Turing c. 1928 at age 16

Alan Turing OBE FRS (/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English[1] mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. He left an extensive legacy in mathematics, science, society and popular culture.

Awards, honours, and tributes

The Alan Turing Building at the University of Manchester in 2008

Turing was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire 1946.[2] He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1951.[3] Several things are named in his honour:

Posthumous tributes

Statue of Turing at the University of Surrey[4]

Various institutions have paid tribute to Turing by naming things after him including:

A biography published by the Royal Society shortly after Turing's death,[3] while his wartime work was still subject to the Official Secrets Act, recorded:

Three remarkable papers written just before the war, on three diverse mathematical subjects, show the quality of the work that might have been produced if he had settled down to work on some big problem at that critical time. For his work at the Foreign Office he was awarded the OBE.[3]

Since 1966, the Turing Award has been given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery for technical or theoretical contributions to the computing community. It is widely considered to be the computing world's highest honour, equivalent to the Nobel Prize.[31]

On 23 June 1998, on what would have been Turing's 86th birthday, his biographer, Andrew Hodges, unveiled an official English Heritage blue plaque at his birthplace in Warrington Crescent, London, later the Colonnade Hotel.[32][33] To mark the 50th anniversary of his death, a memorial plaque was unveiled on 7 June 2004 at his former residence, Hollymeade, in Wilmslow, Cheshire.[34]

A blue plaque marking Turing's home at Wilmslow, Cheshire

On 13 March 2000, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines issued a set of postage stamps to celebrate the greatest achievements of the 20th century, one of which carries a portrait of Turing against a background of repeated 0s and 1s and is captioned: "1937: Alan Turing's theory of digital computing". On 1 April 2003, Turing's work at Bletchley Park was named an IEEE Milestone.[35] On 28 October 2004, a bronze statue of Turing sculpted by John W. Mills was unveiled at the University of Surrey in Guildford, marking the 50th anniversary of Turing's death; it portrays him carrying his books across the campus.[4]

Turing was one of four mathematicians examined in the BBC documentary entitled Dangerous Knowledge (2008).[36] The Princeton Alumni Weekly named Turing the second most significant alumnus in the history of Princeton University, second only to President James Madison. A 1.5-ton, life-size statue of Turing was unveiled on 19 June 2007 at Bletchley Park. Built from approximately half a million pieces of Welsh slate, it was sculpted by Stephen Kettle, having been commissioned by the American billionaire Sidney Frank.[37]

Turing memorial statue plaque in Sackville Park, Manchester

Turing has been honoured in various ways in Manchester, the city where he worked towards the end of his life. In 1994, a stretch of the A6010 road (the Manchester city intermediate ring road) was named "Alan Turing Way". A bridge carrying this road was widened and carries the name Alan Turing Bridge A statue of Turing was unveiled in Manchester on 23 June 2001 in Sackville Park, between the University of Manchester building on Whitworth Street and Canal Street. The memorial statue depicts the "father of computer science" sitting on a bench at a central position in the park, holding an apple. The cast bronze bench carries in relief the text "Alan Mathison Turing 1912–1954" and "IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ". The latter is described as "a motto as encoded by the German 'Enigma'".[38] A plaque at the statue's feet reads "Father of Computer Science, Mathematician, Logician, Wartime Codebreaker, Victim of Prejudice", followed by a Bertrand Russell quotation: "Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth but supreme beauty, a beauty cold and austere like that of sculpture."

In 1999, Time magazine named Turing as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century and stated, "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine."[39]

In 2002, Turing was ranked twenty-first on the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[40] In 2006, British writer and mathematician Ioan James chose Turing as one of twenty people to feature in his book about famous historical figures who may have had some of the traits of Asperger syndrome.[41] In 2010, actor/playwright Jade Esteban Estrada portrayed Turing in the solo musical, Icons: The Lesbian and Gay History of the World, Vol. 4. In 2011, in The Guardian's "My hero" series, writer Alan Garner chose Turing as his hero and described how they had met while out jogging in the early 1950s. Garner remembered Turing as "funny and witty" and said that he "talked endlessly".[42] In 2006, Turing was named with online resources as an LGBT History Month Icon.[43] In 2006, Boston Pride named Turing their Honorary Grand Marshal.[44]

Turing memorial statue in Sackville Park, Manchester

The logo of Apple Inc. is often erroneously referred to as a tribute to Turing, with the bite mark a reference to his death.[45] Both the designer of the logo[46] and the company deny that there is any homage to Turing in the design.[47][48] Stephen Fry has recounted asking Steve Jobs whether the design was intentional, saying that Jobs' response was, "God, we wish it were."[49] In February 2011, Turing's papers from the Second World War were bought for the nation with an 11th-hour bid by the National Heritage Memorial Fund, allowing them to stay at Bletchley Park.[50]

In 2012, Turing was inducted into the Legacy Walk, an outdoor public display that celebrates LGBT history and people.[51][52]

The song "Alan et la Pomme", by francophone singer-songwriter Salvatore Adamo, is a tribute to Turing.[53] Turing's life and work featured in a BBC children's programme about famous scientists, Absolute Genius with Dick and Dom, first broadcast on 12 March 2014.

On 17 May 2014, the world's first work of public art to recognise Turing as gay was commissioned in Bletchley, close by to Bletchley Park where his war-time work was carried out. The commission was announced to mark International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia. The work was unveiled at a ceremony on Turing's birthday, 23 June 2014, and is placed alongside busy Watling Street, the old main road to London, where Turing himself would have passed by on many occasions. On 22 October 2014, Turing was inducted into the NSA Hall of Honor.[54][55]

In 2014 Turing was one of the inaugural honorees in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighborhood noting LGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields."[56][57][58]

In February 2019, in the BBC eight-part TV series Icons: The Greatest Person of the 20th Century, Turing was voted by viewers to be the Greatest Person.[59]

In July 2019, the Bank of England announced that Turing's portrait would appear on the next edition of the Bank of England £50 note, to be released in 2021.[60][61] He is the first openly gay person to appear on a banknote.[62]

In 2021, Turing's former residence, at Copper Folly, 43 Adlington Road, Wilmslow, was offered for sale by estate agent Savills, with a guide price of £1.1M.[63] The property was previously on the market in 2013.[64]

Centenary celebrations

David Chalmers on stage for an Alan Turing Year conference at De La Salle University, Manila, 27 March 2012

To mark the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee (TCAC) co-ordinated the Alan Turing Year, a year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements. The TCAC, chaired by S. Barry Cooper with Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as Honorary President, worked with the University of Manchester faculty members and a broad spectrum of people from Cambridge University and Bletchley Park.

On 23 June 2012, Google featured an interactive doodle where visitors had to change the instructions of a Turing Machine, so when run, the symbols on the tape would match a provided sequence, featuring "Google" in Baudot-Murray code.[65]

The Bletchley Park Trust collaborated with Winning Moves to publish an Alan Turing edition of the board game Monopoly.[66] The game's squares and cards have been revised to tell the story of Turing's life, from his birthplace in Maida Vale to Hut 8 at Bletchley Park.[67] The game also includes a replica of an original hand-drawn board created by William Newman, son of Turing's mentor, Max Newman, which Turing played on in the 1950s.[68]

In the Philippines, the Department of Philosophy at De La Salle University-Manila hosted Turing 2012, an international conference on philosophy, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science from 27 to 28 March 2012 to commemorate the centenary birth of Turing.[69][70] Madurai, India held celebrations with a programme attended by 6,000 students.[71]

The London 2012 Olympic Torch flame was passed on in front of Turing's statue in Manchester on his 100th birthday.

There was a three-day conference in Manchester in June, the Alan Turing Centenary Conference, a two-day conference in San Francisco, organised by the ACM, and a birthday party and Turing Centenary Conference in Cambridge organised at King's College, Cambridge, and the University of Cambridge, the latter organised by the association Computability in Europe.[72]

The Science Museum in London launched a free exhibition devoted to Turing's life and achievements in June 2012, to run until July 2013.[73] In February 2012, the Royal Mail issued a stamp featuring Turing as part of its "Britons of Distinction" series.[74] The London 2012 Olympic Torch flame was passed on in front of Turing's statue in Sackville Gardens, Manchester, on the evening of 23 June 2012, the 100th anniversary of his birth.

On 22 June 2012 Manchester City Council, in partnership with the Lesbian and Gay Foundation, launched the Alan Turing Memorial Award, which will recognise individuals or groups who have made a significant contribution to the fight against homophobia in Manchester.[75]

At the University of Oxford, a new course in Computer Science and Philosophy was established to coincide with the centenary of Turing's birth.[76]

Previous events have included a celebration of Turing's life and achievements, at the University of Manchester, arranged by the British Logic Colloquium and the British Society for the History of Mathematics on 5 June 2004.[77]

Portrayals

Animation

Biographies

In cyberspace

  • In the shared alternate history of Ill Bethisad (1997 and after), Alan Turing was a mathematician, computer scientist, logician, etc. in much the same way as reality.[78] Like his real life counterpart, the fictional alternate universe version of Turing devised the Turing machine and the "Turing" version of the Church–Turing thesis.[78] During the "Second Great War" (the equivalent of World War II[79]), Turing worked for the British government, breaking codes produced by the German Enigma machine by a machine partially created by him called the "Bombe".[78]

In theatre

  • Breaking the Code is a 1986 play by Hugh Whitemore about Turing. The play ran in London's West End beginning in November 1986 and on Broadway from 15 November 1987 to 10 April 1988. In these performances Turing was played by Derek Jacobi. The Broadway production was nominated for three Tony Awards including Best Actor in a Play, Best Featured Actor in a Play, and Best Direction of a Play, and for two Drama Desk Awards, for Best Actor and Best Featured Actor. Turing was again portrayed by Jacobi in the 1996 television film adaptation of Breaking the Code.[80]
  • In 2012, in honour of the Turing Centennial, American Lyric Theater commissioned an operatic exploration of the life and death of Turing from composer Justine F. Chen and librettist David Simpatico.[81] Titled The Life and Death(s) of Alan Turing, the opera is a historical fantasia on the life of Turing. In November 2014, the opera and several other artistic works inspired by Turing's life were featured on Studio 360.[82] The opera received its first public performance in January 2017.[83] In February 2019, Chicago Opera Theater presented the orchestra workshop, and on March 23 & 25, 2023, the company presented the fully staged world premiere at the Harris Theater for Music and Dance in Chicago, IL.

In literature

Turing
Must have been alluring
To get made a don
So early on.[84]

  • In William Gibson's 1984 Neuromancer, the Turing police are an international agency with jurisdiction over AIs.[85]
  • Turing is featured in the Neal Stephenson 1999 novel Cryptonomicon.[86]
  • The 2000 Doctor Who novel The Turing Test features Turing and the writer Graham Greene.[87]
  • The 2006 novel A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines contrasts fictionalised accounts of the lives and ideas of Turing and Kurt Gödel.[88]
  • The 2009 novel Fall of Man in Wilmslow by David Lagercrantz is a fictional account of the investigation of Alan Turing's death written from the point of view of the investigating police officer.[89]
  • The 2015 novel Speak, written by Louisa Hall, includes a series of fictional letters written from Turing to his best friend's mother throughout his life, detailing his research about artificial intelligence.[90][91]
  • In the graphic novel series Über, in which a fictionalised version of WWII plays out involving superhuman soldiers called "Tank-Men", Turing is one of the researchers as well as a Tank-Man himself.[92]
  • Turing is featured in Ian McEwan's 2019 novel, Machines Like Me ISBN 978-1787331662.

In music

  • Electronic music duo Matmos released an EP titled For Alan Turing in 2006, which was based on material commissioned by Dr. Robert Osserman and David Elsenbud of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute.[93] In one of its tracks, an original Enigma Machine is sampled.[94]
  • In 2012, Spanish group Hidrogenesse dedicated their LP Un dígito binario dudoso. Recital para Alan Turing (A dubious binary digit. Concert for Alan Turing) to the memory of the mathematician.[95]
  • A musical work inspired by Turing's life, written by Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe of the Pet Shop Boys, entitled A Man from the Future, was announced in late 2013.[96] It was performed by the Pet Shop Boys and Juliet Stevenson (narrator), the BBC Singers, and the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Dominic Wheeler at the BBC Proms in the Royal Albert Hall on 23 July 2014.[97]
  • Codebreaker is also the title of a choral work by the composer James McCarthy. It includes settings of texts by the poets Wilfred Owen, Sara Teasdale, Walt Whitman, Oscar Wilde and Robert Burns that are used to illustrate aspects of Turing's life. It was premiered on 26 April 2014 at the Barbican Centre in London, where it was performed by the Hertfordshire Chorus, who commissioned the work, led by David Temple with the soprano soloist Naomi Harvey providing the voice of Turing's mother.[98][99]
  • Turing, a two-act opera with music by Anno Schreier and libretto by Georg Holzer. Premiere 26 November 2022 at the Nürnberg Staatstheater, conducted by Guido Johannes Rumstadt, with Martin Platz in the title role.[100]

In film

Benedict Cumberbatch portrayed Turing in the 2014 film The Imitation Game
  • Codebreaker, original UK title Britain's Greatest Codebreaker, is a TV film that aired on 21 November 2011 by Channel 4 about Turing's life. It had a limited release in the US beginning on 17 October 2012. The story is told as a discussion between Turing and his psychiatrist Dr. Franz Greenbaum. The story is based on journals maintained by Greenbaum and others who have studied Turing's life as well as some of his colleagues.[101]
  • The historical drama film The Imitation Game, directed by Morten Tyldum and starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Turing and Keira Knightley as Joan Clarke, was released in the UK on 14 November 2014 and released theatrically in the US on 28 November 2014. The story, loosely based on Hodges' 1983 biography, concentrates on the period of Turing's life where he breaks the Enigma code with other codebreakers in Bletchley Park.[102][103][104][105] It received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in 2015. It was a tremendous success, bringing in $233.6 million[106] for a production cost of $14 million.[107]

References

  1. ↑ "Who was Alan Turing?". The British Library. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  2. ↑ "This month in history: Alan Turing and the Enigma code". www.thegazette.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 Newman, M.H.A. (1955). "Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 253–263. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019. JSTOR 769256.
  4. 1 2 3 "The Earl of Wessex unveils statue of Alan Turing" (Press release). University of Surrey. October 2004. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007.
  5. ↑ "Academic facilities". King's College Cambridge. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  6. ↑ "Turing prints (2000)". Synth.co.uk. 24 September 2000. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
  7. 1 2 "A celebration of the code breaker – Alan Turing". University of Surrey. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  8. ↑ "The Imitation Game: 10 surprising facts about Bletchley Park genius Alan Turing". V3.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  9. ↑ "Turing Scholars Program at the University of Texas at Austin". Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  10. ↑ "Polya Hall, Stanford University" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  11. ↑ "Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille". Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  12. ↑ "Turing Center". University of Washington. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  13. ↑ "Department of Computing and Communication Technologies Research Lecture Series lecture 4". Oxford Brooke's University. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017.
  14. ↑ Cooksey, Katie (24 December 2013). "Alan Turing: Manchester celebrates pardoned genius". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  15. ↑ "English: Bench constructed in honor of Alan Turing, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA campus". 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2019 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. ↑ "Turing at the University of Oregon". Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  17. ↑ "Turing at the EPFL". Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  18. ↑ "Lecture rooms". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  19. ↑ "Thèses soutenues Université Paris Diderot". University Paris Diderot. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  20. ↑ "Turing Hörsaal at University of Würzburg". Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  21. ↑ DELPECH, Sabine. "Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Campus". www.univ-tlse3.fr. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  22. ↑ "Facilities / Catering and conference". Amsterdam Science Park. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  23. ↑ "King's College London Prizes" (PDF). KCL. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2016.
  24. ↑ "How the University of Kent's new Turing College got its name". Kent Online. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  25. ↑ "INRIA". 2012. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  26. ↑ "Unicamp Science and Technology Park" (PDF). Inova. 1 July 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  27. ↑ "Computer rooms at the university of Ghent". Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  28. ↑ "About Our Name". Turing House School. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  29. ↑ "House System". Wellacre Academy. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  30. ↑ "Overlake Village Infrastructure Planning". Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  31. ↑ Geringer, Steven (27 July 2007). "ACM'S Turing Award Prize Raised To $250,000". ACM press release. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
  32. ↑ "Unveiling the official Blue Plaque on Alan Turing's Birthplace". Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
  33. ↑ "About this Plaque – Alan Turing". Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
  34. ↑ Plaque #3276 on Open Plaques
  35. ↑ IEEE History Center (2003). "Milestones:Code-breaking at Bletchley Park during World War II, 1939–1945". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  36. ↑ "Dangerous Knowledge". BBC Four. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011.
  37. ↑ Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing Archived 27 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Bletchley Park press release, 20 June 2007.
  38. ↑ Hughes, Glyn. "ALAN MATHISON TURING 1912-". Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  39. ↑ Gray, Paul (29 March 1999). "Alan Turing – Time 100 People of the Century". Time. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011. Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.
  40. ↑ "100 great British heroes". BBC News. 21 August 2002. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  41. ↑ James, Ioan M. (2006). Asperger's Syndrome and High Achievement. Jessica Kingsley. ISBN 978-1-84310-388-2.
  42. ↑ Garner, Alan (12 November 2011). "My Hero: Alan Turing". Saturday Guardian Review. London. p. 5. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  43. ↑ "Alan Turing". LGBTHistoryMonth.com. 20 August 2011. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  44. ↑ "Boston Pride: Honorary Grand Marshal". Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  45. ↑ "Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising". The Independent. UK. 4 January 2008. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  46. ↑ "Interview with Rob Janoff, designer of the Apple logo". creativebits. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  47. ↑ Leavitt, David (2007). The Man Who Knew Too Much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer. Phoenix. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-7538-2200-5.
  48. ↑ "Turing and the Apple logo". 25 July 2015. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
  49. ↑ "Science & Environment – Alan Turing: Separating the man and the myth" Archived 23 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  50. ↑ Halliday, Josh (25 February 2011). "Turing papers to stay in UK after 11th-hour auction bid at". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  51. ↑ Salvo, Victor. "2012 INDUCTEES". The Legacy Project. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  52. ↑ "PHOTOS: 7 LGBT Heroes Honored With Plaques in Chicago's Legacy Walk". Advocate.com. 11 October 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  53. ↑ Kamiab, Farbod (20 November 2012). Alan et la Pomme – Salvatore Adamo. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2013 – via YouTube.
  54. ↑ "Cryptologic Hall of Honor – Alan Turing". National Security Agency. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  55. ↑ "Five Cryptologists Added to NSA/CSS Cryptologic Hall of Honor" (Press release). National Security Agency. 22 October 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  56. ↑ Shelter, Scott (March 14, 2016). "The Rainbow Honor Walk: San Francisco's LGBT Walk of Fame". Quirky Travel Guy. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  57. ↑ "Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today: SFist". SFist - San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports. September 2, 2014. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  58. ↑ Carnivele, Gary (July 2, 2016). "Second LGBT Honorees Selected for San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk". We The People. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
  59. ↑ "BBC Two - Icons: The Greatest Person of the 20th Century". BBC. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  60. ↑ Peachey, Kevin (15 July 2019). "New face of the £50 note is revealed". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  61. ↑ "Codebreaker Alan Turing to be face of new British banknote". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  62. ↑ "Alan Turing will be new face of British 50 pound note". Dallas Voice. 2019-07-15. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
  63. ↑ "Savills | Adlington Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire, SK9 2BJ | Property for sale". 24 July 2017.
  64. ↑ "A genius move: Home of computer pioneer Alan Turing could be yours for a cool £1m". 10 June 2013.
  65. ↑ "Google Doodle honors Alan Turing". USA Today. 22 June 2012. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  66. ↑ Cooper, S. Barry (2012-09-24). "Playing Monopoly with Alan Turing". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  67. ↑ "Special Monopoly edition celebrates Alan Turing's life". BBC News. 10 September 2012. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  68. ↑ "Bletchley Park Launches Special Edition Alan Turing Monopoly Board". Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  69. ↑ "DLSU to host int'l summit on philosophy". ABS-CBN.com. 24 March 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  70. ↑ Layug-Rosero, Regina (21 April 2012). "The Thinking Machine: A philosophical analysis of the Singularity". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  71. ↑ Shankar, M. Gopi (5 July 2012). "Making themselves heard". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
  72. ↑ "The Northerner: Alan Turing, computer pioneer, has centenary marked by a year of celebrations". The Guardian. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  73. ↑ Cellan-Jones, Rory; Rooney (curator), David (18 June 2012). "Enigma? First look at Alan Turing exhibition (report with video preview)". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  74. ↑ Cutlack, Gary (2 January 2012). "Codebreaker Alan Turing gets stamp of approval". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  75. ↑ Anon (22 June 2012). "Centenary award tribute to "enigma" codebreaker Alan Turing". Manchester Evening News. Manchester: MEN media. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  76. ↑ "Computer Science and philosophy". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013. A new undergraduate degree course, with its first students having started in 2012, the centenary of Alan Turing's birth.
  77. ↑ "BSHM Meetings (1992–2007)". University of Warwick. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  78. 1 2 3 "Alan Turing - IBWiki".
  79. ↑ "Second Great War - IBWiki".
  80. ↑ "Alan Turing: A multitude of lives in fiction". BBC News. 23 June 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  81. ↑ "The Life and Death(s) of Alan Turing – a new opera". American Lyric Theater. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015.
  82. ↑ "Alan Turing, Man and Myth – Studio 360". studio360. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015.
  83. ↑ Jones, Josh (16 January 2017). "Alan Turing Gets Channeled in a New Opera". www.openculture.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  84. ↑ Hodges, Andrew (1983). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Touchstone. p. 94. ISBN 0-671-52809-2.
  85. ↑ "Science Fiction". The New York Times. 24 November 1985. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  86. ↑ "Click Here". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  87. ↑ "Turing Test" Archived 26 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 24 October 2014.
  88. ↑ Holt, Jim (3 September 2006), "Obsessive-Genius Disorder", The New York Times, archived from the original on 23 June 2017, retrieved 4 February 2017.
  89. ↑ Hopley, Claire (13 July 2016). "BOOK REVIEW: 'Fall of Man in Wilmslow'". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  90. ↑ "Review: 'Speak' by Louisa Hall". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  91. ↑ Waldman, Katy (24 August 2015). "'Speak,' by Louisa Hall". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  92. ↑ Truitt, Brian. "'Uber' explores monsters and men of World War II". USA Today. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  93. ↑ "Matmos release For Alan Turing". Vague Terrain. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  94. ↑ Sheppard, Justin (7 September 2006). "Track Review: Matmos – Enigma Machine For Alan Turing". Prefix Mag. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  95. ↑ Rodríguez Ramos, Javier (29 May 2012). "Hidrogenesse, 'Un dígito binario dudoso'". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  96. ↑ Portwood, Jerry (13 September 2012). "Pet Shop Boys Working on Alan Turing Project". Out magazine. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  97. ↑ "BBC Radio 3 – BBC Proms, 2014 Season, Prom 8: Pet Shop Boys". BBC. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  98. ↑ "Hertfordshire Chorus – James McCarthy: Codebreaker, a life in music". Classical Music Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  99. ↑ Codebreaker on YouTube
  100. ↑ Shengold, David. Report from Nuremberg. Opera, May 2023, Vol 74 No 5, p567-8.
  101. ↑ Chris Harvey. "Britain's Greatest Codebreaker: the tragic story of Alan Turing". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  102. ↑ Brooks, Brian (26 November 2014). "'The Imitation Game' Will Stuff Theaters This Holiday Weekend – Specialty Box Office Preview". Deadline. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  103. ↑ Charles, McGrath (30 October 2014). "The Riddle Who Unlocked the Enigma – 'The Imitation Game' Dramatises the Story of Alan Turing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  104. ↑ Walters, Ben (9 October 2014). "The Imitation Game: the queerest thing to hit multiplexes for years?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  105. ↑ Bradshaw, Peter (13 November 2014). "The Imitation Game review – Cumberbatch cracks biopic code". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  106. ↑ "The Imitation Game (2014) - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  107. ↑ "How The Weinstein Co. Turned 'Imitation Game' Director Into an Oscar Contender". The Hollywood Reporter. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.