King of Thessalonica
Rex Thessalonicae
Coat of arms per The Lord Marshal's Roll (1295)
Details
First monarchBoniface I
Last monarchDemetrius
(ruling)
Philip II
(titular)
Formation16 May 1204
AbolitionDecember 1224
(loss of the kingdom)
26 December 1331
(last use of title)
AppointerHereditary, vassal of the Latin Emperor

The King of Thessalonica was the ruler of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, one of the crusader states founded in Greece in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204). The King of Thessalonica was not an independent ruler; the Kingdom of Thessalonica was one of several vassal states created by the crusaders, subservient to the new Latin Empire of Constantinople, which had supplanted the Byzantine Empire.

The kingdom proved to be short-lived, with Thessalonica being captured by Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epirus in 1224, just twenty years after the kingdom had been founded. The last king, Demetrius of Montferrat, escaped into exile and upon his death ceded the title to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, who some years later ceded it back to Demetrius's family. Their line of titular Kings of Thessalonica ended with the marriage of Yolande of Montferrat to Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos in 1284, at which point titular ownership of Thessalonica passed back to the Byzantine emperors.

Other lines of titular kings of Thessalonica originated in that Baldwin II, titular Latin Emperor of Constantinople, perceived Frederick II's use of the title as invalid as he was excommunicated and had been denounced as a heretic. At two points, Baldwin granted the title to nobles in Western Europe, first to Hugh IV of Burgundy and then to Philip of Sicily. Claims to the title did not cease until the 1330s, more than a century after the kingdom's fall.

Kings of Thessalonica, 1204–1224

House of Aleramici (1204–1224)

Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Boniface I
of Montferrat		 16 May 1204 – 4 September 1207 Leader of the Fourth Crusade. Due to already being a figure of influence, the Republic of Venice opposed Boniface becoming Emperor of Constantinople. Despite conflicting with the elected emperor, Baldwin I, Boniface was made the King of Thessalonica in 1204. Killed in battle by Kaloyan of Bulgaria in 1207. [1]
Demetrius
of Montferrat		 4 September 1207 – December 1224 Son and heir of Boniface I of Montferrat. The Kingdom of Thessalonica fell in 1224, when Thessalonica was captured by Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epirus. [2][3]

Titular Kings of Thessalonica, 1224–1331

House of Aleramici (1224–1230)

Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Demetrius
of Montferrat		 December 1224 – 1230
(previously ruling king 1207–1224)		 Previously the ruling King of Thessalonica. Escaped into exile after losing Thessalonica, fleeing to the court of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in Italy. [3]

After Demetrius's death, the succession to the defunct kingdom was contested, with three separate, conflicting, lines of titular 'kings of Thessalonica' forming in the 13th century.[4] Demetrius's own preferred heir was Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who he ceded his titles to.[3]

Montferrat line (1230–1284)

House of Hohenstaufen (1230–1239)

Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Frederick
of Hohenstaufen		 1230 – 1239 Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1220–1250). Demetrius lacked heirs of his own and ceded the title 'King of Thessalonica' to Frederick. The reason for Frederick's interest in the title is unclear; acquiring it might have been part of wider ambitions in the Levant. [5]

House of Aleramici (1239–1284)

Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Boniface II
of Montferrat		 1239 – 12 June 1253 Marquis of Montferrat (r. 1225–1253). Son of William VI of Montferrat and grandson of Boniface I. Granted the title by Frederick. [4]
William
of Montferrat		 12 June 1253 – 1284 Marquis of Montferrat (r. 1253–1292). Son of Boniface II. [4]

William's daughter Yolande married the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) in 1284. As her dowry, William abandoned the title 'King of Thessalonica', with his titular claim to the city and region surrounding it returning to its actual owners, the Byzantine Empire.[4]

Burgundian line (1266–1320/1321)

In 1266, the titular Emperor of Constantinople, Baldwin II, sold the title 'King of Thessalonica' to Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy. Baldwin considered the rights of the Montferrat line of titular kings to be void as they had been granted the title by Frederick II, who was excommunicated and condemned as a heretic.[4]

House of Burgundy (1266–1320)

Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Hugh I
of Burgundy		 1266 – 27/30 October 1272 Duke of Burgundy (r. 1218–1272). Sold the title 'King of Thessalonica' by Baldwin II, titular Emperor of Constantinople, in 1266. [4]
Robert
of Burgundy		 27/30 October 1272 – 21 March 1306 Duke of Burgundy (r. 1272–1306). Son and heir of Hugh I. [4]
Hugh II
of Burgundy		 21 March 1306 – 1313 Duke of Burgundy (r. 1306–1315). Son and heir of Robert. [4]
Louis I
of Burgundy		 1313 – 2 August 1316 Prince of Achaea (r. 1313–1316). Son of Robert. Granted the title by his brother Hugh II in exchange for his own rights to Burgundy. [4]
Odo
of Burgundy		 2 August 1316 – 14 April 1320 Duke of Burgundy (r. 1315–1349). Son of Robert. Inherited the title upon the death of his brother Louis I. Recorded as complaining to Pope John XXII about the "usurpation" by the Angevins of the Principality of Achaea. [6]

House of Bourbon (1320–1320/1321)

Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Louis II
of Bourbon		 14 April 1320 – 1320/1321 Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis (r. 1317–1342) and Duke of Bourbon (r. 1327–1342). Odo sold his claims to the titles 'King of Thessalonica' and 'Prince of Achaea' to Louis in 1320. [6]

During Louis of Bourbon's purchase of the titles,[6] Philip of Taranto, Angevin pretender to the title,[7] intervened and offered the same sum to purchase them. Through his purchase of the titles, Philip acquired the Burgundian claim to the titles as well, ensuring that there was now only a single line of pretenders. Louis of Bourbon likely only agreed to selling the titles because of the 1321 engagement between Philip's son of the same name and Louis's daughter Beatrice.[8]

Angevin line (1274–1331)

In the 1267 Treaty of Viterbo, signed by Baldwin II, Charles I of Sicily, and William II Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea, it was agreed that Baldwin's sale of the title 'King of Thessalonica' to Hugh IV of Burgundy would only be considered valid if Hugh supported Baldwin (and his heir, Philip of Courtenay) in recapturing Constantinople. If this were to not occur, it was agreed among the signatories that the title should be transferred to Charles I and his heirs.[9]

House of Anjou (1274–1331)

Portrait Name Reign Arms Succession and Notes Ref
Philip I
of Anjou		 1274 – 1277 Son of Charles I of Sicily. Granted the title by Baldwin II in 1274, as per the agreement reached in the Treaty of Viterbo. [10]
Charles I
of Anjou		 1277 – 7 January 1285 King of Sicily (r. 1266–1285) and Prince of Achaea (r. 1278–1285). Father of Philip of Anjou, inherited the title upon Philip's early death. [11]
Charles II
of Naples		 7 January 1285 – 5 May 1309 King of Naples (r. 1285–1309) and Prince of Achaea (r. 1285–1289). Son of Charles I. [7][11]
Philip II
of Taranto		 5 May 1309 – 26 December 1331 Prince of Taranto (r. 1294–1331), Prince of Achaea (r. 1307–1313) and titular Emperor of Constantinople (r. 1313–1331). Younger son of Charles II and heir to his claims in Greece. Also bought the claims of the Burgundian line of claimants in 1320/1321. Though he had heirs, who among other titles claimed the imperial one, Philip was the last person to claim the title 'King of Thessalonica'. [7][8]

Table of rival successions

Montferrat Burgundian Angevin
Boniface I (1204–1207) —
Demetrius (1207–1230)
Frederick (1230–1239)
Boniface II (1239–1253)
William (1253–1284) Hugh I (1266–1272) —
— Robert (1272–1306) Philip I (1274–1277)
Hugh II (1306–1313) Charles I (1277–1285)
Louis I (1313–1316)
Odo (1316–1320) Charles II (1285–1309)
Louis II (1320–1320/21)
Philip I or II (1309/20/21–1331)

References

  1. ↑ Nishimura 2006, pp. 199–200, 204.
  2. ↑ Nishimura 2006, p. 200.
  3. 1 2 3 Burkhardt 2017, p. 304.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Burkhardt 2017, p. 316.
  5. ↑ Burkhardt 2017, pp. 304, 309, 316.
  6. 1 2 3 Topping 1975, p. 115.
  7. 1 2 3 Mariani 2005.
  8. 1 2 Topping 1975, pp. 115–116.
  9. ↑ Burkhardt 2017, p. 317.
  10. ↑ Burkhardt 2017, pp. 316–317.
  11. 1 2 Burkhardt 2017, pp. 317–318.

Bibliography

  • Burkhardt, Stefan (2017). "Intoxication with Virtuality: French Princes and Aegean Titles". In Scholl, Christian; Gebhardt, Torben R.; Clauß, Jan (eds.). Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages. Peter Lang AG. pp. 295–320. ISBN 978-3631706244. JSTOR j.ctv6zdbwx.13.
  • Nishimura, Michiya (2006). "Propaganda and Denominations of the Byzantine Successor States and the Crusader States (1204-1261): An Essay on the Political History of the Empire in Exile" (PDF). Mediterranean World. 3: 197–209.
  • Topping, Peter (1975). "The Morea, 1311–1364". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 104–140. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.

Web sources

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