Background

The First Liberian Civil War (1989–1996) was, in combination with the immediately following Second Liberian Civil War, one of the bloodiest conflicts in modern African history, with an estimated 250,000 people—mostly civilians—killed, many in massacres. Many more were maimed, raped, tortured or exploited as forced labor. Many children were forced into combat. Allegedly, the wide range of atrocities were committed by all sides in the conflict.^{[1][5][7][16]}

Kamara's involvement

During the War, Kamara was (by his own admission) a local commander of the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO)^[3][6][2] – one of the three rebel militias fighting against the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) of Charles Taylor.^[2][15] Kamara has admitted to being a battlefield commander, of about 80 soldiers, during that war – saying that he did so to defend himself against the NPFL.^[3][7]

In 1993–1994, while not yet 20 years old, Kamara allegedly commanded a ULIMO unit in the northwestern Liberian region of Lofa County where he was allegedly complicit "in massive and systematic torture [along with] inhumane acts"^{[7][2][6][10]} – including allowing and abetting, with his authority, rapes and sexual torture, and also compelling people into forced labor in inhumane conditions (including keeping women as sex slaves^[3][9]).^{[3][7][2][6][9]}

In one specific incident – later cited as evidence of his involvement in cannibalism – he allegedly was involved in cutting open a victim's chest with an axe, so the victim's heart could be extracted and eaten.^{[3][7][2][6][9]}

Kamara has denied all the charges.^{[2][7][9][10]}

In 1994, ULIMO split into two factions: the ethnic-Krahn ULIMO-J, and the ethnic-Mandingo ULIMO-K (headed by Alhaji G.V. Kromah). Kamara was a commander in ULIMO-K.^[6]

Wars' end and aftermath

The war was followed shortly by the Second Liberian Civil War (1999–2003), ended by the 2003 flight of Liberian President Charles Taylor to Nigeria, and the 2003 Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) enforced by the United Nations Mission in Liberia and United States Marines.^[16][17]

A national Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), and Liberian courts, failed to bring any of the guilty responsible to trial,^[7][16] so the international community began to consider trying alleged Liberian war criminals in foreign countries, under the doctrine of universal jurisdiction, which asserts that crimes against humanity, wherever they are perpetrated, can be prosecuted and punished in any other country in the world, regardless of the accused's nationality or their country of residence.^[1][2][7][3] Charles Taylor was convicted in a court in Sierra Leone—the first head of state convicted of war crimes since the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials after World War II.^[17][18] Others were tried and convicted in the United States,^[19][20] France^[21] and Switzerland.^[1][3][17]

Arrest and indictment

France's Code of Criminal Procedure, Sec. 689-11, says that any citizen, or non-citizen, can be tried [in French courts] for international crimes against humanity,^[2][22] if those crimes were illegal in the country where they happened and the accused is a resident of France.^[22]

Civitas Maxima, a swiss NGO which documents international crimes and provides the victims with juridic support in their quest for justice,^[23] alerted French authorities about Kamara's case in 2018. The Liberian government – although it has declined to prosecute any Liberian war criminals since the end of the country's civil wars – cooperated with the investigation.^[22]

Kamara was arrested in the suburbs of Paris, France, September 4, 2018.^[24] He was released due to a procedural error, but put under investigation, and rearrested in 2020 while reportedly attempting to leave the country.^{[2][9][25][26]}

He was indicted in a French court, November 2020, for war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Liberian war.^{[7][8][9][12][15]} The indictment specifically accused Kamara of complicity in...

"...massive and systematic practice of torture or inhumane acts, inspired by political, philosophical, racial or religious motives and organized as part of a concerted plan against a civilian population group".^[15]

These acts are reportedly qualified as "crimes against humanity."^[15]

Rapes which had happened in 1993 – before French law, in 1994, explicitly recognized them as "crimes against humanity" – were among the charges, but were labeled in the indictment as acts of torture, rather than as rapes, to get around the date limitations of the law. Karmara's defense lawyer denounced the scheme as "legal acrobatics," though the prosecutor insisted it was reality.^[27]

Trial

Kamara's trial – in the crimes against humanity division of the Paris court^[9] (variously reported as the Paris Assize Court^[27] or the Paris Appeals Court^[8]) – was set to begin November 8, 2022, but began October 10, 2022. It was expected to last until November 4, 2022.^{[7][8][15][9][12]} A 10-member jury was empaneled to judge the case.^[8]

Kamara denied all the charges^{[2][7][9][10]} – particularly the charge of cannibalism.^[2]

The four-week trial was to include testimony of more than 36 witnesses and experts, some brought from Liberia by the French prosecutors.^[3] Among the witnesses at the trial were three men and a woman reportedly in Lofa County when the crimes allegedly took place.^[5] Kamara has denied knowing the witnesses.^{[2][7][9][10]}

Also testifying was former ULIMO senior officer Alieu Kosiah, who had been convicted in June 2021 of similar Liberian war crimes in a Swiss court,^[1][15] largely due to testimony by Kamara.^[3][15] Kosiah, whose appeal in the Swiss courts is still pending, spent most of his time testifying to his own innocence – mentioning little about Kamara, but noting that Kamara had been involved in the capture of the Lofa County town of Foya, in the summer of 1993 (which Kamara deines) and that Kamara had probably been based there for months afterward.^[15]

While testifying, Kosiah protested the French court's relevance, questioning a European court's capacity to judge the events in Liberia, complaining that the prosecution does not understand those events, adding "I think this case is too complicated to be judged by white people."^[15]

Kamara's legal defense team questioned the credibility of the evidence against him,^[12] none of which was physical evidence, and which almost solely consisted of various witnesses' testimony, some of which was contradictory.^[2][22]

October 31, the state prosecutor asked the court to sentence Kamara to life in prison.^[27]

The morning of November 2, Kamara was allowed to make his final remarks, and only said "I have nothing to say except that I am innocent today, I will be innocent tomorrow. I was a simple soldier."^[27]