Kharruba
خروبة
Kharruba, 2008
Kharruba, 2008
Etymology: The carob, or locust tree[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Kharruba (click the buttons)
Kharruba is located in Mandatory Palestine
Kharruba
Kharruba
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°54′44″N 34°57′38″E / 31.91222°N 34.96056°E / 31.91222; 34.96056
Palestine grid146/146
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictRamle
Date of depopulationJuly 12–15, 1948[2]
Population
 (1945)
 • Total170[3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Kharruba remains and beyond them the industrial zone of Modi'in

Kharruba was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict of Mandatory Palestine, near Modi'in. It was located 8 km east of Ramla. It was depopulated on July 12, 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

History

In 1552, Kharruba was a cultivated place (mazra'a). Part of the tax revenues of Kharruba were endowed to the Haseki Sultan Imaret in Jerusalem, founded by Haseki Hürrem Sultan, the favourite wife of Suleiman the Magnificent. Administratively, Kharruba belonged to the Sub-district of Ramla in the District of Gaza.[4]

Kharruba appeared in Ottoman tax registers compiled in 1596 under the name of Harnuba, in the Nahiyas of Ramla, of the Gaza Sanjak. It was indicated as empty (hali), though 25% taxes were paid on agricultural products. These included wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards, fruit trees, sesame, goats, beehives, in an addition to occasional revenues; a total of 4,000 akçe.[5]

In 1838, it was noted as a Muslim village, Khurrubeh, in the Ibn Humar area in the District of Er-Ramleh.[6]

In 1863, Victor Guérin described Kharruba as a hamlet of a few huts. He noticed the remains of a medieval fort and suggested it might be the Crusader castle Arnaldi.[7] The following decade, the PEF's "Survey of Western Palestine" found only ruins.[8]

British Mandate era

During the British Mandate period, Kharruba was one of the key areas of Lime production for the developing urban centers along Palestine's coastal plain.[9]

At the time of the 1931 census, Kharruba had 21 occupied houses and a population of 119 inhabitants, all Muslims.[10]

In the 1945 statistics, the village had a population of 170 Muslims.[11] The total land area was 3,374 dunams,[3] of this, a total of 1,620 dunums were used for cereals, 25 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[12] while 3 dunams were classified as built-up public areas.[13]

1948, aftermath

It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on July 12, 1948, by the Yiftach Brigade which reported that it had blown up the houses and "cleared the village".[14]

In 1992 the village site was described: "The site is covered with the stone rubble of the destroyed houses, overgrown with vegetation. Many of the plants that grow on the site are the ones that Palestinians traditionally planted near their homes: cactuses, castor oil (ricinus) plants, and cypress, Christ's thorn, and olive trees. The surrounding land is used by the Israelis as grazing ground."[15]

Archaeology

A site called Haruba is mentioned in the Copper Scroll, the only one of the Dead Sea Scrolls engraved on copper rather than written on parchment. Modern scholars do not believe it to be the site mentioned in the scroll.[16]

In 2012, five suspected antiquities robbers were caught at Kharruba, after damaging a mikveh (ritual bath) dating to the Second Temple period and trenches used as hiding places during the Bar Kokhba revolt.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 299
  2. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #242. Also gives cause of depopulation
  3. 1 2 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 67
  4. ↑ Marom, R. (2022-11-01). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis. 1: 8.
  5. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 152
  6. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 121
  7. ↑ Guérin, 1868, pp. 317–318. However, the modern identification of Arnaldi is Yalo.(Denys Pringle (1991). "Survey of Castles in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1989: Preliminary Report". Levant. XXIII: 87–91. doi:10.1179/lev.1991.23.1.87.)
  8. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 104
  9. ↑ Marom, Roy (2023-05-13). "The Arab Lime Industry around Modi'in during the British Mandate from the Craftsmen's Perspective". Diospolis. 9: 70–83 – via eScholership.
  10. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 21
  11. ↑ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 29
  12. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 115
  13. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 165
  14. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 435
  15. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 388
  16. 1 2 The document is said to provide clues to the whereabouts of the legendary treasures of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. The scroll states: "In the ruin (Hurba) that is in the valley of Achor, under/the steps, with the entrance at the East,/a distance of 40 cubits: a strongbox of silver and its vessels / with a weight of 17 talents." In consequence, many treasure hunters have flocked to Kharruba over the years, No gold in them hills, Haaretz

Bibliography

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