In mathematics, especially in topology, a Kuranishi structure is a smooth analogue of scheme structure. If a topological space is endowed with a Kuranishi structure, then locally it can be identified with the zero set of a smooth map ${\displaystyle (f_{1},\ldots ,f_{k})\colon \mathbb {R} ^{n+k}\to \mathbb {R} ^{k}}$, or the quotient of such a zero set by a finite group. Kuranishi structures were introduced by Japanese mathematicians Kenji Fukaya and Kaoru Ono in the study of Gromov–Witten invariants and Floer homology in symplectic geometry, and were named after Masatake Kuranishi.^[1]

Definition

Let ${\displaystyle X}$ be a compact metrizable topological space. Let ${\displaystyle p\in X}$ be a point. A Kuranishi neighborhood of ${\displaystyle p}$ (of dimension ${\displaystyle k}$) is a 5-tuple

${\displaystyle K_{p}=(U_{p},E_{p},S_{p},F_{p},\psi _{p})}$

where

• ${\displaystyle U_{p}}$ is a smooth orbifold;
• ${\displaystyle E_{p}\to U_{p}}$ is a smooth orbifold vector bundle;
• ${\displaystyle S_{p}\colon U_{p}\to E_{p}}$ is a smooth section;
• ${\displaystyle F_{p}}$ is an open neighborhood of ${\displaystyle p}$;
• ${\displaystyle \psi _{p}\colon S_{p}^{-1}(0)\to F_{p}}$ is a homeomorphism.

They should satisfy that ${\displaystyle \dim U_{p}-\operatorname {rank} E_{p}=k}$.

If ${\displaystyle p,q\in X}$ and ${\displaystyle K_{p}=(U_{p},E_{p},S_{p},F_{p},\psi _{p})}$, ${\displaystyle K_{q}=(U_{q},E_{q},S_{q},F_{q},\psi _{q})}$ are their Kuranishi neighborhoods respectively, then a coordinate change from ${\displaystyle K_{q}}$ to ${\displaystyle K_{p}}$ is a triple

${\displaystyle T_{pq}=(U_{pq},\phi _{pq},{\hat {\phi }}_{pq}),}$

where

• ${\displaystyle U_{pq}\subset U_{q}}$ is an open sub-orbifold;
• ${\displaystyle \phi _{pq}\colon U_{pq}\to U_{p}}$ is an orbifold embedding;
• ${\displaystyle {\hat {\phi }}_{pq}\colon E_{q}|_{U_{pq}}\to E_{p}}$ is an orbifold vector bundle embedding which covers ${\displaystyle \phi _{pq}}$.

In addition, these data must satisfy the following compatibility conditions:

• ${\displaystyle S_{p}\circ \phi _{pq}={\hat {\phi }}_{pq}\circ S_{q}|_{U_{pq}}}$;
• ${\displaystyle \psi _{p}\circ \phi _{pq}|_{S_{q}^{-1}(0)\cap U_{pq}}=\psi _{q}|_{S_{q}^{-1}(0)\cap U_{pq}}}$.

A Kuranishi structure on ${\displaystyle X}$ of dimension ${\displaystyle k}$ is a collection

${\displaystyle {\Big (}\{K_{p}=(U_{p},E_{p},S_{p},F_{p},\psi _{p})\ |\ p\in X\},\ \{T_{pq}=(U_{pq},\phi _{pq},{\hat {\phi }}_{pq})\ |\ p\in X,\ q\in F_{p}\}{\Big )},}$

where

• ${\displaystyle K_{p}}$ is a Kuranishi neighborhood of ${\displaystyle p}$ of dimension ${\displaystyle k}$;
• ${\displaystyle T_{pq}}$ is a coordinate change from ${\displaystyle K_{q}}$ to ${\displaystyle K_{p}}$.

In addition, the coordinate changes must satisfy the cocycle condition, namely, whenever ${\displaystyle q\in F_{p},\ r\in F_{q}}$, we require that

${\displaystyle \phi _{pq}\circ \phi _{qr}=\phi _{pr},\ {\hat {\phi }}_{pq}\circ {\hat {\phi }}_{qr}={\hat {\phi }}_{pr}}$

over the regions where both sides are defined.

History

In Gromov–Witten theory, one needs to define integration over the moduli space of pseudoholomorphic curves ${\displaystyle {\overline {\mathcal {M}}}_{g,n}(X,A)}$.^[2] This moduli space is roughly the collection of maps ${\displaystyle u}$ from a nodal Riemann surface with genus ${\displaystyle g}$ and ${\displaystyle n}$ marked points into a symplectic manifold ${\displaystyle X}$, such that each component satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann equation

${\displaystyle {\overline {\partial }}_{J}u=0}$.

If the moduli space is a smooth, compact, oriented manifold or orbifold, then the integration (or a fundamental class) can be defined. When the symplectic manifold ${\displaystyle X}$ is semi-positive, this is indeed the case (except for codimension 2 boundaries of the moduli space) if the almost complex structure ${\displaystyle J}$ is perturbed generically. However, when ${\displaystyle X}$ is not semi-positive (for example, a smooth projective variety with negative first Chern class), the moduli space may contain configurations for which one component is a multiple cover of a holomorphic sphere ${\displaystyle u\colon S^{2}\to X}$ whose intersection with the first Chern class of ${\displaystyle X}$ is negative. Such configurations make the moduli space very singular so a fundamental class cannot be defined in the usual way.

The notion of Kuranishi structure was a way of defining a virtual fundamental cycle, which plays the same role as a fundamental cycle when the moduli space is cut out transversely. It was first used by Fukaya and Ono in defining the Gromov–Witten invariants and Floer homology, and was further developed when Fukaya, Oh Yong-Geun, Hiroshi Ohta, and Ono studied Lagrangian intersection Floer theory.^[3]

References

• Fukaya, Kenji; Tehrani, Mohammad F. (2019). "Gromov-Witten theory via Kuranishi structures". In Morgan, John W. (ed.). Virtual fundamental cycles in symplectic topology. Mathematical Surveys and Monographs. Vol. 237. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. pp. 111–252. arXiv:1701.07821. ISBN 978-1-4704-5014-4. MR 2045629.