Coat of arms of the King of the Wends. It is not to be confused with the similar symbol for Funen.[1]

King of the Wends was a pan-Scandinavian title denoting sovereignty, lordship or claims over the Wends.[lower-alpha 1] It was used from the 12th century to 1972 by kings of Denmark and from c. 1540 to 1973 by the kings of Sweden.[2]

Etymology

The generally accepted interpretation is that King of the Wends (Latin: Rex Vandalorum or Rex Sclavorum; Danish: Vendernes Konge; Swedish: Vendes Konung) refers to the Wends, West Slavic peoples that lived on the south shores of the Baltic Sea. The situation is further complicated by the existence of the Vends, located between the Finns and the Wends and with somewhat unknown origin. One poetic explanation of the title was kingship over the antique people of the Vandals (vandalorum rex), but that idea came only in the 16th century. A recent interpretation, not much supported in academic research, has been made that the part "Vend" in the later established titles of the kings of Sweden (three kingdoms: King of the Svear, Götar and Vends; Svears, Göters och Venders konung) means Finland, the form presumably being akin to winds, "vind". As such, the Österland—the medieval name for the Finnish part of the Swedish kingdom—was the third part of the realm. However, only forty years after the adoption of the title "king of the Wends", the Swedish kings began to style themselves as "Grand Prince of Finland" as well.

In Germanic languages, the name was Wends, and in medieval documentation the Latin name was sclavorum rex, referring to the Slavic peoples in and around the region now known as Mecklenburg. In the 16th century, Latin sclavorum was changed to vandalorum also by Danish kings, showing the new poetic idea.

In Denmark, Konge til Danmark, de Venders og Goters ('King of Denmark, of the Wends and of the Goths') was part of the monarch's official style until the accession in 1972 of Queen Margrethe II.[3]

In Sweden, Sveriges, Göters och Venders konung ('King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends') was used in official documentation up to the accession in 1973, of Carl XVI Gustaf.

History

Kings of Denmark bore the title for eight centuries, after it was first adopted by King Canute VI (reigned 1182 to 1202), who conquered the lands of the Wends in Pomerania and Mecklenburg. The Danish kings continued to use the title over the next seven hundred years until 1972, when Queen Margrethe II succeeded. She abandoned the use of all the royal titles except for that of Denmark's King/Queen, which is the royal style today.

When Sweden had made its final breakaway from the Kalmar union that united it with Norway and Denmark, tensions between the two rulers were high, and it showed also in their flags, coat-of-arms and titles. Gustav I of Sweden adopted c 1540 the third "kingdom" to his titles, which had only included Sweden and the Goths ("Vandalorumque" rex, "Venders" konung). Sveriges, Göters och Venders konung ('King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends') was used in official documentation up to the accession in 1973, of Carl XVI Gustaf, who was the first monarch to be proclaimed Sveriges konung ("King of Sweden") and nothing else.

See also

References

  1. ↑ A people who historically populated Western Slavic lands of southern coasts of the Baltic Sea, those otherwise called Mecklenburg, Holstein and Pomerania.
  1. ↑ Anders Thiset (1893). "Om danske By- og Herredsvaaben". Tidsskrift for Kunstindustri: 18.
  2. ↑ J. Guinchard (1914). Sweden: Historical and statistical handbook. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner. p. 188.
  3. ↑ "Denmark". Titles of European hereditary rulers. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
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