Pre-16th century

16th century

Karlskoga and its surrounding area were sparsely populated in the beginning of the 16th century.^[11] It was not until the 1580s that the area started to see an increase in population, when Charles IX made people settle in the area. Ethnic Swedes (people from the historical provinces of Närke and Södermanland), and particularly Finns,^{[lower-alpha 1]} began to settle the area,^[12][13] where they took up the farming method slash-and-burn. They were followed by Huguenots, fleeing religious oppression in France,^[14] and by other groups including both Dutch and German settlers, mostly skilled metalsmiths.^[14]

The parish of Karlskoga was established in 1586 and a wooden church was soon built. It was small in size, and was solely made up of the sacristy still preserved at this site,^[15] which was a consequence of population increase in the years prior. The first priest elected was Olaus Gestricius^[16] (herr Olaf på Möckelnsbodar)^[17] by the late 1500s.^[18]

Industrial era

During the 17th century, fourteen small ironworks and eight water-driven hammers for producing bar iron were established. This encompassed the emergence of both Björkborn Works and Bofors Works. As the owner of both ironworks, Sigrid Ekehielm assumed the leadership of an industrial empire.^[19]

Most of the original ironworks were still operating in the 1860s, but the dominating ironworks was the one in nearby Bofors. In 1871, Bofors produced 6,124 metric tons of iron, more than any other plant in Sweden. In 1882, Karlskoga parish (socken) had 11,184 inhabitants.

The town of Karlskoga has evolved around Bofors, which in the late 19th century was transformed from an iron works to a manufacturer of cannon and in the 20th century to a more diversified defense industry. Bofors was incorporated in 1873 and has since the 1880s been specializing in the lucrative manufacture of cannon.

Alfred Nobel

The first aerial photograph by rocket was of Karlskoga using one of Alfred Nobel cameras c. 1897, rocket possibly by Captain Wilhelm T. Unge.^[20]

The most famous owner of Bofors was Alfred Nobel, who owned the company from 1894 until his death in December 1896.

Nobel had a key role in reshaping the ironworks to a modern cannon manufacturer and chemical industry. During the summers of 1894–1896 he lived in the manor house Björkborn.^[21][22]

Even though he died in his villa in Sanremo, Italy and had a home in Paris, it was decided that his legal residence was at Björkborn in Karlskoga, which had been his final residence in Sweden.^[23][24] Because of that it was here his famous testament that was written in Paris in 1895 was legally registered, which eventually made it possible to establish the Nobel Prize.

Twentieth century

The Bofors Headquarters completed in 1930

In 1940 the town of Karlskoga and the surrounding area (the same territory as today's Karlskoga Municipality) got the formal title of a city (stad). Since 1971 this term has no legal meaning and only the built-up area is considered a de facto town.

Karlskoga spent most of the 20th century as a growing company town to Bofors. Only with the demilitarization in the most recent decades has this started to be a problem for the town. There were 8,500 workers in Bofors in 1980, but the number had decreased to 2,600 as of 1998.

Recent history

During the first decade of the 21st century, approximately 1,000 apartments in multi-family buildings were demolished due to reduced demand for firearms products. This resulted in the population dwindling to 29,600.^[25] During the 2010s, however, the population trend reversed, and the numbers began to rise.

In 2023, the magazine Fokus ranked Karlskoga as the fifteenth best municipality to live in Sweden.^[26]

Location

Karlskoga by Lake Möckeln

Karlskoga is situated more or less in a low mountainous ridge called Kilsbergen that separates Närke from Värmland. Such areas have traditionally been financially poor. This led to a significant Swedish emigration to North America from the district in the latter half of the 19th century. Stockholm, Wisconsin was for instance founded in 1854 by immigrants from Karlskoga.^[27]

The city borders on the municipalities of Hällefors and Storfors to the north; Lekeberg to the east; Degerfors and the Lake Möckeln to the south; and Kristinehamn to the west.

Neighbourhoods

The many residential communities of Karlskoga express a character distinct to the company town. Million programme residential buildings can be found in enclaves such as Baggängen, Ekeby, Sandviken and Skranta.

The Rosendal neighbourhood, historically significant for the architecture of its homes,^[28] planned community by the Bofors Works, was designated as an area of national interest for cultural heritage.^[29]

Migration

Population of Karlskoga by country of birth in 2022^{[32][lower-alpha 2]}

Country of Birth		Population
Sweden		25,246
Non-Sweden		5,032
	Finland	815
	Syria	756
	Somalia	338
	Vietnam	332
	Iraq	251
	Afghanistan	247
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	163
	Norway	152
	Turkey	136
	Iran	121
	Others	1,721
Total		30,278

In the 1580s, a total of five Finns settled in Möckelsbodar (present-day Karlskoga).^[34] In 1649, 32 of a total of 186 agricultural holdings were occupied by Finns.^[35]

In 2017, the three most commonly reported ethnic origins (by-birth) overall were Finns (935 or 3.1 per cent), Syrians (650 or 2.1 per cent) and Somalis (409 or 1.3 per cent).^{[lower-alpha 3]}

Language and dialects

In 2012, Karlskoga Municipality received its status as a Finnish-speaking administrative municipality.^[37]

Religion

Various religious denominations and congregations are based in Karlskoga, including the Church of Sweden, which has several churches in Karlskoga. The oldest church, the Karlskoga Church, is the parish church in the Karlskoga parish and can be traced back to the 1600s. Later churches built in the city include the Karlberg Church and the Rävåsen Church. There are also several free churches represented in Karlskoga. The Swedish Pentecostal Movement has its own church, while the Jehovah's Witnesses have their Kingdom Hall.

A baptist congregation, the Bofors Baptist congregation, was established in 1884,^[38] and St. George's Catholic congregation was established in 1956.^[39]

There are several cemeteries in Karlskoga. The city's oldest cemetery was likely established when Karlskoga Church was built. North of it lies Skogskyrkogården lit. 'The Woodland Cemetery', inaugurated in 1908. The Eastern Cemetery in the eastern parts of the city was established in the 1940s.

Manufacturing sector

The city is an important center for the arms manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries; it is home to various multinational corporations, including subsidiaries and -divisions of Bharat Forge, BAE Systems, Saab AB (SAAB Bofors Dynamics), Cambrex Corporation, Recipharm, and Moelven Industrier.^[40]

Literature

Maja Ekelöf and Alva Myrdal (right)

Karlskoga has a connection with notable literary figures, including Maja Ekelöf, whose best-selling Rapport från en skurhink was published in 1970.^[41][42] Nobel laureate Selma Lagerlöf stayed in Karlskoga during her confirmation period with Erik Tullius Hammagren. In her 1925 novel "Charlotte Löwensköld," she depicts estates and surroundings in Karlskoga.^[43][44] Moreover, children's literature writers Anders Jacobsson and Sören Olsson are intertwined with Karlskoga, using the town as inspiration for fictional characters and locales, such as in the "Bert Diaries," which were set in the fictional town of Öreskoga.

Media

Karlskoga Tidning-Kuriren stands as Karlskoga's primary and sole daily newspaper. It formed through the merger of Karlskoga Tidning and Karlskoga Kuriren, the city's two former daily newspapers, it came into existence in 2020.^[45] There is also a commercial radio station based in Karlskoga, Cityradion.

Arts

Sports

Others

Twin towns – Sister cities

Karlskoga is twinned with:^[49]

Suspended twin towns

• Ivangorod, Russia (suspended in 2022)^[50]

Partnership and friendship

Karlskoga also cooperates with:^[49]

Citations

Works cited