Left Democratic Front
AbbreviationLDF
LeaderPinarayi Vijayan
(Chief Minister of Kerala)
ChairpersonE. P. Jayarajan
FounderP. K. Vasudevan Nair
E. M. S. Namboodiripad
Founded1979 (1979)
HeadquartersAKG Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
IdeologyBig tent
Majority:
Communism[1]
Faction:
Welfarism[2]
Social democracy[3]
Progressivism[4]
Political positionCentre-left to Left-wing[5]
Seats in Lok Sabha
2 / 20
Seats in Rajya Sabha
7 / 9
Seats in Kerala Legislative Assembly
99 / 140
Website
ldfkeralam.org

The Left Democratic Front (LDF) also known as Left Front (Kerala) is an alliance of left-wing political parties in the state of Kerala, India. It is the current ruling political alliance of Kerala, since 2016.[6] It is one of the two major political alliances in Kerala, the other being Indian National Congress-led United Democratic Front, each of which has been in power alternately for the last four decades.[7] LDF has won the elections to the State Legislature of Kerala in the years 1980,[8] 1987,[9] 1996,[10] 2006,[11] 2016[12] and had a historic re-election in 2021[13] where an incumbent government was re-elected for first time in 40 years.[14] LDF has won 6 out of 10 elections since the formation of the alliance in 1980. The alliance consists of CPI(M), CPI and various smaller parties.[15]

LDF has been in power in the State Legislature of Kerala under E. K. Nayanar (1980–1981, 1987–1991, 1996–2001),[16] V. S. Achuthanandan (2006–2011),[17] Pinarayi Vijayan (2016–current).[18] E. K. Nayanar served as the Chief Minister of Kerala for 11 years and later became the longest serving Chief Minister of Kerala.[19]

The alliance led by Pinarayi Vijayan returned to power in 2016 Assembly Election winning 91 out of 140 seats and further increasing its tally to 99 seats in the 2021 Assembly Election. Pinarayi Vijayan became the first Chief minister of Kerala to be re-elected after completing a full term (five years) in office after a historic election in 2021 where an incumbent government was re-elected for the first time in 40 years.[20]

History

Early years (1957–1979)

1st cabinet ministry of Kerala led by E. M. S. Namboodiripad (1957)
Left Democratic Front is the Communist-led alliance of political parties in Kerala

The political scenario in Kerala (1957–1980) was characterized by continually shifting alliances, party mergers and splits, factionalism within the coalitions and within political parties, and the formation of a numerous splinter groups.[21] 1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election was the first assembly election in the Indian state of Kerala. The Communist Party of India won the election with 60 seats. The election led to the formation of first democratically elected communist government in India. A Communist-led government under E. M. S. Namboodiripad resulted from the first elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1957, making him the first communist leader in India to head a popularly elected government.[22][23] It was the second ever Communist government to be democratically elected, after Communist success in the 1945 elections in the Republic of San Marino, a microstate in Europe.[24][25] The coalition politics of Kerala began with second election held to the state legislative assembly in 1960.[21] The Communist Party of India (Marxist) first came into power in Kerala in 1967, under Seven party front, which was an alliance of CPI(M), CPI, IUML, and four other parties.[26] In 1970's, the major political parties in the state were unified under two major coalitions, one of them led by Indian National Congress and Communist Party of India and the other by CPI(M).

Formation of LDF (1979)

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two main pre-poll political alliances were formed: the Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party of India and the United Democratic Front (UDF), led by the Indian National Congress.[21] These pre-poll political alliances of Kerala have stabilized strongly in such a manner that, with rare exceptions, most of the coalition partners stick their loyalty to the respective alliances (Left Democratic Front or United Democratic Front).

Left Democratic Front (1980–present)

LDF first came into power in 1980 election under the leadership of E. K. Nayanar sworn in as the Chief Minister of Kerala on 26 March 1980[27] for the first time in 1980. He formed government with the support of Congress (A) under A. K. Antony and Kerala Congress under K. M. Mani, Nayanar later became the longest serving Chief Minister of Kerala, ever since 1980 election, the power has been clearly alternating between the two alliances till the 2016.[21] LDF has won 6 out of 10 elections since the formation of the alliance in 1980. Since 1980, none of alliances in Kerala has been re-elected till the 2016. The 1987, 1996 elections led E. K. Nayanar, and the 2006 elections led by V. S. Achuthanandan formed governments and completed their full terms but were not re-elected. In 2016, LDF won the 2016 election led by Pinarayi Vijayan and had a historic re-election in 2021 election where an incumbent government was re-elected for first time in 40 years. Pinarayi Vijayan is the first Chief minister of Kerala to be re-elected after completing a full term (five years) in office.[28]

List of LDF Conveners

No Year Name
1 1980–1986 P. V. Kunjikannan
2 1986–1987 T. K. Ramakrishnan
3 1987–1998 M. M. Lawrence
4 1998–2001 V. S. Achuthanandan
5 2001–2006 Paloli Mohammed Kutty
6 2006–2018 Vaikom Viswan
7 2018–2022 A. Vijayaraghavan
8 2022–present E. P. Jayarajan

Current members

Current members[29][30]
Party Abbr. Symbol Flag Kerala leader
Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) M. V. Govindan
Communist Party of India CPI Binoy Viswam
Kerala Congress (M) KEC(M) Jose K. Mani
Janata Dal (Secular)

Anti-BJP faction [31]

 JD(S) Mathew T. Thomas
Nationalist Congress Party

(Sharad Pawar Faction)

 NCP P. C. Chacko
Rashtriya Janata Dal RJD M. V. Shreyams Kumar
Kerala Congress (B) KEC(B) K. B. Ganesh Kumar
Indian National League INL
Ahamed Devarkovil
Congress (Secular) CON(S) Kadannappalli Ramachandran
Janadhipathya Kerala Congress JKC Auto-rickshaw Antony Raju
Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas) KEC(ST) Binoy Joseph

Non Member Supporters [32][33]

Chief ministers

Pre-Left Democratic Front Parties chief ministers (1956–1979)

№ Portrait Name
Ministry (Year)		 Length of term
Longest continuous term Total years of premiership
1 E. M. S. Namboodiripad
(1909–1998)
1st Namboodiripad
(1957–1959)
2nd Namboodiripad
(1967–1969)		 2 years, 240 days 4 years 357 days

List of chief ministers by length of term (1980–present)

2nd Nayanar Ministry (1987)
№ Portrait Name
Ministry (Year)		 Length of term
Longest continuous term Total years of premiership
1 E. K. Nayanar
(1918–2004)
1st Nayanar
(1980–1981)
2nd Nayanar
(1987–1991)
3rd Nayanar
(1996–2001)		 5 years, 27 days 11 years, 10 days
2 V. S. Achuthanandan
(born 1923)
Achuthanandan (2006–2011)		 4 years, 364 days 4 years, 364 days
3 Pinarayi Vijayan
(born 1945)
1st Pinarayi
(2016–2021)
2nd Pinarayi
(2021–present)		 7 years, 233 days 7 years, 233 days

List of political alliances of Kerala in power (1980–present)

No. Political alliance Total days in governance Number of Chief ministers
1 LDF 8620 days 3
2 UDF 7,295 days 3

Electoral history

Vote share in consecutive Kerala Assembly elections
1982
 
 47.25%
1987
 
 44.97%
1991
 
 45.88%
1996
 
 45.88%
2001
 
 43.70%
2006
 
 48.63%
2011
 
 44.94%
2016
 
 43.48%
2021
 
 45.43%
Assembly election results
Election Leader Seats won Change Outcome
1980 E. K. Nayanar
93 / 140
 New Government
1982
63 / 140
 Decrease 30 Opposition
1987
78 / 140
 Increase 15 Government
1991
48 / 140
 Decrease 42 Opposition
1996
80 / 140
 Increase 32 Government
2001 V. S. Achuthanandan
40 / 140
 Decrease 40 Opposition
2006
98 / 140
 Increase 58 Government
2011
68 / 140
 Decrease 30 Opposition
2016 Pinarayi Vijayan
91 / 140
 Increase 23 Government
2021
99 / 140
 Increase 8 Government

Electoral history

Election Seats won Ruling
Coalition		 Majority
LDFUDFOthers
1980 93 46 1 LDF 47
1982 63770UDF 14
198778611LDF 17
199148902UDF 40
199680591LDF 21
200140991UDF 59
200698420LDF 56
201168720UDF 4
201691472LDF 44
202199410LDF 58

List of elected members

Kerala Legislative Assembly

The LDF is the ruling alliance in Kerala which has 99 seats out of the 140 in the Kerala Niyamasabha.

Map of Kerala showing 2021 State Legislative Assembly Election Results
No. Party Current No. of MLAs in Assembly
1 Communist Party of India (Marxist) 62
2 Communist Party of India 17
3 Kerala Congress (M) 5
4 Nationalist Congress Party 2
5 Janata Dal (Secular) 2
6 Kerala Congress (B) 1
7 Rashtriya Janata Dal (Previously LJD) 1
8 Indian National League 1
9 Congress (Secular) 1
10 Janadhipathya Kerala Congress 1
11 National Secular Conference 1
12 LDF Supported Independents 5
Total Seats 99

The following list shows the MLAs belonging to LDF in the Niyamasabha.

Key

  CPI(M)   CPI   KC(M)   Janata Dal (Secular)   LJD   NCP

  INL   KC(B)   Cong(S)   RSP(L)   NSC

  Independent

Sl.no Constituency Name of the
elected MLA		 Party
affiliation
Kasaragod district
1UdmaC. H. KunhambuCPI(M)
2KanhangadE. ChandrasekharanCPI
3ThrikaripurM. RajagopalanCPI(M)
Kannur district
4PayyanurT. I. MadusoodhananCPI(M)
5KalliasseriM.VijinCPI(M)
6TaliparambaM.V Govindan MasterCPI(M)
7KannurKadannappalli RamachandranCong (S)
8DharmadomPinarayi VijayanCPI(M)
9ThalasseryA. N. ShamseerCPI(M)
10KuthuparambaK.P MohananLJD
11MattanurK. K. ShailajaCPI(M)
12AzhikodeK.V SumeshCPI(M)
Wayanad district
13MananthavadyO. R. KeluCPI(M)
Kozhikode district
14NadapuramE. K. VijayanCPI
15KoyilandyKanathil JameelaCPI(M)
16PerambraT. P. RamakrishnanCPI(M)
17BalusseryK.M Sachin DevCPI(M)
18ElathurA. K. SaseendranNCP
19Kozhikode NorthThottathil RaveendranCPI(M)
20BeyporeP.A Muhammed RiyasCPI(M)
21KunnamangalamP. T. A. RahimIndependent
22KozhikodeAhamed DevarkovilINL
23ThiruvambadyLinto JosephCPI(M)
24KuttiyadiK.P Kunhammad KuttyCPI(M)
Malappuram district
25NilamburP. V. AnvarIndependent
26TanurV. AbdurahimanNSC
27ThavanurK.T. JaleelIndependent
28PonnaniP.NandakumarCPI(M)
Palakkad district
29PattambiMuhammed MuhsinCPI
30ShornurP MammikuttyCPI(M)
31OttapalamK.PremkumarCPI(M)
32KongadK.ShanthakumariCPI(M)
33MalampuzhaA PrabhakaranCPI(M)
34TarurP.P SumodCPI(M)
35ChitturK. KrishnankuttyJD(S)
36NenmaraK. BabuCPI(M)
37AlathurK. D. PrasenanCPI(M)
38ThrithalaM.B RajeshCPI(M)
Thrissur district
39ChelakkaraK RadhakrishnanCPI(M)
40 WadakkancheryXavier ChittilappillyCPI(M)
41KunnamkulamA. C. MoideenCPI(M)
42GuruvayurN.K AkbarCPI(M)
43ManalurMurali PerunelliCPI(M)
44OllurK. RajanCPI
45ThrissurP BalachandranCPI
46NattikaC.C MukundanCPI
47KaipamangalamE. T. TysonCPI
48IrinjalakudaR BindhuCPI(M)
49PuthukkadK.K RamachandranCPI(M)
51KodungallurV. R. Sunil KumarCPI
Ernakulam district
52VypeenK.N UnnikrishnanCPI(M)
53KalamasseriP.RajeevCPI(M)
54KochiK. J. MaxiCPI(M)
55KothamangalamAntony JohnCPI(M)
56KunnathunaduP.V SreenijanCPI(M)
Idukki district
57DevikulamA RajaCPI(M)
58UdumbancholaM. M. ManiCPI(M)
59PeerumadeE. S. BijimolCPI
60IdukkiRoshy AugustineKC(M)
Kottayam district
61VaikomC. K. AshaCPI
62EttumanoorV.N VasavanCPI(M)
63ChanganasseryAdv Job MichaelKC(M)
64PoonjarSebastian KulathunkalKC(M)
65KanjirappalliDr N JayarajKC(M)
Alappuzha district
66CherthalaP.PrasadCPI
67AlappuzhaP. P. ChitharanjanCPI(M)
68AmbalappuzhaH.SalamCPI(M)
69KayamkulamPrathiba HariCPI(M)
70MavelikkaraM.S ArunkumarCPI(M)
71ChengannurSaji CherianCPI(M)
72KuttanadThomas K. ThomasNCP
73AroorDhaleema JojoCPI(M)
Pathanamthitta district
74ThiruvallaMathew T. ThomasJD(S)
75RanniPramod NarayananKC(M)
76AranmulaVeena GeorgeCPI(M)
77KonniK. U. Jenish KumarCPI(M)
78AdoorChittayam GopakumarCPI
Kollam district
79KunnathurKovoor KunjumonRSP (L)
80KottarakkaraK.N BalagopalCPI(M)
81PathanapuramK. B. Ganesh KumarKC(B)
82PunalurP. S. SupalCPI
83ChadayamangalamJ.Chinchu RaniCPI
84KollamM. MukeshCPI(M)
85EravipuramM. NoushadCPI(M)
86ChathannoorG.S. JayalalCPI
87ChavaraSujith Vijayan PillaiIndependent
Thiruvananthapuram district
88VarkalaV. JoyCPI(M)
89AruvikkaraG.StephenCPI(M)
90NemamV.ShivankuttyCPI(M)
91AttingalO.S AmbikaCPI(M)
92ChirayinkeezhuV. SasiCPI
93NedumangadG.R AnilCPI
94VamanapuramD. K. MuraliCPI(M)
95KazhakoottamKadakampally SurendranCPI(M)
96VattiyoorkavuV. K. PrasanthCPI(M)
97ParassalaC. K. HareendranCPI(M)
98KattakkadaI. B. SathishCPI(M)
99NeyyattinkaraK. A. AnsalanCPI(M)
50ThiruvananthapuramAdv Antony RajuJKC

Rajya Sabha

Keys:

  CPI(M) (4)   CPI (2)   KC(M) (1)

# Name[34] Party Term start[35] Term end[35]
1 A. A. Rahim CPM 03-Apr-2022 03-Apr-2028
2 V. Sivadasan CPM 24-Apr-2021 23-Apr-2027
3 John Brittas CPM 24-Apr-2021 23-Apr-2027
4 Elamaram Kareem CPM 02-Jul-2018 01-Jul-2024
5 P. Santhosh Kumar CPI 03-Apr-2022 03-Apr-2028
6 Binoy Viswam CPI 02-Jul-2018 01-Jul-2024
7 Jose K Mani KC(M) 01-Dec-2021 01-Jul-2024

Lok Sabha

  CPI(M) (1)   KC(M) (1)

# Constituency Name Party
1 Kottayam Thomas Chazhikadan Kerala Congress (M)
2 Alappuzha A. M. Ariff Communist Party of India (Marxist)

Kerala local body elections

The Left Democratic Front (LDF), who also forms the state government, won in more than half of all gram panchayats and block panchayats, two-thirds of district panchayats and in five out of six municipal corporations.

2020 Kerala local elections
Local self-government body Local Bodies in lead Total
LDF UDF Others Tie
Gram Panchayats 514 321 42 64 941
Block Panchayats 108 38 0 6 152
District Panchayats 11 3 0 0 [lower-alpha 1] 14
Municipalities 43 41 2 0 [lower-alpha 2] 86
Corporations 5 1 0 0 6
2015 Kerala local elections
Local self-government body Local Bodies won Total
LDF UDF NDA Others
Gram Panchayats 549 365 14 13 941
Block Panchayats 90 61 0 1 152
District Panchayats 7 7 0 0 14
Municipalities 44 41 1 0 87
Corporations 4 2 0 0 6

Political activism

On 7 December 2011, the LDF organized a 208KM human wall demanding the construction of a new dam in place of the present 115-year leaky dam at Mullapperiyar. The human wall was the second-longest of the kind in Kerala which stretched across two districts.[36]

LDF launched its website ahead of 2011 Kerala Assembly Election.[37]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The ties were later resolved, LDF now control 11 and UDF controls 3 district panchayats. Refer Aftermath section
  2. ↑ The ties were later resolved and LDF now control 43 municipalities and UDF controls 41. Refer Aftermath section

References

  1. ↑ Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2014). Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies. Oxford University Press. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-19-997489-4.
  2. ↑ "Kerala: Welfarism Remains the Dominant Narrative, but There Is an Undercurrent of Phobia". Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  3. ↑ "UDF had a chance in Kerala. Then Congress played a dangerous communal game". 24 March 2021. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  4. ↑ "Single-sex schools or co-ed? Kerala witnesses raging debate over child rights panel order". 24 July 2022. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  5. ↑ —"India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
    —Withnall, Adam (2 January 2019). "Protesters form 620 km 'women's wall' in India as female devotees pray at Hindu temple for first time". The Independent. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
    —"Manipur: CPI State Secretary, Blogger Arrested over CAA Protests". The Wire. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  6. ↑ "The Left returns in Kerala". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  7. ↑ "Election history of Kerala". CEO Kerala. Chief Election Officer, Kerala. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  8. ↑ "Victory of CPI-M-led LDF in Kerala elections manifests swing away from Congress(I)". India Today. 15 February 1980. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  9. ↑ "It was a vote for secularism, democracy and progress: E.K. Nayanar". India Today. 15 April 1987. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  10. ↑ "Elections 1996: Marxists-led LDF dislodges Congress(I) and its allies". India Today. 31 May 1996. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  11. ↑ "Return of the warrior V. S. Achuthanandan". India Today. 10 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  12. ↑ "Pinarayi Vijayan takes oath as Kerala Chief Minister Hailing from a poor toddy tapper's family, Vijayan, a first time Chief Minister, took the oath in Malayalam". Indian Express. 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  13. ↑ "Election results: Left creates history in Kerala". Times of India. 2 May 2021. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  14. ↑ "How 'captain' Pinarayi Vijayan led LDF in Kerala, is set to break a decades-old record". The Print. 2 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  15. ↑ "Alliance Wise and Party Wise Kerala Election Results 2021 LIVE". First Post. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  16. ↑ "KERALA NIYAMASABHA E.K.NAYANAR". stateofkerala.in. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  17. ↑ "Kerala Council of Ministers:2006–2011". www.keralaassembly.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  18. ↑ "Chief Ministers of kerala". kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  19. ↑ "E.K.Nayanar". niyamasabha.org. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  20. ↑ "LDF shatters Kerala's 40-year record, Pinarayi Vijayan now the Marxist Helmsman". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "India". Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal. 19 March 2007. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2019 – via archive.is.
  22. ↑ Olle Törnquist (1991). "Communists and democracy: Two Indian cases and one debate" (PDF). Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars. 23 (2): 63–76. doi:10.1080/14672715.1991.10413152. ISSN 0007-4810. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011. The first democratically elected communist-led government in India actually came to power in 1957 in the southwest-Indian state of Kerala. Two years later this government was undemocratically toppled-by the union government and the Congress-I party with Indira Gandhi in the forefront. But the communists were reelected and led several of the following state governments.
  23. ↑ Sarina Singh; Amy Karafin; Anirban Mahapatra (1 September 2009). South India. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74179-155-6. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  24. ↑ K.G. Kumar (12 April 2007). "50 years of development". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  25. ↑ Manali Desai (27 November 2006). State Formation and Radical Democracy in India. Taylor & Francis. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-203-96774-4. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  26. ↑ Luke Koshi, Saritha S. Balan (19 June 2017). "Kerala chronicles: When a coalition of 7 political parties came together only to fall apart" Archived 19 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The News Minute. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  27. ↑ "History of Kerala legislature – Government of Kerala, India". kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  28. ↑ "LDF shatters Kerala's 40-year record, Pinarayi Vijayan now the Marxist Helmsman". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  29. ↑ TNN (27 December 2018). "Kerala: Four new parties find berths in LDF". Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  30. ↑ "Kerala Congress (M) Jose K Mani faction joins LDF". The News Minute. 14 October 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  31. ↑ Bureau, The Hindu (7 October 2023). "JD(S) Kerala unit rejects Deve Gowda's decision to join hands with BJP; to continue its alliance with Left front". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  32. ↑ DC Correspondent, DC Correspondent. "NCP may choose Kovoor Kunjumon as Cabinet minister". DC.
  33. ↑ Govind, Biju (6 July 2021). "Kerala politics: Indian National League and National Secular Conference appear to part ways". The Hindu.
  34. ↑ "Statewise List". 164.100.47.5. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  35. 1 2 "Statewise Retirement". 164.100.47.5. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  36. ↑ "208-km human chain formed for new Kerala dam". Hindustan Times. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  37. ↑ Nair, N.J. (18 March 2011). "Assembly polls log on to cyberspace". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.

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