World map of linguistic diversity index (linearly proportional to the shading intensity). Data is from the 18th edition of Ethnologue: Languages of the World.

Linguistic diversity index (LDI) may refer to either Greenberg's (language) Diversity Index[1] or the related Index of Linguistic Diversity (ILD) from Terralingua, which measures changes in the underlying LDI over time.[2]

Greenberg's Diversity Index (LDI) is the probability that two people selected from the population at random will have different mother tongues; it therefore ranges from 0 (everyone has the same mother tongue) to 1 (no two people have the same mother tongue).[3] The ILD measures how the LDI has changed over time; a global ILD of 0.8 indicates a 20% loss of diversity since 1970, but ratios above 1 are possible, and have appeared in regional indexes.[4]

The computation of the diversity index is based on the population of each language as a proportion of the total population. The index cannot fully account for the vitality of languages. Also, the distinction between a language and a dialect is fluid and often political. A great number of languages are considered to be dialects of another language by some experts and separate languages by others. The index does not consider how different the languages are from each other, nor does it account for second language usage; it considers only the total number of distinct languages, and their relative frequency as mother tongues.[5]

Rankings by country

SIL International (2017)[6] UNESCO (2009)[7]
Rank Country / region LDI
1 Papua New Guinea0.988
2 Cameroon0.974
3 Vanuatu0.973
4 Solomon Islands0.968
5 Central African Republic0.959
6 Democratic Republic of the Congo0.948
7 Benin0.933
8 Chad0.933
9 South Sudan0.929
10 Uganda0.929
11 Kenya0.927
12 Mozambique0.926
13 Liberia0.917
14 India0.914
15 Togo0.905
16 Ivory Coast0.900
17 Nigeria0.890
18 Mali0.873
19 South Africa0.871
20 Tanzania0.871
21 Ethiopia0.862
22 Guinea-Bissau0.859
23 Ghana0.858
24 Gabon0.846
25 Philippines0.842
26 Sierra Leone0.841
27 Zambia0.830
28 Bhutan0.827
29 Qatar0.825
30 Republic of the Congo0.821
31 East Timor0.819
32 Indonesia0.816
33 Sint Maarten0.816
34 Afghanistan0.790
35 Madagascar0.789
36 Namibia0.779
37 Senegal0.778
38 The Gambia0.776
39 Iraq0.761
40 Singapore0.761
41   Nepal0.755
42 Pakistan0.752
43 Thailand0.752
44 Micronesia0.751
45 New Caledonia0.750
46 Angola0.748
47 Guinea0.748
48 Guam0.736
49 Malaysia0.735
50 Belize0.721
51 Burkina Faso0.721
52 Israel0.719
53 Northern Mariana Islands0.719
54 Suriname0.709
55 Caribbean Netherlands0.707
56 United Arab Emirates0.707
57 Belgium0.700
58 Oman0.698
59 Laos0.697
60 Bosnia and Herzegovina0.694
61 Malawi0.692
62 Saint Martin0.689
63  Switzerland0.683
64 Tokelau0.679
65 Eritrea0.672
66 Andorra0.671
67 Bahrain0.658
68 Monaco0.652
69 Iran0.638
70 Fiji0.632
71 São Tomé and Príncipe0.630
72 Luxembourg0.622
73 Kuwait0.605
74 Canada0.603
75 Trinidad and Tobago0.599
76 Zimbabwe0.597
77 Yemen0.581
78 Niger0.571
79 Brunei0.570
80 Bolivia0.565
81 Comoros0.551
82 Georgia0.550
83 United States Virgin Islands0.550
84 French Guiana0.549
85 Wallis and Futuna0.548
86 Libya0.538
87 Latvia0.526
88 Myanmar0.522
89 China0.521
90 Guatemala0.518
91 Antigua and Barbuda0.515
92 Guyana0.514
93 Kazakhstan0.514
94 Egypt0.512
95 Gibraltar0.511
96 The Bahamas0.509
97 Djibouti0.504
98 Albania0.503
99 Barbados0.500
100 British Virgin Islands0.500
101 Jordan0.498
102 North Macedonia0.495
103 Taiwan0.489
104 Ukraine0.489
105 Nauru0.487
106 Cayman Islands0.475
107 Estonia0.473
108 Palau0.470
109 Uzbekistan0.466
110 French Polynesia0.463
111 Morocco0.461
112 Italy0.460
113 Kyrgyzstan0.459
114 Marshall Islands0.457
115 Turkmenistan0.457
116 Réunion0.452
117 Sri Lanka0.446
118 Cyprus0.444
119 Mayotte0.438
120 Aruba0.429
121 Saudi Arabia0.427
122 Belarus0.411
123 Netherlands0.405
124 Lithuania0.404
125 Botswana0.397
126 Moldova0.389
127 Syria0.363
128 Algeria0.360
129 Somalia0.350
130 Turkey0.345
131 Peru0.339
132 Germany0.336
133 United States0.333
134 Norfolk Island0.325
135 Bangladesh0.318
136 Dominica0.313
137 Sudan0.307
138 Palestine0.303
139 New Zealand0.291
140 Panama0.287
141 Curaçao0.285
142 Equatorial Guinea0.284
143 Russia0.283
144 Spain0.276
145 Tajikistan0.276
146 Australia0.274
147 Vietnam0.267
148 Malta0.255
149 Macau0.253
150 France0.252
151 Slovakia0.247
152 Montenegro0.244
153 Saint Barthélemy0.244
154 Austria0.234
155 Cook Islands0.232
156 Mauritania0.228
157 Bulgaria0.226
158 Sweden0.226
159 Serbia0.224
160 Mauritius0.216
161 Paraguay0.215
162 American Samoa0.210
163 Swaziland0.209
164 Hong Kong0.205
165 Azerbaijan0.202
166 Lebanon0.198
167 Greenland0.196
168 Niue0.192
169 Ecuador0.182
170 Mongolia0.179
171 Samoa0.174
172 Finland0.172
173 Slovenia0.167
174 Argentina0.165
175 United Kingdom0.154
176 Romania0.153
177 Turks and Caicos Islands0.146
178 Anguilla0.141
179 Jersey0.136
180 Greece0.123
181 Tunisia0.122
182 Ireland0.118
183 Seychelles0.116
184 Uruguay0.111
185 Saint Pierre and Miquelon0.110
186 Mexico0.106
187 Croatia0.102
188 Cambodia0.101
189 Brazil0.099
190 Liechtenstein0.092
191 Lesotho0.091
192 Denmark0.089
193 Rwanda0.089
194 Guadeloupe0.083
195 Bermuda0.076
196 Czech Republic0.072
197 Norway0.067
198 Portugal0.066
199 Grenada0.064
200 Puerto Rico0.060
201 Armenia0.053
202 Nicaragua0.052
203 Montserrat0.050
204 Poland0.050
205 Martinique0.043
206 Dominican Republic0.040
207 Venezuela0.040
208 Honduras0.039
209 Chile0.036
210 Costa Rica0.036
211 Japan0.035
212 Hungary0.033
213 Tonga0.029
214 Saint Lucia0.020
215 Tuvalu0.020
216 Colombia0.019
217 Kiribati0.019
218 Jamaica0.017
219 Saint Kitts and Nevis0.012
220 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines0.010
221 South Korea0.010
222 Burundi0.007
223 Guernsey0.007
224 Iceland0.007
225 El Salvador0.003
226 Cuba0.001
227 Haiti0.000
228 Isle of Man0.000
229 San Marino0.000
230 Vatican City0.000
231 British Indian Ocean Territory0.000
232 North Korea0.000
Rank Country / region LDI
1 Papua New Guinea.990
2 Vanuatu.972
3 Solomon Islands.965
4 Tanzania.965
5 Central African Republic.960
6 Chad.950
7 Democratic Republic of the Congo.948
8 Cameroon.942
9 India.930
10 Mozambique.929
11 Uganda.928
12 Gabon.919
13 Côte d'Ivoire.917
14 Liberia.912
15 Angola.901
16 Kenya.901
17 Togo.897
18 Timor-Leste.897
19 Mali.876
20 Nigeria.870
21 South Africa.869
22 Zambia.855
23 Guinea-Bissau.853
24 Philippines.849
25 Bhutan.846
26 Indonesia.846
27 Ethiopia.843
28 Republic of the Congo.820
29 Sierra Leone.817
30 Namibia.808
31 Ghana.805
32 Iran.797
33 Micronesia.792
34 Suriname.788
35 Benin.785
36 United Arab Emirates.777
37 Burkina Faso.773
38 Senegal.772
39 Pakistan.762
40 Malaysia.758
41 Thailand.753
42 Eritrea.749
43 Gambia.748
44 Guinea.748
45 Singapore.748
46   Nepal.742
47 Belgium.734
48 Afghanistan.732
49 Kazakhstan.701
50 Trinidad and Tobago.696
51 Belize.693
52 Oman.693
53 Guatemala.691
54 Bolivia.680
55 Laos.678
56 Kyrgyzstan.670
57 Jordan.666
58 Israel.665
59 Bahrain.663
60 Norway.657
61 Madagascar.656
62 Niger.646
63 Mauritius.641
64 Saudi Arabia.609
65 Qatar.608
66 Fiji.607
67 Nauru.596
68 Latvia.595
69 Italy.593
70 Djibouti.592
71 Moldova.589
72 Sudan.587
73 Yemen.579
74 Georgia.576
75 Andorra.574
76 North Macedonia.566
77 Kuwait.556
78 Comoros.551
79 Canada.549
80  Switzerland.547
81 Cayman Islands.547
82 Austria.540
83 Zimbabwe.526
84 Monaco.521
85 Myanmar.521
86 Malawi.519
87 Egypt.509
88 Syria.503
89 Luxembourg.498
90 Gibraltar.498
91 San Marino.494
92 Ukraine.492
93 China.491
94 Iraq.484
95 Tajikistan.482
96 Estonia.476
97 Morocco.466
98 Brunei.456
99 Equatorial Guinea.453
100 Botswana.444
101 Spain.438
102 Uzbekistan.428
103 Bosnia and Herzegovina.416
104 Belarus.397
105 Netherlands.389
106 Sao Tome and Principe.389
107 Aruba.387
108 Bahamas.386
109 Turkmenistan.386
110 Cook Islands.379
111 Peru.376
112 Azerbaijan.373
113 Cyprus.366
114 Libya.362
115 Serbia.359
116 United States.353
117 Paraguay.347
118 Lithuania.339
119 Bangladesh.332
120 Mongolia.331
121 Panama.324
122 Dominica.313
123 Algeria.313
124 Sri Lanka.313
125 Slovakia.307
126 Turkey.289
127 Russia.283
128 France[note 1].272
129 Netherlands Antilles.266
130 Ecuador.264
131 Lesotho.260
132 Albania.257
133 Vietnam.234
134 Swaziland.228
135 Bulgaria.224
136 Ireland.223
137 Argentina.213
138 Palestine.208
139 Germany.189
140 Somalia.179
141 Greece.175
142 Slovenia.174
143 Armenia.174
144 Mauritania.172
145 Romania.168
146 Sweden.167
147 British Virgin Islands.167
148 Lebanon.161
149 Hungary.158
150 Cambodia.157
151 Turks and Caicos Islands.145
152 Anguilla.140
153 Finland.140
154 Tuvalu.139
155 United Kingdom.139
156 Mexico.135
157 Liechtenstein.128
158 Australia.126
159 New Zealand.102
160 Uruguay.092
161 Barbados.091
162 Croatia.087
163 Nicaragua.081
164 Guyana.078
165 Palau.077
166 Niue.071
167 Cape Verde.070
168 Czech Republic.069
169 Seychelles.067
170 Grenada.064
171 Poland.060
172 Antigua and Barbuda.057
173 Honduras.056
174 Tokelau.054
175 Dominican Republic.053
176 Denmark.051
177 Costa Rica.050
178 Chile.034
179 Kiribati.033
180 Brazil.032
181 Colombia.030
182 Japan.028
183 Marshall Islands.027
184 Montserrat.026
185 Venezuela.026
186 Portugal.022
187 Saint Lucia.020
188 Iceland.019
189 Malta.016
190 Tonga.014
191 Tunisia.012
192 Jamaica.011
193 Saint Kitts and Nevis.010
194 Maldives.010
195 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.009
196 El Salvador.004
197 Burundi.004
198 Rwanda.004
199 South Korea.003
200 Samoa.002
201 Cuba.001
202 Haiti.000
203 Saint HelenaNone
204 Vatican CityNone
205 MontenegroNone
206 BermudaNone
207 Hong KongNone
208 MacauNone
209 North KoreaNone

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. Including New Caledonia, a French Overseas Territory with a high level of Linguistic Diversity Index

References

  1. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1956). "The Measurement of Linguistic Diversity". Language. 32 (1): 109–115. doi:10.2307/410659. JSTOR 410659.
  2. Harmon, David; Loh, Jonathan (2010). "The Index of Linguistic Diversity: A New Quantitative Measure of Trends in the Status of the World's Languages" (PDF). Language Documentation and Conservation. nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc. 4: 97–151. hdl:10125/4474.
  3. "Summary by country". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
  4. Harmon, David; Loh, Jonathan (2010). "The Index of Linguistic Diversity: A New Quantitative Measure of Trends in the Status of the World's Languages" (PDF). Language Documentation and Conservation. nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc. 4: 106–107. hdl:10125/4474.
  5. "overview of Linguistic Diversity". terralingua.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2014-11-18.
  6. Data published in Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition. Summary by Country | Ethnologue, SIL International. Accessed on 13 October 2017.
  7. UNESCO World Report – Investing in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue
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