Linda McMahon
Official portrait, 2017
25th Administrator of the Small Business Administration
In office
February 14, 2017 – April 12, 2019
PresidentDonald Trump
DeputyAlthea Coetzee
Preceded byMaria Contreras-Sweet
Succeeded byJovita Carranza
Personal details
Born
Linda Marie Edwards

(1948-10-04) October 4, 1948
New Bern, North Carolina, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
​
(m. 1966)​
Children
RelativesSee McMahon family
EducationEast Carolina University (BA)

Linda Marie McMahon (née Edwards; born October 4, 1948) is an American political executive, business executive, and retired performer. She served as the 25th administrator of the Small Business Administration from 2017 to 2019.

McMahon, along with her husband, Vince McMahon, founded sports entertainment company Titan Sports, Inc. (today WWE) where she worked as the president and later CEO from 1980 to 2009. During this time, the company grew from a small regional business in the northeast to a large multinational corporation. Among other things, she initiated the company's civic programs, Get REAL and Smackdown Your Vote. She gave occasional on-screen performances, most notably in a feud with her husband that culminated at WrestleMania X-Seven.

In 2009, McMahon left the WWE to run for a seat in the United States Senate from Connecticut as a Republican, but lost to Democrat Richard Blumenthal in the 2010 general election. She was the Republican nominee for Connecticut's other Senate seat in the 2012 race, but lost to Democrat Chris Murphy.

On December 7, 2016, Donald Trump (president-elect at the time) announced that he would nominate McMahon to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration. The Senate confirmation hearing began on January 24, 2017, and on February 1, her nomination was approved by the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship with an 18–1 vote and confirmed by the full Senate on February 14, by a vote of 81–19.

On March 29, 2019, the Trump administration announced McMahon would step down as the administrator of the Small Business Administration to assume new responsibilities within President Trump's reelection campaign, and the resignation took effect on April 12. On April 15, she was named chairwoman of America First Action, a pro-Trump Super PAC.

Early life

McMahon was born Linda Marie Edwards[1] in New Bern, North Carolina, the daughter of Evelyn and Henry Edwards.[2][3] She was an only child and grew up as a "tomboy" playing basketball and baseball.[4] Her parents were both employees at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, a military base. She grew up in a conservative Baptist family, but converted to Roman Catholicism in her later years.[5]

Linda M. Edwards, at the age of 13, met Vince McMahon, then age 16.[6][7] Her mother worked in the same building as McMahon's mother, but they had not met.

Vince's mother became good friends with the Edwards family, and Vince, who had lived with several abusive stepfathers, enjoyed the feeling of stability that he felt at their home.[3] Edwards and McMahon dated throughout their high school years; she attended Havelock High School[8] and he attended Fishburne Military School in Virginia. During this time, Vince was a "permanent fixture" at her home,[9] and spent hours with Linda and her family. He attended East Carolina University, studying business administration. Edwards was an honors student in high school and aspired to become a pediatrician.[10]

Shortly after her high school graduation, Vince asked her to marry him. They married on August 26, 1966, when she was 17, and he was 21.[6][11] She enrolled at East Carolina University in 1966, where she obtained a bachelor's degree in French, and certification to teach.[12] From 1968 to 1971, Vince worked as a traveling cup salesman before joining his father's company, the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF, now WWE).[13] Linda finished college in three years so she could graduate with Vince. Their son Shane was born in 1970, followed by daughter Stephanie in 1976.

Early career

In 1969, the McMahons moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland. McMahon worked as a receptionist at the corporate law firm of Covington & Burling; she translated French documents, trained as a paralegal in the probate department, and studied intellectual property rights.[14]

Financially, the couple fared poorly for several years and, despite her husband working 90 hours a week at a quarry,[15] briefly received food stamps.[16] In 1976, after a series of failed business ventures including financing stunt performer Evel Knievel's Snake River Canyon Jump,[17] and while pregnant with Stephanie, McMahon and her husband filed for bankruptcy.[18]

By 1979, Vince decided to start his own wrestling company. He purchased the Cape Cod Coliseum in Massachusetts and founded Titan Sports, Inc. in 1980. The McMahons held small hockey and other sporting events in addition to wrestling at the Cape Cod Coliseum. At one point, Linda cooked meatball sandwiches to feed the fans at these sporting events.[19] As the company grew, Linda assisted Vince with administration and used her knowledge of intellectual property law to assist in trademark protection for the company. During much of those early years, she had little interest in professional wrestling.[20]

In 1982, Vince McMahon purchased Capitol Wrestling, better known as the parent company of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), from his father. He later expanded his market by airing WWF shows on national television.

In 1983, the McMahons moved to Greenwich, Connecticut. They have six grandchildren.[21]

World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment

Corporate

The McMahons founded Titan Sports, Inc. in 1980.[22] Many workers in the company referred to her as the "co-chief executive".[23] McMahon became president in 1993 and CEO of the company in 1997.[24] The company's explosive growth and the way it transformed the wrestling industry caused some observers to label her and Vince "business geniuses".[25]

One of her major interests in WWF and WWE was product merchandising.[26] She negotiated many of the company's business deals with outside vendors and established the company's first line of action figures, Wrestling Superstars, in 1984.[27] It was a first in the wrestling industry and helped expand the company's popularity with children. In more recent years, she was the primary negotiator for the World Wrestling Federation's 2000 TV deal with Viacom.[27]

During an interview with The Detroit News, when asked what it was like being CEO in a "testosterone-charged industry," McMahon replied, "It's lots of fun. I'm an only child, so I grew up as my father's son and mother's daughter. I was quite a jock. I played baseball, basketball—I think that background made Vince and I very compatible. I really have a very good understanding of the male psyche—I'm very comfortable in a guy environment. I have to say that there are very strong women in this company as well. Our human resources division and our consumer goods division are headed by women—It's still a testosterone business, and I like it."[6]

On September 16, 2009, Linda McMahon resigned from her position as CEO of WWE and left WWE to run as a Republican for a seat in the United States Senate from Connecticut.[28][29][30] However, she still remains a minority owner of WWE.[31]

McMahon's memorandum to Pat Patterson

In a 1989 memo to the company's vice president, Pat Patterson, McMahon directed Patterson to fire on-call physician George Zahorian and inform him of imminent legal charges charging him with steroid distribution.[32]

Although you and I discussed before about continuing to have Zahorian at our events as the doctor on call, I think that is now not a good idea. Vince agreed, and would like for you to call Zahorian and to tell him not to come to any more of our events and to also clue him in on any action that the Justice Department is thinking of taking.

— Linda McMahon, December 1989 memo[33]

This memo became known publicly as the "Tip-Off Memo" during her campaign for Senate in 2010.[34] It became a political liability used against her in both the nomination and general election campaigns.[35][36]

Federal steroids investigation (2007–2009)

Following the murder-suicide of Chris Benoit in 2007, the Oversight and Government Reform Committee investigated steroid usage in the wrestling industry.[37] The Committee investigated WWE and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), asking for documentation of their companies' drug policies. The McMahons both testified. The documents stated that 75 wrestlers—roughly 40 percent—had tested positive for drug use since 2006, most commonly for steroids.[38][39]

McMahon was asked why there had been no follow-up during a televised interview with CBS Face the State on January 20, 2010 and responded: "There's not been any follow-up from any of the inquiries that were made because I believe we had furnished thousands of documents and testimony for them, and I think if they looked at our policy and really delved into it, they would be very satisfied."[40]

PG rating

Chair shots to the head were discontinued by the WWE as a result to prevent future concussions.

In July 2008, WWE changed its TV parental guidelines rating from TV-14 to TV-PG. In December 2008, at a UBS Media Conference, McMahon described the new rating as a marketing strategy to attract a young generation of wrestling fans and create loyalty to the brand. Due to the TV-PG rating, chair shots to the head were banned, as well as sex scenes, blood, and vulgar language.[41][42]

Company legacy

During the 1980s, the WWF successfully overcame considerable opposition and some media ridicule in lobbying for deregulation in Connecticut, Delaware, Michigan,[43] New Jersey,[44][45][46] California,[47][48] Florida, Pennsylvania,[49] and Texas.[50] By 2000, fewer than half of the 50 states had athletic regulations on the wrestling industry.[51]

Following common practice in professional sports, WWE classifies its wrestlers as independent contractors rather than employees. The classification allowed the company to avoid paying Social Security, Medicare and unemployment insurance for wrestlers. McMahon stated the WWE wrestlers had lucrative contracts, merchandising deals, royalty payments, and appearance fees.[52] She noted that many of the wrestlers had agents and considered them to be on par with "singers, golfers, or tennis players". The company offered seminars to help wrestlers select health insurance plans.[53]

Under McMahon's tenure, WWE became one of the largest recipients of special tax credits for film and TV production granted by the state of Connecticut.[54][55]

During her 2010 campaign, Blumenthal's campaign criticized her and WWE for accepting the tax credits while laying off workers in 2009.[56]

On-screen roles

McMahon at the WWE Hall of Fame induction of The Ultimate Warrior, April 5, 2014

McMahon often referred to the creative side of WWE as Vince's specialty, stating that she was primarily in the management team, although she appeared in several storylines.[57] McMahon debuted on WWF TV during the Corporate Ministry storyline, on the May 3, 1999, episode of Raw during the Attitude Era. During an interview with Fox News, she said that she often did not know what the storylines were in advance and watched events unfold as the general public did.[57]

Charitable work

Through WWE, the McMahons were major donors to The Donald J. Trump Foundation, giving $4 million in 2007 and $5 million in 2009.[58] The McMahons donated over $8 million in 2008 to the Fishburne Military School, Sacred Heart University, and East Carolina University. Nonprofit Quarterly noted the majority of the McMahons' donations were towards capital expenditures.[59] In 2006, they paid $2.5 million for construction of a tennis facility in Ebensburg, Pennsylvania. As of 2010, she served on the board of the Close Up Foundation, a nonprofit which offers youth field trips to Washington, D.C.[59]

Get R.E.A.L.

McMahon launched the company's Get R.E.A.L. program to deliver positive messages about education to young adults. The program encouraged literacy through public service announcements, posters, and bookmarks featuring wrestling superstars. In 2000, the American Library Association reported the WWF's Know Your Role poster was its highest-selling poster for two straight months.[60] Since 2006, thousands of posters featuring WWE superstars have been distributed to libraries and reading facilities.[61]

SmackDown! Your Vote campaign

McMahon initiated WWE's non-partisan voter registration campaign, "SmackDown! Your Vote", in August 2000.[62] The campaign targeted the 18-to-30 voter demographic, and made use of online marketing, public service announcements,[63] and youth voting partnerships.[64] The campaign, which registered 150,000 new voters during the 2000 election,[65] was started in coalition with MTV's Choose or Lose, Project Vote Smart, and Youth Vote 2000.[66] As of the 2008 election, it listed 14 voter registration partner organizations.[67] During the 2008 presidential election, Smackdown your Vote! registered many voters online, often in affiliation with Rock the Vote.

Special Olympics

The McMahons began supporting the Special Olympics in 1986. McMahon first developed an interest in the Olympics from her friendship with NBC producer Dick Ebersol and Susan Saint James, who encouraged them to participate in the mid-1980s.[1]

She met Lowell Weicker, whose son is developmentally-disabled, through the Special Olympics. In 1995, as Connecticut Governor, Weicker appointed Linda McMahon to the Governor's Council for the World Special Olympics.[68]

Achievements

McMahon became a member of the board of trustees of Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut in November 2004.[69] She supported many organizations, including the USO, the Make-A-Wish Foundation, the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, the Starlight Foundation, and Community Mayors.[70] In 2005, she won appointment to The Make-A-Wish Foundation of America National Advisory Council and received the Arthur M. Sackler Award from the Connecticut Grand Opera and Orchestra for WWE's support of its arts education program.[70]

On January 29, 2007, Multichannel News named McMahon to its class of "Wonder Women" for 2007.[70] The award recognized her outstanding contributions to the cable and telecommunications industries.[70] In May 2007, she appeared as the keynote speaker at the Girl Scout Council of Southwestern Connecticut's Women of Achievement Leadership Breakfast.[71] McMahon was a Girl Scout.[71]

Under her leadership, WWE was the recipient of the USO of Metropolitan Washington's first ever "Legacy of Hope" award for its extensive support of U.S. troops and the USO's Operation Care Package program. In 2007, the company received the Secretary of Defense Exceptional Public Service Award for its support of deployed service members in Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2008, the company received the GI Film Festival's Corporate Patriot Award.[72]

On April 13, 2012, Sacred Heart University officially dedicated and opened the Linda E. McMahon Commons Building on its main campus in Fairfield, Connecticut.[73][74]

Political career

Connecticut Board of Education

McMahon was appointed to the State Board of Education by Governor Jodi Rell in January 2009.[69][75]

She went through a confirmation process in the Connecticut State Assembly where she was questioned on her record as CEO of WWE.[61] The State Senate approved her nomination by a vote of 34–1 and the House by 96–45 with some opponents expressing concerns that the nature of her WWE activities would send the wrong message. State representative Bruce Morris claimed she lacked "depth of knowledge regarding education". However, state representative John Hetherington said it "would be good to have someone outside the establishment on the board".[76][77]

On April 1, 2010, McMahon resigned from the State Board of Education, because state law does not allow board members to solicit campaign contributions.[78]

2010 U.S. Senate campaign

Linda McMahon for Senate 2010
CampaignU.S. Senator from Connecticut
CandidateLinda McMahon
AffiliationRepublican Party
StatusConceded
HeadquartersWest Hartford, Connecticut
Key peopleEd Patru (spokesman)
ReceiptsUS$46.6 million
SloganA businesswoman, not a politician, for Connecticut

On September 16, 2009, McMahon announced her candidacy for U.S. Senator to represent the state of Connecticut. She announced she would spend up to $50 million of her own money to finance her campaign and refused outside donations, the third most ever spent on a senatorial campaign.[79][80] She ran for the Republican nomination, campaigning on promises of lower taxes, fiscal conservatism, and job creation. She campaigned as socially moderate, and identified herself as pro-choice while also opposing partial-birth abortion and federal funding for abortions.[81][82][83] Her mail, radio, television, and Internet advertisements quickly gained name recognition and strong poll numbers over her opponents.

McMahon's spending became a key argument of one of her rivals, former Congressman Rob Simmons, who accused her of "buying the election". McMahon and Simmons engaged in a frequently bitter contest. At the party convention, McMahon received the most support, but Simmons received enough votes to qualify for the ballot for the August 10 primary, although he was not actively campaigning. In late July—two weeks before the primary—Simmons relaunched his campaign by airing ads on TV reminding voters that his name would be on the ballot, participating in debates, and accepting interviews with editorial boards.[84] A third candidate, Peter Schiff, qualified for the ballot by submitting petition signatures. McMahon defeated her opponents and faced Richard Blumenthal in the general election, losing by 11%.[85]

2012 U.S. Senate campaign

Immediately after her loss to Blumenthal, McMahon hinted she would run again for Senate in 2012.[86] McMahon maintained a high profile following the election, running television ads,[87] campaigning for politicians, and making frequent media appearances.[88] When Joe Lieberman announced he would retire from the U.S. Senate, she became the Republican Party favorite for the 2012 election.[89]

On September 20, 2011, in Southington, Connecticut, McMahon officially announced her candidacy.[90] On May 18, 2012, McMahon earned the endorsement of the state Republican Party at the Connecticut State Republican Convention by a delegate vote of 658 to 351 over the next-highest candidate, former congressman Chris Shays. The two were the only candidates to qualify for the primary, which took place on August 14, 2012. McMahon defeated Shays by a three-to-one margin, spending $15.7 million of her money on the campaign.[91][92][93] She lost to Democratic U.S. Representative Chris Murphy in the general election, marking her second consecutive defeat.[94][95]

Political contributions

Following her election defeats, McMahon committed herself to becoming a major Republican fundraiser and donor. She donated to groups such as American Crossroads and Ending Spending Fund, and associated with fellow mega donor Paul Singer.[96]

As the 2016 Republican nomination process began to gear up in early 2015, McMahon, Singer, and Charles R. Schwab were among donors and prospective-candidate representatives who attended a daylong meeting near Jackson, Wyoming, that was hosted by TD Ameritrade founder Joe Ricketts and his son Todd, and featured "several Republican donors who favor[ed] same-sex marriage and immigration reform".[97]

After Donald Trump made an appearance at WrestleMania 23 in 2007, the McMahons donated $5 million to the Donald J. Trump Foundation in addition to the payment for the appearance.[98] In 2016, McMahon donated $6 million to Rebuilding America Now, a Super PAC with the purpose of electing Donald Trump as US president, and in 2015 and 2016 combined, $1.2 million to Future 45, a Super PAC which funded anti-Bernie Sanders advertisements.[99][100]

Small Business Administration

On December 7, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump announced that he would nominate McMahon to be the administrator of the Small Business Administration (SBA).[101]

McMahon sits alongside Ivanka Trump, August 1, 2017

With her pending nomination to become administrator of the SBA, examination of McMahon's record in preparation for her facing United States Senate confirmation began. In December she received media attention including from The Wall Street Journal, which noted that "[a]s part of her 2012 campaign, [the nominee's] economic plan called for getting rid of 'outdated/ineffective and duplicative programs,' and expressed support for a 2012 proposal by President Barack Obama to merge the SBA, the Commerce Department's core functions and four other entities into one unit". The merger proposal, which did not proceed far toward approval at the time, would have eliminated the Cabinet-level post to which McMahon was nominated.[102] The Connecticut Post of Bridgeport, Connecticut, examined issues of potential conflicts of interest from remaining WWE stock holdings and other financial assets, as well as of the relationship between WWE and smaller businesses in the wrestling world, with critics and supporters cited.[103] The Hill provided a venue for two industry representatives to specify how they hoped McMahon would reform the agency she'd been tapped to lead.[104]

The Senate confirmation hearing began on January 24, 2017;[105][106] her nomination was approved by the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship on February 1, 2017, with an 18–1 vote,[107] and confirmed by the full Senate on February 14, 2017, by a vote of 81–19.[108] She was officially sworn in as administrator of the SBA on February 14, 2017.[108]

On June 17, 2017, in an interview with CNBC, McMahon stated in her role as administrator of SBA that she is "[l]earning how to develop business plans, how to grow, how to pitch [one's] business when [one is] trying to get investors, or to move into a different market and those are aspects of SBA that are not as well known",[109] as the main goals of the SBA are capital, counseling, contracts and disaster relief. She also stated that the goals were being challenged, as the agency faced a five percent budget cut and future restructuring. “What we have done is look inside SBA, and what I have found is there are some duplicative programs that we are going to be merging.”[109]

Later in 2017, she visited 68 cities to hear from small business owners and to support the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 backed by President Trump.[110] On McMahon's first anniversary as head of the SBA, on January 29, 2018, The Washington Post said the SBA's progress under McMahon had been "so far, so good" and credited her with improving the SBA's offices' emergency call centers in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey, hiring an additional 3,000 people to work them, and revamping the administration's online presence.[111]

On March 29, 2019, McMahon announced her resignation as administrator of the SBA to chair America First Action, a pro-Trump Super PAC.[112][113][114] The resignation took effect on April 12, 2019.[115]

Campaign finance

America First Action, a pro-Trump Super PAC chaired by McMahon, helped raise $83 million for Trump's reelection campaign in 2020.[116] McMahon also serves as chair of the board for America First Policy Institute, along with Vice Chair Larry Kudlow, former director of the National Economic Council under Trump and Fox Business host.[117]

Electoral history

Primary
Republican United States Senatorial primary election in Connecticut, 2010[118]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Linda E. McMahon 60,479 49
Republican Rob Simmons* 34,011 28
Republican Peter Schiff** 27,831 23
Total votes 122,321 100
United States Senate election in Connecticut, 2010[119]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Richard Blumenthal 636,040 55 -11
Republican Linda E. McMahon 498,341 43 +11
Independent Warren B. Mosler 11,275 1 N/A
Independent Dr. John Mertens 6,735 <1 N/A
Write-In Write-in candidates (8) 724 0 N/A
Majority 137,755 12
Total votes 1,153,115 100
Democratic hold

Note: Blumenthal also appeared on the line of the Connecticut Working Families Party and received 30,836 votes on it. His Working Families and Democratic votes have been aggregated together on this table.

Republican United States Senatorial primary election in Connecticut, 2012
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Linda E. McMahon 83,413 73
Republican Chris Shays 31,305 27
Total votes 114,718 100
United States Senate election in Connecticut, 2012
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Chris Murphy 785,075 55
Republican Linda E. McMahon 615,273 43
Libertarian Paul Passarelli 24,658 2
Majority 169,802 12
Turnout 1,425,039 100%
Democratic hold

Note: Murphy also appeared on the line of the Connecticut Working Families Party and received 37,553 votes on it. His Working Families and Democratic votes have been aggregated together on this table.

References

  1. 1 2 Jonathan V. Last (July 19, 2010). "WrestleMania in Connecticut". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  2. ↑ Dempsey, Bobbi (October 11, 2008). "Wrestling the Details". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  3. 1 2 Drucker, Joel. ""Let the Critics Snipe; Pro Wrestling Honcho Vince McMahon Will Tell You, "We're About What People Want"". Cigar Aficionado. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  4. ↑ Alter, Charlotte, ""Linda McMahon on building the WWE step-by-step", Time, October 1, 2014; accessed December 8, 2016.
  5. ↑ Drake, Bruce. "What Is Linda McMahon's Religion?". Politicsdaily.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 Morath, Eric (March 27, 2007). "Q and A with Linda McMahon: The woman behind WWE". The Detroit News. Retrieved June 15, 2009 – via NewsBank.
  7. ↑ Maker, Elizabeth (March 2, 2008). "The Softer Side of Wrestling's Showman Extraordinaire". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  8. ↑ "Former wrestling exec, New Bern native Linda McMahon sworn in to lead SBA". witn.com. Associated Press. February 14, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  9. ↑ Assael, Shaun; Mooneyham, Mike (February 24, 2004). Sex, Lies, and Headlocks. Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780307758132.
  10. ↑ Brady, Diane. (January 23, 2000) "Blood, Sweat, and a Lady named Linda". Bloomberg.
  11. ↑ "Mid-South Wrestling's Profile on Vince McMahon". Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Linda McMahon, University Alumni Profile". East Carolina University. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  13. ↑ "Wrestler Profiles – Vince McMahon". Obsessed with Wrestling. April 1, 2007. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
  14. ↑ "Linda E. McMahon CEO, World Wrestling Entertainment" Archived November 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, New York Stock Exchange profile, April 2004; retrieved August 23, 2011.
  15. ↑ "He started from the bottom, and he doesn't believe in excuses". Business Insider.
  16. ↑ "Food stamps history has McMahon at odds with GOP". October 3, 2012.
  17. ↑ "Vince McMahon and Evel Knievel – The Carny and the Conman". May 8, 2020.
  18. ↑ Lockhart, Brian. "McMahons' bankruptcy a murky chapter in her rags-to-riches tale". ctpost.com. Connecticut Post. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Mean-Spirited Fiction, That's A Fact". Articles.courant.com. February 12, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  20. ↑ "Linda McMahon, From Co-founder Of The WWE To U.S. Senate Candidate". Linda2010.com. February 22, 2010. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  21. ↑ "Who is Linda McMahon?". VOA News. December 7, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  22. ↑ Edgecliffe-Johnson, Andrew. (September 11, 1999) "Pro wrestling goes public with share offering: $1-billion market value". National Post (Canada). Financial Post, pg D11.
  23. ↑ "Linda McMahon and the Difference Between Wrestling and Politics". The Atlantic. October 29, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  24. ↑ "Governance Board". WWE. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2007.
  25. ↑ "Linda McMahon Senate: WWE's McMahon could make history in U.S. Senate". Orlando Sentinel. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 3, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  26. ↑ Henig, Samantha (January 7, 2009). "News Desk: Dept. of Merchandising: Linda McMahon Needs to Bring It". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  27. 1 2 McAdams, Deborah. "Queen of the Ring", Broadcasting and Cable, Vol. 131 Issue 2. pg. 20. Printed January 8, 2001; retrieved January 29, 2010.
  28. ↑ "WWE's Linda McMahon Resigns to Run for U.S. Senate". corporate.wwe.com. Stamford, Connecticut: WWE. September 16, 2009. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  29. ↑ Cillizza, Chris (July 26, 2010). "The Fix: For rich candidates who invest in themselves, no reliable returns". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019.
  30. ↑ Lockhart, Brian; Vigdor, Neil (November 3, 2010). "Blumenthal scores a knockout". GreenwichTime. Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  31. ↑ "Who is the real WWE owner?". sportskeeda.com. June 28, 2019.
  32. ↑ Sex, Lies, and Headlocks. pg. 125.
  33. ↑ "McMahon warned steroid doctor of investigation". Theday.com. October 25, 2009. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  34. ↑ "Memo: McMahon tipped steroid doctor – Glenn Thrush". Politico. April 9, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  35. ↑ "Simmons goes after McMahon over allegations from 1989 steroids probe". The Connecticut Mirror. April 13, 2010. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  36. ↑ "Blumenthal, McMahon trade charges in second debate". Ctpost.com. October 7, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  37. ↑ Lockhart, Brian (March 1, 2010). "WWE steroid investigation: A controversy McMahon 'doesn't need'". Greenwich Time. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
  38. ↑ AEGIS SCIENCES CORPORATION (March 31, 2008). "World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. Talent Wellness Program" (PDF). oversight.house.gov. United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  39. ↑ Mann, Ted (December 13, 2007). "The Day - Deposition details McMahon steroid testimony". The Day. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  40. ↑ CBS Face the State – Connecticut News (January 2, 2010) televised interview with Linda McMahon.
  41. ↑ "streamx.us – de beste bron van informatie over stream x. Deze website is te koop!". Events.streamx.us. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  42. ↑ "WWE News and Pro Wrestling Coverage Since 1987". PWTorch. December 10, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  43. ↑ "Wrestling as sport loses in 96-0 vote", Toledo Blade via Google News, June 13, 1990, p. 9 of 48.
  44. ↑ "Injury-Prone Wrestlers Deserve Protection – Letter". The New York Times. New Jersey. March 20, 1989. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  45. ↑ Kerr, Peter (February 10, 1989). "Now It Can Be Told – Those Pro Wrestlers Are Just Having Fun". The New York Times. New Jersey. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  46. ↑ Trillin, Calvin, "Too much candor causes society to decay", Star-News (Wilmington, NC) via Google News, February 27, 1989, p. 5 of 16.
  47. ↑ Rowland, Bob (July 2, 1994). "Budget? First we do ferrets, Pink Floyd". The San Diego Union-Tribune – via NewsBank.
  48. ↑ Van Vliet, Jim, "Battle royal of wrestling licensing", The Modesto Bee, February 2, 1988, pp. 27-28 of 31.
  49. ↑ "Welcome to ActivePaper". Digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  50. ↑ "History of Texas Combative Sports Statutes". License.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  51. ↑ McCoy, Kevin (March 3, 2000). "Drugs choke the wrestling world Accidents & lack of rules make ring life a danger". New York Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  52. ↑ Hernandez, Raymond; Brustein, Joshua (July 15, 2010). "A Senate Run Brings Professional Wrestling Into the Spotlight". The New York Times.
  53. ↑ Hernandez, Raymond; Brustein, Joshua (July 15, 2010). "A Senate Run Brings Professional Wrestling Into the Spotlight". The New York Times.
  54. ↑ "McMahon's company got millions in state tax credits weeks before she entered Senate race". Journal Inquirer. October 29, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  55. ↑ "WWE spent $1M on 'educating' politicians in past decade". Ctpost.com. April 8, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  56. ↑ Gershon, Eric (October 1, 2010). "WWE Defends Accepting State Film Tax Credits". Articles.courant.com. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  57. 1 2 Cavuto, Neil, (host). (October 19, 1999) Cavuto Business Report. Fox News Network; retrieved February 7, 2010.
  58. ↑ Alexander, Dan. "Why Is WWE Listed As The Trump Foundation's Biggest Donor?". Forbes. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  59. 1 2 Cohen, Rick. "@npquarterly | The Cohen Report | Linda McMahon's Nonprofit Non-Credentials". The Nonprofit Quarterly. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
  60. ↑ "WWE Corporate – American Library Association Poster a Bestseller". Corporate.wwe.com. September 25, 2000. Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
  61. 1 2 "Official testimony" (PDF). Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  62. ↑ "Smackdown Your Vote! Announces New Members, WWF Superstar Kurt Angle Named Honorary Chairman". Business Wire. January 19, 2001. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
  63. ↑ "Minnesota Public Service Announcements". Minnesota Office of the Secretary of State. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  64. ↑ "World Wrestling Entertainment and Votenet Solutions Provide Access to Absentee Ballots Online". Business Wire. September 21, 2004. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
  65. ↑ "WWE Corporate – SmackDown! Your Vote! outlines 2001 campaign; receives proclamation from Minnesota legislator Youth Vote Coalition Gets WWE Grant To Coordinate Field Efforts". Corporate.wwe.com. June 4, 2001. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  66. ↑ "Smackdown Your Vote Registers More than 20,000 Voters; Debuts Public Service Announcements". Business Wire. January 19, 2001. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
  67. ↑ "World Wrestling Entertainment web page". Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
  68. ↑ "Linda's Story". Linda2010.com. October 4, 1948. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  69. 1 2 "State Board of Education Members". Connecticut State Board of Education. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  70. 1 2 3 4 "Biography for Linda McMahon". WWE. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  71. 1 2 Medalis, Kara A. (May 18, 2007). "Linda McMahon urges Girl Scouts to stay involved". Retrieved May 19, 2007.
  72. ↑ "Chat with U.S. Senate candidate Linda McMahon | News from southeastern Connecticut". The Day. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  73. ↑ "Student Commons - Sacred Heart University Connecticut". Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
  74. ↑ "Linda E. McMahon Commons Dedication". April 12, 2012.
  75. ↑ Looney, Martin M.; Janowski, Claire L. (February 28, 2009). "Connecticut Senate Resolution S.J. No. 31". CT General Assembly. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
  76. ↑ Stuart, Christine (February 25, 2009). "House Approves WWE Executive". CT News Junkie. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
  77. ↑ "WWE Chief exec. on State Board of Ed". WTNH. February 25, 2009. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
  78. ↑ Reedir, Prewf. "Capitol Watch Blog – Connecticut Politics, Political News and Legislation". Blogs.courant.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  79. ↑ Ramos, Dante (August 15, 2010). "Linda McMahon". The Boston Globe.
  80. ↑ "Top Senate Fund-Raisers". The New York Times. July 21, 2012.
  81. ↑ "Linda McMahon on Abortion". ontheissues.org. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  82. ↑ "The Voter's Self Defense System". Vote Smart. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  83. ↑ Altman, Alex (October 15, 2010). "2010: Races to Watch". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  84. ↑ Davis, Susan (July 28, 2010). "Washington Wire Q&A: Rob Simmons". The Wall Street Journal (blog). Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  85. ↑ "Connecticut Senate - McMahon vs. Blumenthal". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  86. ↑ Linkins, Jason (November 9, 2010). "Linda McMahon vs. Joe Lieberman? Losing Candidate Hints At Future Run". HuffPost.
  87. ↑ Walshe, Shushannah (December 8, 2010). "Linda McMahon: The GOP Campaign That Won't Die". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  88. ↑ "McMahon: Rematch an 'Option'". WestportNow.com. January 27, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  89. ↑ Waselik, Richard. "2012 already? CT Tea Party Patriots straw poll for Senate race puts Linda McMahon on top – Capitol Watch". Blogs.courant.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  90. ↑ "McMahon Enters Conn. Senate Race", NPR; retrieved September 20, 2011.
  91. ↑ "McMahon wins Connecticut Senate GOP primary". FOX 5 New York. Archived from the original on August 16, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  92. ↑ "McMahon, Murphy Win Primaries for Conn. Senate Seat". NBC. August 14, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  93. ↑ Grynbaum, Michael M. (August 14, 2012). "An Ex-Wrestling Executive Wins a G.O.P. Primary". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  94. ↑ "Democrat Murphy beats GOP's McMahon in Connecticut Senate race". Los Angeles Times. November 6, 2012.
  95. ↑ Peterson, Kristina (November 6, 2012). "Democrat Chris Murphy Wins Connecticut Senate Seat". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020.
  96. ↑ Parti, Tarini; Burns, Alexander (May 22, 2014). "Linda McMahon ready to rumble as mega-donor". Politico. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  97. ↑ Confessore, Nicholas and Jonathan Martin, "G.O.P. Race Starts in Lavish Haunts of Rich Donors", The New York Times, February 28, 2015; retrieved March 2, 2015.
  98. ↑ Helderman, Rosalind S.; Fahrenthold, David A. (April 10, 2016). "Missing from Trump's list of charitable giving: His own personal cash". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  99. ↑ Individual Contributions Arranged By Type, Giver, Then Recipient, Federal Election Commission. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  100. ↑ "Linda McMahon Stays Mum on Presidential Race but Remains Active Behind the Scene". Courant.com. February 22, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  101. ↑ Pramuk, Jacob (December 7, 2016). "Trump picks wrestling magnate Linda McMahon to lead Small Business Administration". MSNBC.
  102. ↑ Simon, Ruth, and Ted Mann, "Linda McMahon Backed Revamp of SBA, Which She Has Been Picked to Lead (subscription)", Wall Street Journal, December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  103. ↑ Vigdor, Neil, "Like Trump, McMahon draws scrutiny over potential conflicts", Connecticut Post, December 25, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  104. ↑ Mike O'Donnell; Richard Eidlin (December 19, 2016). "How Linda McMahon can revitalize small business in America". The Hill. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  105. ↑ John Eggerton (January 19, 2017). "McMahon to Get Hearing Jan. 24". NextTV. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  106. ↑ "Schedule for Confirmation Hearings in US Senate". Voice of America. January 9, 2017. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017.
  107. ↑ Jagoda, Naomi (January 31, 2017). "Senate panel approves McMahon to lead Small Business Administration". The Hill. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
  108. 1 2 "Senate confirmation vote PN48". February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  109. 1 2 "How the SBA's Linda McMahon intends to grow small businesses in the face of budget cuts". cnbc.com. June 17, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  110. ↑ Knauss, Tim (November 6, 2017). "U.S. small biz boss Linda McMahon gets an earful from Syracuse business owners". syracuse.com. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  111. ↑ Gene Marks (January 29, 2018). "On her first anniversary, the SBA's Linda McMahon reflects on accomplishments, changes". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  112. ↑ Byrnes, Jesse (March 29, 2019). "Trump says Linda McMahon will step down as Small Business administrator". The Hill. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  113. ↑ "Trump speaks with reporters about SBA Administrator Linda McMahon's plan to resign". CBS News. March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  114. ↑ Andrew Restuccia; Eliana Johnson; Alex Isenstadt; Daniel Lippman (March 29, 2019). "Linda McMahon to leave Cabinet for Trump 2020 PAC". Politico. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  115. ↑ John Wagner; Josh Dawsey (March 29, 2019). "Linda McMahon to resign as head of Small Business Administration". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  116. ↑ Ana Radelat; Kasturi Pananjady (October 9, 2020). "Linda McMahon is raising millions with her pro-Trump super PAC, but little from CT". The Connecticut Mirror. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  117. ↑ Domenico Montanaro (June 2, 2021). "Where Are They Now? Flynn, Other Trump Alums Keep MAGA Hopes Alive". NPR. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  118. ↑ "Election Results for United States Senator" (PDF). Office of the Connecticut Secretary of the State. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 26, 2010. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  119. ↑ "Statement of Vote: Election Results for United States Senator Summarized by Town". The State of Connecticut Secretary of the State. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010.

Further reading

  • Assael, Shaun; Mooneyham, Mike (2004). Sex, Lies, and Headlocks: The Real Story of Vince McMahon and World Wrestling Entertainment. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-5143-6.
  • Kaelberer, Angie (2003). The McMahons: Vince McMahon and Family. Capstone High Interest Books. ISBN 0-7368-2143-0.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linda McMahon.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Linda McMahon.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.