The Kargil Review Committee (KRC) was set up by the Government of India on 29 July 1999, three days after the end of the Kargil War. The committee was set up "to examine the sequence of events and make recommendations for the future".[1][2][3]

Site of the conflict
The report was submitted to the Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, on 7 January 2000

Over a hundred senior military, civil service and intelligence officials, politicians, including former prime ministers, diplomats and journalists were interviewed by the committee over a period of five months. The report was completed on 15 December 1999 and was tabled in the Parliament of India on 23 February 2000.[4][5][6] Certain parts of the final KRC report, such as the findings, have remained confidential.

The Committee found numerous flaws on multiple level of intelligence collection, operational strategies and procedural sharing of data.[7][8] As per the KRC's recommendations, a Group of Ministers (GoM) and several task forces were set up to do a complete review of the Indian security system. The GoM subsequently conducted a comprehensive review of the entire security apparatus. This became the first review of its kind in independent India's history to be made public, although in the interests of national security, the government initially redacted several parts. The recommendations of the KRC report and the GoM report led to far-reaching changes in the Indian security apparatus.

Background

The Kargil Review Committee laid out the context of the report. They noted that the national security system in the country had seen very little changes since the 52-year-old framework outlined by Hastings Ismay and recommended by Louis Mountbatten. In these 52 years, India had undergone the Sino-Indian War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, as well as increased nuclear danger, the Cold War, persistence of the hybrid war in Kashmir for more than ten years, and a revolution in military affairs elsewhere.[9]

India tried major defence reforms following the Sino-Indian War in 1962, but these did not address national security in a holistic way. They decided to assess defence needs on a five-year basis, leading to the First Defence Plan. The Ministry of Defence and, subsequently the Department of Defence Production, Defence Research and Development Organisation and services headquarters, set up planning cells and units. A Joint Intelligence Committee was also formed. The Directorate General of Defence Planning Staff, composed of officers of various services, was formed to synergise defence planning under the Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1986.[10]

Members

Brajesh Mishra, the national security advisor at the time.

The committee consisted of:

Brajesh Mishra, the national security advisor at the time, assisted in the establishment of the Kargil Review Committee.[11]

Timeline

  • 3 May 1999: A Pakistani intrusion in Kargil is reported by local shepherds.
  • 24 July 1999: The Union cabinet of India gathers a committee to look into the Kargil War.
  • 26 July 1999: The Kargil War officially comes to an end and the Indian Army announces complete eviction of Pakistani intruders.
  • 29 July 1999: Kargil Review Committee (KRC) is set up.
  • 15 December 1999: KRC Report finalised.
  • 7 January 2000: The committee submits its report to the prime minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, on 7 January 2000
  • 23 February 2000: KRC Report tables in Parliament.[4]
  • 17 April 2000: The government establishes a Group of Ministers (GoM) to comprehensively scrutinise the national security system in its totality and "in particular to consider the recommendations of the Kargil Review Committee and formulate specific proposals for implementation".[12]
  • 26 February 2001: The GoM finalises its report.

Kargil Review Committee report

The Kargil Review Committee was initially given a period of three months to submit the report. The deadline was later extended to 15 December 1999, giving the committee five months instead. In the report, the committee pointed out that they would not assign any individual blame.[13] The report's scope was to

review the events leading up to the Pakistani aggression in the Kargil District of Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir; and to recommend such measures as are considered necessary to safeguard national security against such armed intrusions.

Over a hundred senior military, civil service and intelligence officials, politicians, including former prime ministers, diplomats and journalists were interviewed.[5] Unlike previous reports of a similar nature, this report was published and made publicly available, though some parts were blanked.[14]

The second and third chapters of the report are devoted to a historical background of the events leading up to the war, covering issues such as the Simla Agreement, Pakistan's attempts at internationalising the Kashmir issue, the "Rajiv-Benazir" interlude, Siachen, the Indo-Pak dialogue in general and the impact of the proxy war on the Indian Army. Chapter 5 reconstructs the Kargil intrusion. In Chapter 6, the committee outlines the role and function of intelligence agencies. Chapters 7 and 8 discusses and analyses intelligence on the Kargil issue, as well as the army's subsequent response. Chapter 13 and 14 summarises the findings and offers further recommendations.[13]

Findings

General Pervez Musharraf

Chapter 13 of the report outlines the findings of the committee. It clearly states that the intrusion had been a surprise for the Indian government. After elaborating on the history of the "Kargil plan", the committee discusses the government's, army's, and media's respective responses. They then outline the intelligence findings, elaborating on the role of the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Intelligence Bureau and the military intelligence collection just prior to the war, as well as the lack of inter-agency coordination. The Kargil Review Committee found R&AW's human intelligence to be weak,[7] but Chapter 14 also praises the interception of telephone conversations of Pervez Musharraf in China. The KRC report also acknowledges the work of the Aviation Research Centre of R&AW, which produced aerial intelligence after the intrusion's detection. The report goes into detail regarding the nuclear, technological and media effects of the incident.[7]

The report also mentions that the Kargil War could perhaps have been avoided if troops had been stationed there, but also notes that had troops been stationed there all year round and the conflict had still occurred, it would have resulted in huge costs "and enabled Pakistan to bleed India."[5]

Recommendations

The KRC suggested a "thorough review of the national security system in its entirety", conducted by a credible body of experts. It also suggested that various task forces should also review specific parts of the system, including:

  • National Security Council
  • Intelligence
  • Counter-terrorist operations
  • Border Management
  • Defence Budget and Modernisation
  • National Security Management and Apex Decision Making
  • India's Nuclear Policy
  • Media Relations and Information
  • Technology
  • Civil–Military Liaison
  • Declaratory Policy for LOC

Group of Ministers

Following the Kargil Review Committee report, a Group of Ministers (GoM) was set up by the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) on 17 April 2000 to consider the recommendations in the Kargil Review Committee. The GoM consisted of the ministers of home affairs, defence, external affairs and finance. Brajesh Mishra, the National Security Advisor, was also assigned as a special guest to the meetings of the GoM and the Cabinet Secretariat provided help to the group.[15]

The GoM established task forces, as suggested in the KRC report:

The GoM came out with its own report "Reforming the National Security System".[16] It was submitted to Prime Minister Vajpayee on 26 February 2001.[17]

Implementation and impact

Among the recommendations in the Kargil Review Committee report, the following have been implemented:

  • A thorough review of the national security system in India, which was done by the GoM
  • A full-time National Security Advisor
  • Improved aerial surveillance, which has been accomplished by setting up RISAT satellites and inducting UAVs.[18]
  • A centralised communication and electronic intelligence agency, which resulted in the establishment of the National Technical Research Organisation in 2004.[19]
  • A Defence Intelligence Agency
  • The establishment of think tanks, which has resulted in organizations like the Centre for Joint Warfare Studies.[18]
  • The reduction of the age profile in the army[18]

The Kargil Review Committee also recommended that the government find ways to reduce the pension expenditure, which has not yet been implemented.

From among the recommendations in the GoM report, the following have been implemented:

Aftermath

Following the Kargil Review Committee, Group of Ministers and the task forces, other committees have been formed to follow up on the Kargil Review Committee recommendations and further assess national security. These groups include the Standing Committee on Defence in 2007, Naresh Chandra task force[22] in 2011 and the Ravindra Gupta task force in 2012.[23]

Standing Committee on Defence review

On July 2007, the Standing Committee on Defence and the Ministry of Defence presented a report titled "Review of Implementation Status of Group of Ministers (GoMs) Report on Reforming National Security System in Pursuance to Kargil Review Committee Report—A Special Reference to Management of Defence" as a follow-up to the Kargil Review Committee report and the Group of Minister report.[24]

Naresh Chandra

Naresh Chandra task force

In 2011, the Naresh Chandra task force reviewed the recommendations of the Kargil Review Committee, assessed the implementation and accordingly suggested new changes needed related to national security.[25] The task force was led by Naresh Chandra and comprised thirteen other members. The committee submitted its report on 23 May 2012.[10]

According to the task force many of the main recommendations of the Kargil Review Committee have not been implemented, such as recommendations related to defence procurement. The task force further suggested framing a National Security Doctrine (National Security Strategy) among other things.[22][26]

References

  1. ↑ "Kargil : Subrahmanyam Committee's Report". Indian News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  2. ↑ Jayal, BD. "The Kargil Review Committee Report A Mindset Frozen in 1962 Era". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  3. ↑ "Executive Summary of the Kargil Committee Report". nuclearweaponarchive.org. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  4. 1 2 Menon, Air Marshal Narayan (July–September 2009). "Downhill from Kargil". Indian Defence Review. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 Bedi, Rahul (22–28 April 2000). "Kargil Report: More Questions Raised than Answered". Economic and Political Weekly. 35 (17): 1429–1431. JSTOR 4409195.
  6. ↑ Swami, Praveen (22 January 2000). "A committee and some questions: A first-person account with regard to the Kargil Review Committee Report and its implications". Frontline. The Hindu Group. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Task Force Report (2012). A Case for Intelligence Reforms in India (PDF). New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. pp. 25, 26. ISBN 9789382169031. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  8. ↑ Kanwal, Gurmeet; Chansoria, Monika (2009). "Report of the Kargil Review Committee: An Appraisal (Interview of Mr K Subrahmanyam, Chairman of the Kargil Review Committee)" (PDF). Centre for Land Warfare Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  9. ↑ Singh, Satyindra. "The Kargil Review Committee Report: Much to Learn and Implement". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  10. 1 2 Gurmeet, Kanwal (2013). "Defence Reforms: Managing Threats and Challenges to National Security" (PDF). Centre for Land Warfare Studies. CLAWS Journal. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  11. ↑ Gupta, Arvind (30 September 2012). "Brajesh Mishra's Legacy to National Security and Diplomacy". MP-Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  12. ↑ Prof. A. Lakshmisagar, H. K. Javare Gowda, Krishna Kumar Birla (19 April 2001). Rajya Sabha Official Debates: Report of the Kargil Review Committee. Parliament of India.
  13. 1 2 Kargil Review Committee (July 2000). From Surprise To Reckoning: The Kargil Review Committee Report. New Delhi. Sage Publications. ISBN 9780761994664
  14. ↑ Swami, Praveen (10 November 2000). "The Kargil Story". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2001. Retrieved 20 October 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. ↑ "GoM Report on National Security, Chapter 1. Appointment, Approach and Methodology" (PDF). Vivekananda International Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  16. ↑ Rana, Vijai Singh (May 2016). "Status Of Jointness In Indian Security Apparatus". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  17. ↑ "'Group of Ministers' Report on "Reforming the National Security System"". Press Information Bureau, India. 23 May 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Ghosh, AK (9 February 2004). "CHAPTER V – Higher Defense Organisation in India Need for Reforms". University. hdl:10603/183362.
  19. ↑ Bedi, RS (23 April 2015). "NTRO: India's Technical Intelligence Agency". Indian Defence Review. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  20. ↑ "Integrated Defence Staff – Vision and History". Integrated Defence Staff.
  21. ↑ Dutta, Prabhash K. (26 September 2018). "Tracing the Aadhaar journey: From Kargil to Supreme Court". India Today. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  22. 1 2 Joseph, Josy (26 July 2012). "13 years on, Kargil panel report still ignored". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  23. ↑ Kanwal, Gurmeet (31 December 2015). "Restructuring Defence Reforms for National Security". Indian Defence Review. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  24. ↑ Standing Committee on Defence, Ministry of Defence, 14th Lok Sabha (July 2007). "Review of Implementation Status of Group of Ministers (GoMs) Report on Reforming National Security System in Pursuance to Kargil Review Committee Report—A Special Reference to Management of Defence" (PDF). Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. Lok Sabha Secretariat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ Joshi, Manoj (March 2014). "Policy Report: The Unending Quest to Reform India National Security System" (PDF). S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS). Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  26. ↑ Raman, Raghu (26 July 2017). "Why Is India Still Ignoring Lessons Learnt From the Kargil War?". The Wire. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.

Bibliography

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