohio", Untitled article, Cincinnati Gazette, July 2, 1846, at Shelby County History, 1998, accessed March 15, 2011
  38. ↑ May, A Madman's Will, 239-56.
  39. ↑ Randolph Settlement/Jackson Cemetery (African) Archived December 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Ohio Historical Society, 2008. Accessed December 20, 2013.
  40. ↑ Owen, Lorrie K., ed. Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places. Vol. 2. St. Clair Shores: Somerset, 1999, 1002.
  41. ↑ "The Gorgeous Hussy". www.tcm.com. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
  42. ↑ "Ten Gentlemen from West Point". www.tcm.com. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
  43. ↑ Poe, Edgar Allan (1967). Galloway, David (ed.). Selected Writings. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 351.

Bibliography

  • Adams, Henry. John Randolph (1882); New Edition with Primary Documents and Introduction by Robert McColley, 1996, ISBN 1-56324-653-8; negative assessment. (Available online.)
  • Bruce, William Cabell. John Randolph of Roanoke, 1773–1833; a biography based largely on new material, in 2 volumes; New York, London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1922 (2nd revised edition in 1 volume 1939, reprinted New York, Octagon Books, 1970); exhaustive details. (Available online: Vol. I, Vol. II.)
  • Dawidoff, Robert. The Education of John Randolph, New York: Norton, 1979. ISBN 0-393-01242-5
  • Devanny, John F., Jr. "'A Loathing of Public Debt, Taxes, and Excises': The Political Economy of John Randolph of Roanoke," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2001 109(4): pp 387–416.
  • Garland, Hugh A. The Life of John Randolph of Roanoke; New York: Appleton & Company, 1851. (Available online: Vol. I, Vol. II.)
  • Johnson, David. John Randolph of Roanoke (Louisiana State University Press; 2012) 352 pages; detailed scholarly biography
  • Kauffman, Bill. Ain't My America: The Long, Noble History of Anti-War Conservatism and Middle-American Anti-Imperialism, Metropolitan, 2008.
  • Kirk, Russell. Randolph of Roanoke; a study in conservative thought, (1951), 186 pp. Short essay; recent editions include many letters. (Available online.)
  • John Randolph of Roanoke: a study in American politics, with selected speeches and letters, 4th ed., Indianapolis, IN : Liberty Fund, 1997, 588 pp. ISBN 0-86597-150-1; focus on JR's political philosophy
  • May, Gregory. A Madman's Will: John Randolph, 400 Slaves, and the Mirage of Freedom (New York: Liveright, 2023).
  • Risjord, Norman K. The Old Republicans: Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson (1965); the standard history of the Randolph faction.
  • Tate, Adam L. "Republicanism and Society: John Randolph of Roanoke, Joseph Glover Baldwin, and the Quest for Social Order." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2003 111(3): 263–298.
  • Weaver, Richard M. "Two Types of American Individualism," Modern Age 1963 7(2): 119–134; compares Randolph with Henry David Thoreau online edition
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