Karakhanid, also known as Khaqani Turkic (self referring to as Türki or Türkçe meaning either "Turkish" or "Turkic".),^[1] was a historical Turkic language developed in the 11th century during the Middle Turkic period under the Kara-Khanid Khanate. It has been described as the first literary Islamic Turkic language. It is sometimes classified under the Old Turkic category, rather than Middle Turkic, as it is contemporary to the East Old Turkic languages of Orkhon and Old Uyghur. Eastern Middle Turkic languages, namely Khorezmian and later Chagatai are descendants of the Karakhanid language.^[2]

Karakhanid vocabulary was influenced by Arabic and Persian loanwords, but the language itself was still noted to be similar to the Old Uyghur language. The language was written using the Arabic script. Mahmud al-Kashgari's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk and Yūsuf Balasaguni's Kutadgu Bilig are considered to be important literary works written in Karakhanid language.^[2]

History

It was spoken between the 5th-15th centuries. It is one of the three parts of the Old Turkish period. According to Ligeti's classification, it is divided into three periods:

1. Mani and Buddha translations and the foundation period of Uyghur written language
2. Chagatai writing language period
3. Kipchak and Oghuz language relics period

Ḥāqāni Turkish (Khāghānī/Khāqānī Türkī) can also be called the Old Kashgar language. It was the literary language used by the Turks in this area until the beginning of the 14th century. Karakhanid Turkish and Khorezmian Turkish in the west were replaced by Chagatai Turkish in the Timurid period.

Alphabet

Literary works

Although the Ghaznavids and Seljuks did not attach great importance to Turkish and were more fond of Persian, other Turks and Turkish elders valued the native language and left 21 works.^[3] The most important and valuable of these that have reached our hands are;

The famous work Kutadgu Bilig written by Yusuf Has Hajip (Yūsuf Khāss Hājib), which was written in Hakaniye Turkish for the first time during the Karakhanid State, and the famous work Divān-ı Lügati't-Türk written in the same century by Kāshgarlı Mahmud. Unfortunately, four works mentioned by Ibn Muhannā, one work called Bilik mentioned by Abu Hayyan (Abū Mūsā Ǧābir ibn Ḥayyān) and others have not been found. There was also a Turkish poet named Çuçu during the Karakhanid period.

Phonology

Vowels are found in Karakhanid Turkish, as in all periods of the Turkish language.

References