Keling (pronounced [kəliŋ]) or Kling is an originally neutral but now considered derogatory term used in parts of Southeast Asia to denote a person originating from the Indian subcontinent.[1] This includes both those from India and overseas Indians. The term is used in the Malay Archipelago — specifically Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei — but cognates exist in neighbouring countries as well.

Although the early definition was neutral and linked to the historical Kalinga kingdom of Eastern India,[2] it is generally considered offensive by Indians in Southeast Asia. In Brunei, the word Kaling was not considered to be pejorative, but due to media influence from Malaysia, the majority of Bruneians now tend to avoid using it. In modern usage it is not commonly capitalised.

Etymology

The word Keling derives from the ancient Indian kingdom of Kalinga. According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts.

While this was apparently sometimes localized as Kalingga (as in the Indonesian Kalingga Kingdom), the terminal schwa sound was dropped in common usage to form Keling. Though ostensibly denoting the Kalinga kingdom, the term Keling in ancient Southeast Asia came to be a more general term for India and its people. The Khmer word Kleng (ក្លិង្គ) derived from the same root. Prior to the introduction of the English word "India", Keling and Jambu Dwipa were used to refer to the country in the Malay and Indonesian, while Benua Keling referred to the Indian Subcontinent.

Usage

The earliest known occurrence of the word Keling appears in the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals).[3] The legend mentions Raja Shulan as the king of Kalingga who sets out to conquer China with his descendant Raja Chulan. Scholars identify Raja Chulan with the Chola king of southern India,[4] from whom the term Chulia derives, as in Penang's Chulia Street. Later parts of the Sejarah Melayu mention the voyages of Hang Nadim and Hang Tuah to Benua Keling (India). However Keling must not be misunderstood as a specific territory, rather it refers to people of Indian origin and not only the inhabitants of Kalinga.[3] For example, a colonial-era Indonesian tradition refers to the Ramayana epic as Rama meaning "Rama the Indian".[5] After the introduction of Islam, Keling sometimes referred specifically to Malayalee or Telugu people while Gujaratis and Indo-Aryan peoples from Pakistan were often confused with Parsi or Persians.[6]

The Dutch used the words "Clings" and "Klingers" to refer to the Indian inhabitants of Malacca. The British colonial writings also use the word "Kling" to describe the immigrants from Gujarat Presidency and Coromandel coast.[3] John Crawfurd (1856) mentioned that the term "Kling" was used by the Malays and the Javanese as "a general term for all the people of Hindustan (North India), and for the country India itself".[7]

The 16th-century Portuguese traveller Castanheda wrote of the Keling community in Melaka in the period between 1528 and 1538:[8]

In the northern part [of the city of Malacca] live merchants known as Quelins [Klings — a name applied to South Indians]; in this part the town is much larger than at any other. There are at Malacca, many foreign merchants ...

In its early usage Keling was a neutral term for people of Indian Muslim origin,[9] but was perceived negatively beginning in the 20th century due to various socio-political factors. From the mid-1900s, words denoting ethnic origin were used derogatively in Malay to imply immigrant status. Consequently, more neutral language was adopted. This can be observed in the book Cherita Jenaka, where the term orang Keling (Keling people) in the 1960 edition was changed to orang India Muslim (Indian Muslim people) in the 1963 edition.[10]

Malay

The word Keling has been used variously within the Malay community to mean Indian Muslim. The title "Kapitan Keling" was used for a representative of an Indian community, similar to the "Kapitan Cina" of a Chinese community. In early Penang of the 1790s the Kapitan Keling was Cauder Mohideen who, together with the Kapitan Cina Koh Lay Huan and other prominent members of the community, formed the first Committee of Assessors to decide the rates and collection of taxes.[11] This usage is preserved is the name of the Kapitan Keling Mosque, a prominent Penang landmark.

In some modern cases Keling is used as a derogatory term.[9] It was used in 2005 by Members of Parliament in Malaysia because of misconception about Indian Muslim ethnics, which resulted in an uproar accusing the MPs of racism.[12]

The definition of the word may vary from one Malaysian state to another. In Kedah, for example, the term is mainly used to refer to Muslims of Indian descent (In Selangor, the word Mamak is used to refer to an Indian Muslim).

Javanese

Traditionally in Java, Indonesia, Keling is linked with India while Kalingga refers to the 6th century Kalingga Kingdom, which ultimately derived from the Indian Kalinga kingdom. It can possibly have other meanings, such as "ship". Rivets used to connect metals are called paku keling (lit. "blunt nail"); however, it came from Dutch klinknagel.[13] In modern colloquial Indonesian, it is sometimes used to refer to any fair-skinned person, a stereotype of Northern Indians,[14] though this usage is considered offensive.

Philippine

For the southern Philippines, it has been suggested that the sobriquet "Kiling", which referred to the name of a local Rajah (Rajah Kiling of Butuan), is not Visayan in origin but rather, Indian, because Kiling refers to the people of India among the Mindanaoans.[15]

Cambodian

In Cambodia, the slang term for Indian people is Kleng (ក្លិង្គ),[16] also derived from the kingdom of Kalinga and cognate with the Malay Keling or Kling. It may also be used as a nickname for people who have stereotypically Indian features such as big eyes and dark skin.[17]

Thai

The equivalent of Keling in the Thai language is Khaek (แขก). It is a generic term referring to anyone from South Asia. The term generally has no negative connotation and is used even in polite or formal communication. However, outside influence and confusion with Mughals and Indian Muslims has broadened the meaning in modern times to include certain predominantly Muslims communities, particularly Persians and Arabs. This extended meaning is considered inaccurate and at times rejected as derogatory, especially by Thai Muslims, but has become increasingly widespread.

Chinese

The phrases Keling-a (Hokkien; 吉寧仔; POJ: Ki-lêng-á[18]), Keling-yan (Cantonese; 吉寧人; Yale: gat-lìhng-yan),(Hakka; 吉靈仔 git-lin-zai); and Keling-kia (Teochew) are frequently used within the Chinese community in Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore. The Hokkien and Teochew suffixes -a and -kia are diminutives that are generally used to refer to non-Chinese ethnic groups, while the Cantonese "-yan" means "people".

Names of places

Various place names in Malaysia contain the word Keling for historical reasons, e.g. Tanjong Keling.,[19] Kampong Keling,[20] and Bukit Keling, etc.

In Penang, the Kapitan Keling Mosque, situated on the corner of Buckingham Street and Jalan Masjid Kapitan Keling (Pitt Street), is one of the oldest mosques in George Town. Various other Penang Hokkien street names contain the word Keling, e.g. Kiet-leng-a Ban-san (Chowrasta Road), Kiet-leng-a Ke (King Street/Market Street). In Malacca, another mosque also uses the word Kling, Kampung Kling Mosque.

In Singapore, there is a road in Jurong Industrial Estate called Tanjong Kling Road which is probably derived from the word 'Keling'.

In Jepara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, there is a district called Keling. Locals link the location with the 6th century Kalingga Kingdom. In Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, there is a place called Pacar Keling meaning "Keling lover".

See also

Maritime history

References

  1. ↑ Aiman Mohamad (1991). Minerva English-Malay Malay-English Dictionary. Kuala Lumpur.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ↑ "KBBI - Keling". Kamus Besar bahasa Indonesia.
  3. 1 2 3 "A historical perspective on the word 'Keling'". Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  4. ↑ John N. Miksic (2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800. NUS Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3.
  5. ↑ Singaravelu Sachithanantham (2004). The Ramayana Tradition in Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. ISBN 983-100-234-2.
  6. ↑ Abdul Rahman bin Yusop (1964). Collins Malay-English Dictionary. Glasgow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ↑ John Crawfurd (1856). A descriptive dictionary of the Indian islands & adjacent countries. Bradbury & Evans. p. 198.
  8. ↑ Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1 January 1939). Foreign Notices of South India: From Megasthenes to Ma Huan. University of Madras. Retrieved 24 April 2017 – via Internet Archive. Castanheda rich.
  9. 1 2 "Malaysian Indians". World Digital Library. 1890–1923. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  10. ↑ "Malay Concordance Project, Cerita Jenaka. bibliography". Australian National University. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  11. ↑ "Recipe for rebellion: THE THIRD SPACE By NEIL KHOR and KHALDUN MALIK, The Sunday Star Sunday 3 August 2008". Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  12. ↑ "Malaysia Today: MT-news: Keling: Apim lodges police report against Jerai MP". Archived from the original on 1 November 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2005.
  13. ↑ "Keling" (in Indonesian). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  14. ↑ "Definisi 'keling'" (in Indonesian). Arti Kata. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  15. ↑ Eric Casino. "The Barangays of Butuan: Lumad Mindanaoans in China and the Sulu Zone". Asia Mindanaw: Dialogue of Peace and Development (2014): 2.
  16. ↑ Headley, RK et al, "SEALang Library Khmer", SEALang Library, 1977
  17. ↑ Vorng Vanny, Heartbreaking: A Survival Memoir, New York, Page Publishing, Inc, 2018
  18. ↑ Tan, Siew Imm (2016). Penang Hokkien-English Dictionary. Areca Books. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  19. ↑ Singaravelu, S. (1 January 1986). "The Malay-Tamil Cultural Contacts with Special Reference to the Festival of "Mandi Safar"". Asian Folklore Studies. 45 (1): 67–78. doi:10.2307/1177834. JSTOR 1177834.
  20. ↑ "Archnet". Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
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