Servilia
Bornc. 101 BC[1]
DiedAfter 42 BC, probably around 27-23 BC.[2]
Known forMother of Marcus Junius Brutus
Julius Caesar's mistress
Spouse(s)Marcus Junius Brutus
Decimus Junius Silanus
ChildrenBrutus
Marcus Junius Silanus
Junia Prima
Junia Secunda
Junia Tertia
Parent(s)Quintus Servilius Caepio and Livia

Servilia (c. 101 BC – after 42 BC)[2] was a Roman matron from a distinguished family, the Servilii Caepiones. She was the daughter of Quintus Servilius Caepio and Livia, thus the half-sister of Cato the Younger. She married Marcus Junius Brutus, with whom she had a son, the Brutus who, along with others in the Senate, would assassinate Julius Caesar. After her first husband's death in 77, she married Decimus Junius Silanus,[3][4] and with him had a son and three daughters.

She gained fame as the mistress of Julius Caesar,[5] whom her son Brutus and son-in-law Gaius Cassius Longinus would assassinate in 44 BC. Her affair with Caesar seems to have been publicly known in Rome at the time.[5] Plutarch stated that she in turn was madly in love with Caesar.[6] The relationship between the two probably started in 59, after the death of Servilia's second husband[7] although Plutarch implied it began when they were teenagers.[6]

Biography

Early life

Servilia was a patrician who could trace her line back to Gaius Servilius Ahala,[4] and was the eldest child of Livia and Quintus Servilius Caepio. Her parents had two other children, a younger Servilia and a Gnaeus Servilius Caepio; her father also likely had another son named Quintus Servilius Caepio from an earlier marriage.[8] They divorced when she was three or four,[9] and her mother then married Marcus Porcius Cato. From this union, Servilia's half-brother, Cato the Younger, and half-sister, Porcia, were born.

However, her mother and stepfather both died before 91 BC. As a result, Servilia, her younger siblings, and her half-siblings were all brought up in the house of their maternal uncle, Marcus Livius Drusus. He was assassinated during his tribunate in 91 BC, in his own atrium, when Servilia was nine.[9] Her father was ambushed and killed in the immediately ensuing Social War, a war triggered by Drusus' assassination, mere months after her uncle's murder.[9] After this she was probably brought up either by her other maternal uncle Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus,[10] her maternal grandmother Cornelia or her paternal aunt Servilia.[11] At adulthood, Servilia became legally independent and gained a considerable estate.[12]

Servilia truly had great influence on her half-brother Cato the Younger.[13] He was considered to be tough and wild as a child, which frames Servilia as his equal in those respects.[12]

As a young girl belonging to Roman ruling class, Servilia would have been well educated. She likely would have been taught to read, write, sing, dance, and play an instrument.[12] She would have read poetry, epics, and histories.[12]

Marriages and children

A denarius of Marcus Junius Brutus issued after the assassination of Julius Caesar, Servilia's son and lover, respectively.

At the age of 13 or 14, she married Marcus Junius Brutus in the early 80s, who later was tribune of the plebs (83 BC) and founder of a colony at Capua. They had one child, the future tyrannicide Marcus Junius Brutus, born around 85 BC.[14] This was a profitable marriage for Brutus, who would gain fortune, stability, and political traction through Servilia.[12] Although the elder Brutus survived Sulla's proscriptions, he was treacherously killed by Pompey after surrendering at Mutina in 77 BC.[15][14][16] After the death of the elder Brutus, Servilia's bond with her son grew.[12] She also arranged for her son to be adopted into her family,[14] allowing for the name of the Servilii Caepiones to be preserved.[3]

Servilia subsequently married Decimus Junius Silanus,[3] by whom she had three daughters.[17] Her daughters were all married into prominent and politically active families,[18] Her first daughter married Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus;[12] her second married Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (later triumvir);[12] and her third daughter married Gaius Cassius Longinus.[12] Servilia was well connected and facilitated these advantageous marriages herself.[12]

It is speculated that either soon after she married Silanus, or after the births of her daughters, Servilia's notorious affair with Caesar began.[12] Silanus is not depicted to have been against the affair.[12] Servilia did not remarry after the death of Silanus around 59 BC,[19] and remained unmarried for the rest of her life.[12] She was able to live independently as a widow, owning various estates due to inheritances from various wealthy relatives.[20]

Relationship with Caesar

The Tusculum portrait, a contemporary Roman sculpture of Julius Caesar.

Caesar had numerous affairs with women married and unmarried, but none lasted as long, nor were they as passionate as his affair with Servilia.[21] An intimate relationship between the two probably started in 59, after the death of Servilia's second husband.[7] The affair was well known and Servilia suffered no damage to her reputation because of this relationship.[12] Unlike most other aristocratic affairs, this one seemed also to have lasted over many years.[22]

The relationship broadly is first recorded in extant sources in 63, when Servilia apparently was caught sneaking a love note to Caesar in the senate by her brother Cato.[22] Cato was greatly displeased to find out about Caesar's correspondence with his half-sister. Modern scholars have made use of this incident to indicate the passion between Servilia and Caesar, noting that Servilia maintained long-distance contact while Caesar was away.[21] Servilia's loyalties were torn during the Civil War, as both Cato and Brutus espoused the side of Pompey, despite the latter's role in the death of her former husband.

Plutarch only emphasized Servilia's devotion for Caesar, claiming that she was madly in love with him,[23] but it is widely accepted that Caesar held a deep affection for Servilia. Scholars speculate that it was Caesar's affections which allowed the affair to continue for as long as it did.[21] During his consulship in 59, Caesar supposedly presented Servilia with an outrageously expensive pearl worth some six million sesterces.[22]

Another popular rumor was that Servilia was prostituting her daughter Tertia to Caesar in 47 BC.[24] At an estate auction where Caesar received several properties at a low rate to give to Servilia, Cicero remarked, "It's a better bargain than you think, for there is a third (tertia) off."[25] Some ancient sources refer to the possibility of Caesar being Brutus' real father,[6] despite Caesar being only fifteen years old when Brutus was born. Ancient historians were sceptical of this possibility and "on the whole, scholars have rejected the possibility that Brutus was the love-child of Servilia and Caesar on the grounds of chronology".[7][26][27] Perhaps out of a desire to avoid offending Servilia, Caesar gave orders that Brutus should not be harmed if encountered after the Pompeian defeat at Pharsalus.[28]

When her son – Marcus Junius Brutus – divorced his wife Claudia to marry Cato's daughter Porcia in 45, she disapproved, having been instrumental in arranging the match and also disagreeing with the anti-Caesarian stance taken by her half-brother Cato.[29] Servilia may also have been jealous of the affection that Brutus showed his new bride.[30] Later that year, Caesar appointed her son urban praetor for 44.[31]

After Caesar's death

After Caesar's assassination by a conspiracy which included Servilia's son – Brutus – and son-in-law – Gaius Cassius Longinus – on the Ides of March of 44 BC, the conspirators met at Servilia's house. It is unlikely she knew anything of the conspiracy, having been on good terms with Caesar until his death; regardless, she worked to protect her relatives from the ensuing political storm.[32] Apart from Servilia, the only women in attendance were Porcia and Junia Tertia.[33]

Servilia worked extensively in 44 BC to ensure the safety of her family both by attending senate meetings, and by contributing greatly to the discourses during their meetings. Cicero's letters detail other meetings of the senate that Servilia had called to discuss what actions should be taken which would protect her son and sons-in-law. Cicero described her as a 'nervous lady', which could be understood as politically cautious.[18]

Servilia's opinions were often held in higher esteem than those of Cicero during meetings of the liberatores. Due to women being unable to hold office or vote, Servilia focused her political efforts on strategic marriages for her daughters and helping create her political career for her son Brutus.[13]

Due to life-threatening unrest in the city, her son Brutus was able to get a special dispensation to leave the capital for more than 10 days, and he withdrew to one of his estates in Lanuvium, 20 miles south-east of Rome.[34] By mid-May, Antony proposed reassigning Brutus and Cassius from their provinces to instead purchase grain in Asia and Sicily.[35] There was a meeting at Brutus' house attended by Cicero, Brutus and Cassius (and wives), and Brutus' mother, in which Cassius announced his intention to go to Syria while Brutus wanted to return to Rome, but ended up going to Greece.[36] His initial plan to go to Rome, however, was to put on games in early July commemorating his ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus and promoting his cause; he instead delegated the games to a friend.[37] Servilia assisted in organising Brutus' games, in charge of decisions concerning the ceremony, finances, and senatorial contacts.[12] Antony's proposed reassignment also was dropped by the senate; Cicero claims that it was because of some action by Servilia.[12]

Servilia led a council meeting in July 43 to discuss the possible return of Brutus and Cassius from exile, which serves as the most explicit depiction of a woman overseeing a meeting in this period.[12]

Later life

Despite her connections with the conspirators, Servilia escaped the purges of the second triumvirate unscathed due to the protection of her long-time friend Titus Pomponius Atticus.[2] After Brutus' death, her son's ashes were sent to her by Antony from Philippi.[38]

Very little is known about Servilia's life after the death of Brutus. She is suspected to have died a natural death between 27 and 23 BC.[12] Her youngest daughter, Junia Tertia, out-lived Augustus and was noticed by Tacitus to have had a splendid funeral which kept the memory of Brutus and Cassius alive.[39]

Marriages and issue

Cultural depictions

Literature

Servilia is the subject of a poem by John Dryden.[41] A fictionalized Servilia appears in the Emperor series of novels by Conn Iggulden, who has portrayed her as a courtesan. Servilia is a character in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series.[42]

Television and film

A fictionalised version of Servilia was among the principal characters in the 2005 HBO television series Rome, played by Lindsay Duncan.[43] The Servilia of HBO's Rome was depicted as instigating actor in the plot against Caesar's life; there is no historical evidence thereof.[32] A similarly fictionalised Servilia makes an appearance in the 2005 six-part mini series Empire, played by Trudie Styler.[44] Natalie Medlock portrays Servilia in the 2018 Netflix television docudrama series Roman Empire.[45]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Treggiari, Servilia, p. 41
  2. 1 2 3 Flower 2021, "Later Life" para 1.
  3. 1 2 3 Tempest 2017, p. 25.
  4. 1 2 Flower 2021, "Family".
  5. 1 2 Flower 2021, "Affair with Julius Caesar".
  6. 1 2 3 Plut. Brut., 5.2.
  7. 1 2 3 Tempest 2017, p. 102.
  8. ↑ Ancient society. Vol. 15–18. Université catholique de Louvain: Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven. 1984. p. 98.
  9. 1 2 3 Flower 2021, "Early Life" para 1.
  10. ↑ Flower 2021, "Early Life" para 2.
  11. ↑ Treggiari, Susan (2019). Servilia and her family (1st ed.). Oxford. pp. 47, 62. ISBN 978-0-19-186792-7. OCLC 1078417506.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Treggiari, Susan (2019). Servilia and her family (1st ed.). Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-186792-7. OCLC 1078417506.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. 1 2 Hallett, Judith P. (2016). Fathers and daughters in roman society. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-64013-6. OCLC 938369849.
  14. 1 2 3 Flower 2021, "Marriages" para 1.
  15. ↑ Tempest 2017, p. 24.
  16. ↑ Plut. Pomp., 16.4.
  17. ↑ Flower 2021, "Marriages" para 2.
  18. 1 2 Osgood, Josiah (23 June 2014). Turia: a Roman woman's civil war. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983238-5. OCLC 1101749731.
  19. ↑ Tempest 2017, pp. 102, 238.
  20. ↑ Flower 2021, "Marriages" para 4.
  21. 1 2 3 Goldsworthy, Adrian. Caesar: Life of a Colossus. OCLC 1091208464.
  22. 1 2 3 Flower 2021, "Affair with Julius Caesar" para 2.
  23. ↑ Plut. Brut., 5.1
  24. ↑ Flower 2021, "Affair with Julius Caesar" para 3.
  25. ↑ Suetonius (18 April 2018). The Twelve Caesars. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-83023-0. OCLC 1031964977.
  26. ↑ Syme, Ronald (1960). "Bastards in the Roman Aristocracy". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 104 (3): 326. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 985248. Chronology is against Caesar's paternity.
  27. ↑ Syme, Ronald (1980). "No Son for Caesar?". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 29 (4): 426. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435732. Caesar is excluded by plain fact.
  28. ↑ Plut. Brut., 5.1.
  29. ↑ Flower 2021, "Marriages" para 3.
  30. ↑ Cic. Att. 13. 22
  31. ↑ Tempest 2017, p. 76.
  32. 1 2 Flower 2021, "Affair with Julius Caesar" para 4.
  33. ↑ Parnell, Joan-Arnette (2018-08-03). Representations of the Mother-in-Law in Literature, Film, Drama, and Television. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781498569071.
  34. ↑ Tempest 2017, pp. 116–7.
  35. ↑ Tempest 2017, p. 132.
  36. ↑ Tempest 2017, p. 133.
  37. ↑ Tempest 2017, pp. 134–5.
  38. ↑ Tempest 2017, pp. 208–9.
  39. ↑ Flower 2021, "Later Life" para 2.
  40. 1 2 3 Cadoux, Theodore John; Badian, Ernst (2005). "Servilia". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.). Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd ed.).
  41. ↑ Dryden, John; Hopkins, David (1995). The Poems of John Dryden: 1693-1696. Longman. ISBN 9780582423848.
  42. ↑ McCullough, Colleen (1997-02-01). Caesar's Women. Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-71084-3.
  43. ↑ "Rome - this autumn on BBC TWO - press pack phase two". BBC. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  44. ↑ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F. (24 June 2009). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present. Random House Publishing Group. p. 420. ISBN 9780307483201.
  45. ↑ Cloutier, Jean Francois (28 July 2018). "L'Empire romain saison 2: Roman Empire – Master of Rome arrive sur Netflix". TVQC (in French). Retrieved 5 June 2019.

Sources

Modern sources

Ancient sources

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