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| Circassians Адыгэхэр |
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| Circassian tribes |
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Religion in Circassia |
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| Culture |
This is an incomplete list of world-famous or notable Circassians, including both full Circassians and people of at least 50% Circassian descent. Figures who belong in two categories (i.e. a military officer who is also a politician) have only been placed in one of the categories. In previous usage, the term Circassian also included the Abkhazians.
Cultural
(* = Circassian descent only on paternal side)
(** = Circassian descent only on maternal side)
Cultural figures
- Tevfik Esenç[1] – Last known fully competent speaker of the Ubykh language.
Historians and writers
- Hayriye-Melech Xhundj[2][3] – One of the first woman Circassian writers
- Nâzım Hikmet**[4][5] – Poet, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, director and memoirist.[6]
- Amirkhan Kamizovich Shomakhov – lyrics, prose, and play writer, primarily known as one of the founders of the Kabardian children's literature[7]
- Ahmed Shawqi[8][9] – Egyptian poet-Laureate
- Kuba Shaaban[10] – writer, poet, musician and historian.
- Betal Khabekhirov – Folk writer
- Hasan Cemal**[11][12][13][14] – Turkish journalist, historian and writer
- Nadine Jolie Courtney[15][16] – American journalist and author of Beauty Confidential and All-American Muslim Girl
- Mohydeen Izzat Quandour – Writer, intellectual, film producer and director, and musician
- Amjad Jaimoukha[17] – One of the most influential Circassian writers and publicists
Military officers
Ancient
- Hekataios of Sindike – king of the Sindians[18] throughout the reign of both Satyros I and Leukon I, rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom.[19]
- Oktamasades of Sindike – king of the Sindians. He usurped the throne from his father[20] some time in 383 BC after his failed war against Oktamasades's mother, Tirgatao.
1st–17th century
Kings of Circassia
- Inal the Great – Supreme Prince (King) of Circassia from 1427 to 1453 who unified all Circassians (then divided into several princedoms) into one state.[21][22]
Kings of Kabardia
- Idar of Kabardia – Supreme Prince of Kabardia. He was the son of Prince Inarmaz, and the grandson of Prince Tabula.[23] Prince Inarmaz himself was the eldest of the three grandsons of Prince Inal.[24] His rule spanned over the period of 1525 to 1540.[25]
- Temryuk of Kabardia – Supreme Prince of Kabardia. When Temryuk came to power, he put down the revolts of the disputing princes, and helped Circassia become a military power within the North Caucasus.[26]
- Kurgoqo Atajuq – Supreme Prince of Kabardia who won the Battle of Kanzhal.[27][28]
- Jankhot Qushuq – Last Supreme Prince of Kabardia.[29][30][31][32]
Safavid people
- Yusuf Agha – Safavid gholam and courtier who wielded great influence and power during the reign of king Abbas I.
- Qazaq Khan Cherkes – Safavid military commander who also served as the governor of Shirvan (1624–1633) and Astarabad (1639–1640)
- Farhad Beg Cherkes – Safavid military commander
- Behbud Khan Cherkes – Safavid military commander
- Fereydun Khan Cherkes – Safavid military commander who served as the governor of Astarabad
- Najafqoli Khan Cherkes – Safavid military commander who served as the governor of Shirvan and Erivan
18th–19th century
Russo-Circassian War participants
- Shuwpagwe Qalawebateqo – politician and military commander who served as the 1st leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1807 to 1827.[33][34]
- Ismail Berzeg – military commander and politician who served as the 2nd leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1827 to 1839. He was also the princely leader of the Ubykh tribe.[35][36]
- Seferbiy Zaneqo – military commander and diplomat who served as the 5th leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1859 to 1860.[37][38]
- Qerandiqo Berzeg – military commander who served as the 6th and last leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1860 to 1864. After the Circassian genocide, he was exiled to the Ottoman Empire, volunteered in the Ottoman army against Russia, and died there of old age.[39][40]
- Kizbech Tughuzhuqo – military commander who took part in the Russo-Circassian War. Personally witnessing all of his family get killed by the Russian army,[41] he received multiple offers from the Russian Empire to switch sides and join its Imperial ranks but he refused all offers and closed negotiations.[42]
- Jembulat Boletoqo – military commander, politician, nobleman and leader of the Temirgoy region.[43][44][45][46] He was famous for his courage and tough will.[47][48] He had great influence among all Circassians, including the Abadzekhs, with whom he was associated with.
- Qerzech Shirikhuqo – military commander and the leader of the Natukhaj region.[49]
- Psheqo Akhedjaqo – politician, military commander and nobleman.[50]
- Ale Khirtsizhiqo – military commander from the Abdzakh region.[51][52][53][54][55]
20th–21st century
Ottoman military officers
- Çerkes Ethem – guerilla leader, social bandit, efe and soldier. Nicknamed the "Rankless General" by his supporters and crowned as the "National Hero" by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,[56] he initially gained fame for establishing the Kuva-yi Seyyare and putting down multiple great-scale rebellions and gaining key major victories against the Greek armies invading Anatolia during the Turkish War of Independence.[57][58][59]
- Yusuf Izzet Pasha – a general of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army.
- Suleyman Askeri Pasha – Ottoman soldier and co founder of the Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa (Special Organisation)[60]
- Yakub Cemil – Ottoman revolutionary and soldier, who assassinated Nazım Pasha during the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état.[61]
Turkish military officers
- Cemil Cahit Toydemir – Officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army.[62]
- Ismail Hakkı Berkok – General of Mountainous Republic, Turkish and Ottoman armies
Egyptian military officers
- Salah Salem – an Egyptian Military officer and member in the Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council
- Gamal Salem – an Egyptian Air Force officer and political figure
- Hussein el-Shafei – an Egyptian Military officer and member in the Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council
- Zakaria Mohieddin – an Egyptian Military officer and member in the Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council
- General officer Aziz Almasri – an Egyptian Military officer
Libyan military officers
- Umar Muhayshi – member of the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council that ruled Libya.
Syrian military officers
- Bassam Abdel Majeed[63][64] – Syrian military officer, politician and diplomat.[65]
Jordanian military officers
- Major General Ibrahim Pasha Othman Kashoqa – 1st commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force (1956–1962)
- Hero of Samu Incident Lieutenant General Ihsan Pasha Shurdom −9th commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force (1983–1993), his Hawker Hunter Jet Fighter still presented in the entrance of the Martyr's Monument in Amman, Jordan
- Major General Awni Pasha Belal −10th commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force (1993–1994)
- Major General Hussein Pasha Ahmad Shodash Shapsoug – 16th commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force (2006–2010)[66]
- Major General Mansour Pasha Hakouz Bgane – Shapsig – commander of southern region
- Major General Izzat Pasha Quandour −9th commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (1969–1970)[67]
- Lieutenant General Anwar Pasha Mohammed −12th commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (1971–1976)[67]
- Major General Mamoun Pasha Khalil Ha'opsh −14th commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (1979–1981)[67]
- Lieutenant General Mohammad Pasha Idris Dodokh −15th commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (1981–1984)[67]
- Lieutenant General Thyab Pasha Yousef −16th commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (1984–1985)[67]
- General officer Tahseen Pasha Shordum −22nd commander of the Jordanian public security directorate (2002–2004)[67]
- General officer Tareq Pasha Ala'Eddin Bersik −7th commander of the Jordanian General Intelligence Department.
Athletes
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Football and basketball
- Altay Bayındır – footballer
- Emre Belözoğlu – football player and manager
- Şamil Çinaz – footballer
- Can Bartu – Former professional basketball and football player and pundit
- Ayetullah Bey[68] – footballer, founder and second president of the major Turkish multi–sport club Fenerbahçe SK
- Süleyman Seba[69] – Ex–President of Beşiktaş J.K.
- Oğuz Çetin[70][71] – football player and manager
- Mesut Bakkal[72] – football player and manager
- Feras Esmaeel – footballer
- Yanal Abaza – footballer
- Tamer Haj Mohamad – footballer
- Bibras Natcho – footballer
- Izhak Nash – footballer
- Nili Natkho – basketball player
Martial arts
- Aslanbek Khushtov – wrestler, 2008 Summer Olympics winner.
- Yaşar Doğu – 1948 London Olympics middleweight wrestling champion
- Bilyal Makhov – Mixed Martial Artist and 2012 Olympic Bronze medalist in freestyle wrestling
- Beslan Mudranov – Judo, 2016 Olympics gold medalist
Theologians and philosophers
Islamic clergy
- Caner Dagli[73] – Islamic scholar and associate professor of Religious Studies at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts.[74][75]
- Jawdat Said[76][77] – Islamic scholar and nonviolence advocate.
- Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari – Islamic scholar and the adjunct to the last Shaykh al-Islam of the Ottoman Empire.
Christian clergy
- Carlo de' Medici** – Italian priest, senior clergyman and collector, a member of the powerful Medici family
Philosophers
- Jabagh Qazanoqo[78][79] – philosopher, poet, military strategist, and diplomat who gained fame for reforming the Circassian justice system based on the Quran and Adyghe Xabze. He played a big role in the Battle of Kanzhal.[80][81]
Politicians
Jordanian politicians
- Sa`id al-Mufti[82][83] – Jordanian independent politician, serving in several governments as interior minister (1944–1945, 1948–1950, 1951–1953 and 1957).[84] He was Minister of Finance in 1945.[85] He served as the President of the Senate of Jordan from December 1956 to July 1963 and from November 1965 to November 1974.[86]
- Ahmad Husni Hatuqey – general of the General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)
- Ismael Babouk – The first Mayor of Jordan's capital, Amman (1909–1911)
- Toujan al-Faisal – Human rights activist, member of Jordanian Parliament 1993–1997, first woman ever elected to the parliament
German politicians
- Cem Özdemir* – German politician, co-chairman of the German Green Party
Syrian politicians
- Ali Mamlouk – Director of general security of Syria
- Bassam Abdel Majeed – former Syrian interior minister and director of the military police[87]
Prime ministers of Libya
- Abdul Majid Kabar – Prime Minister of Libya (1957–1960)
Prime ministers of Iraq
- Tahir Yahya – prime minister of Iraq
- Hikmat Sulayman – prime minister of Iraq[88][89]
Tunisian politicians
- Rashid al-Shakir Sahib al-Taba'a – Tunisian politician[90][91]
Prime ministers of Tunisia
- Khaireddin al Tunusy – Prime Minister of Tunisia 1873–1877
Egyptian politicians
- Aziz Ali al-Misri – Egyptian chief of staff and politician
- Khaled Mohieddin – Egyptian politician
Prime ministers of Egypt
- Ali Mahir Pasha – Prime Minister of Egypt
- Mahmoud Fawzi – Prime Minister of Egypt
- Ahmad Mahir Pasha – Prime Minister of Egypt
- Riyad Pasha – Prime Minister of Egypt
Turkish politicians
- Abdüllatif Şener – Former Finance Minister in the 54th cabinet of the Turkish Government
- Ali Kemal** – journalist-politician who was killed during the Turkish War of Independence.
- Deniz Baykal – politician who was a long–time leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) in Turkey.
Presidents and prime ministers of Turkey
- Ahmet Necdet Sezer – 10th president of Turkey[92]
- Necmettin Erbakan* – politician, engineer and academic who was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1996 to 1997[93][94] as mandated by the constitution.[95][96]
Grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire
- Cenaze Hasan Pasha – Short–term Ottoman grand vizier in 1789. His epithet Cenaze (or Meyyit) means "corpse" because he was ill when appointed to the post.
- Koca Dervish Mehmed Pasha – Ottoman military officer and statesman from Circassia. He was made Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) in 1652 and promoted to Grand Vizier on 21 March 1653. He held the position until 28 October 1654.[97][98]
- Çerkes Mehmed Pasha – Served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1624 to 1625.[99]
- Salih Hulusi Pasha – was one of the last Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire, under the reign of the last Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI, between 8 March 1920 and 2 April 1920.[99]
Ottoman governors
- Abdullah Pasha – the Ottoman governor (wali) of Sidon Eyalet. During his reign, all of Palestine and the Syrian coastline came under his jurisdiction.
- Çerkes Osman Pasha – served as the wali (governor) of the Sidon and Damascus eyalets (provinces) in the early 18th century.[100][101]
- Farrukh Pasha – Ottoman governor of Nablus and Jerusalem in the early 17th century, and founder of the Farrukh dynasty, which held the governorship of Nablus and other posts for much of the 17th century.[102]
Heads of the federal subjects of Russia
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Presidents of Adygea
- Aslan Dzharimov – The 1st President of the Republic of Adygea
- Hazret Sovmen – The 2nd President of the Adygea
- Aslan Tkhakushinov – The 3rd President Adygea
- Murat Kumpilov – The 4th President Adygea
Presidents of Kabardino–Balkaria
- Valery Kokov – The 1st President of Kabardino-Balkaria
- Arsen Kanokov – The 2nd President of Kabardino-Balkaria
Economists
- Ungku Abdul Aziz* – Malaysian economist and lecturer
- Zeti Akhtar Aziz* – Governor of Bank Negara Malaysia, Malaysia's Central Bank
Nobility
Royal families
- The Babouk and Qala families are two of the few Circassian aristocratic families left in Jordan that descend from the 'warq' social class in Circassia.
- Burji dynasty of Egypt.
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire with Circassian mothers
- Abdul Hamid II** – reigned as the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire – the last Sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state
- Mehmed V** – reigned as the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan
- Mehmed VI** – the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Shahs of the Safavid Empire with Circassian mothers
- Shah Abbas II ** – the seventh Shah of Safavid Persia
- Shah Suleiman I ** – the eight Shah of Safavid Persia
Other nobility
- Maria Temryukovna – Wife of the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible
- Bidar Kadın – fourth wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.[103]
- Ecaterina Cercheza second wife of Moldavian prince Vasile Lupu
- Sultana Melek Tourhan was the wife of Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt.
- Princess Sana Asem – Jordanian princess
- Dina bint 'Abdu'l-Hamid** – former Queen of Jordan as the first wife of King Hussein
- Nakihat Khanum – Safavid noble
- Anna Khanum – Safavid noble
- Bedrifelek Kadın – second wife and chief consort of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire
Artists
Film, TV, and stage
- Asuman Krause – actress, singer, model and TV presenter who was crowned Miss Turkey in 1998
- Rushdy Abaza – Egyptian actor. He was a member of the wealthy Abaza family.[104] He was considered one of the most charming actors in the Egyptian film industry. He died of brain cancer at the age of 53.[104]
- Ali İhsan Varol – TV show presenter, producer and actor
- Mert Fırat – actor and screenwriter
- Hussein Fahmy – Egyptian actor
- Mervat Amin – Egyptian actress
- Najdat Anzour – Syrian television and film director.[105][106]
- Ludmilla Tchérina – internationally famous ballet dancer, actress, artist and sculptor who is a member of a royal family.
- Mehmet Aslantuğ – actor, director, producer, and screenwriter. He has received a Golden Boll Award, a Golden Objective Award, three Golden Orange Awards, and four Golden Butterfly Awards.
- Seda Alkor – actress, beauty pageant titleholder, painter and singer[107][108]
- Mimi Chakib–an Egyptian actress who appeared in some 15 films mostly in the 1940s and 1950s
- Mehmet Oz** – American surgeon who hosts the TV program "The Dr.Oz show"
- Damla Sönmez – Theatre, cinema and TV actress[109]
- Elçin Sangu – actress known for her role in "Kiralık Aşk".
- Natalia Azoqa – Contestant on "Survivor: David vs. Goliath."
- Filiz Akın* – actress, writer and TV presenter. Known as Yeşilçam Turkish cinema's "noble, modern, urban and elegant face", Filiz Akın won a huge fan base in Turkey.[110][111][112]
- Neslihan Atagül – actress best known for her role in Kara Sevda[113] (2015–2017), one of the most successful Turkish series, sold to more than 110 countries and the only winner of the International Emmy Award in 2017.
- İrem Sak – actress and singer
- Ezel Akay – film actor, film director and film producer
- Sezgi Sena Akay[114] – actress, former professional volleyball player, presenter, and model who was crowned Best Model of the World 2012.[115]
- Deniz Akkaya – top model, presenter, fashion editor and disc jockey, entrepreneur, businesswoman, and actress who won Best Model of Turkey 1997. As the top–earning model in Turkey in the early 2000s, Deniz Akkaya is considered to be one of the most leading models in Turkish fashion history,[116] and one of the most beautiful women of the country.[117][118]
- Kanbolat Görkem Arslan – actor[119][120]
- Günseli Başar – beauty contestant and columnist who was crowned Miss Turkey 1951 and Miss Europe 1952.[121][122]
- Orhan Boran – radio/TV host and actor. He was also widely known for his laudable usage of the Turkish language.
- Begüm Birgören – actress.
- Sanem Çelik – actress, artist and dancer.
- Sadi Celil Cengiz[123] – actor.
- Meltem Cumbul – actress.
- Keriman Halis Ece – beauty pageant titleholder, pianist, and fashion model who won the Miss Turkey 1932 title. She was also crowned Miss Universe 1932 in Spa, Belgium and thus became Turkey's first Miss Universe.
Musicians and painters
- Astemir Apanasov – singer
- Yuri Temirkanov – Russian music director and chief conductor of the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic since 1988
- Zamudin Guchev – craftsman and musician
- Aslan Tlebzu – Russian folk musician
- Sati Kazanova – Russian singer
- Emanne Beasha- Jordanian/American singer
- Hadise – singer
- Zaur Tutov – singer
- Türkan Şoray – singer
- Mihail Chemiakin – Famous painter, stage designer, sculptor and publisher
- Avni Arbaş – painter
- Aydilge – writer, poet and singer–songwriter who is famous for her beauty and voice
- Nuri Bilge Ceylan – photographer, cinematographer, screenwriter and actor and film director[124]
- Leonardo da Vinci – Italian polymath, painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor and architect
See also
References
- ↑ "29 yıl önce yok olan bir dilin ve son temsilcisi Tevfik Esenç'in hikayesi: "Bir Rüya Gördüm, Anlatsam da Anlamazsınız"". Independent Türkçe (in Turkish). 18 March 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
- ↑ Akkent, Meral (2012). Strane, Susan (ed.). "Hayriye Melek Hunç". Istanbul Kadin Muzesi. Translated by Kural, Faruk. Istanbul, Turkey: Women's Museum Istanbul. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
- ↑ Toumarkine, Alexandre (2013). "14. Hayriye Melek (Hunç), a Circassian Ottoman Writer between Feminism and Nationalism". In Köksal, Duygu; Falierou, Anastasia (eds.). A Social History of Late Ottoman Women: New Perspectives. Brill Publishers. pp. 317–337. ISBN 978-90-04-25525-8.
- ↑ Gündem, Mehmet (6 October 2004). "Atatürk'ü Samsun'da koruyanlar Çerkez'di". Milliyet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ↑ Lussu, Joyce. "Nazim Hikmet". Casa della poesia. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ↑ Selected poems, Nazim Hikmet translated by Ruth Christie, Richard McKane, Talat Sait Halman, Anvil press Poetry, 2002, p.9 ISBN 0-85646-329-9
- ↑ The Great Soviet Encyclopedia / ed. Marron Waxman. – 3-rd Edition. – New York : Mac-Millan, Inc., 1970—1979;
- ↑ Goldschmidt, Arthur (2013), "Shawqi, Ahmad", Historical Dictionary of Egypt, Scarecrow Press, p. 381, ISBN 978-0-8108-8025-2,
Distinguished Arabic poet and playwright, often called Amir al-shu'ara (Prince of Poets). He came from wealthy family of mixed Turkish, Arab, Kurdish, and Greek origin that was closely connected to the khedivial family.
- ↑ Shahid, Irfan (2010), "Ahmad Shawqi (1868-1932)", in Allen, Roger M. A.; Lowry, Joseph Edmund; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.), Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1850-1950, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 305, ISBN 978-3-447-06141-4,
Shawqi was born in Cairo in 1868 to a good middle class family in whose veins ran Turkish, Kurdish, Circassian, Greek, and Arab blood.
- ↑ http://www.natpress.net/index.php?newsid=457 Via Natpress (Russian Language)
- ↑ CEMAL, Hasan (16 July 1997). "Kardeşlik ve barış..." Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ↑ CEMAL, Hasan (24 August 2007). "Kökler!". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ↑ CEMAL, Hasan (25 August 2007). "Roots!". Milliyet. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ↑ CEMAL, Hasan (7 March 2012). "Çerkeslerin acısını da anlamak zorundayız!". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ↑ "The insidious Islamophobia I experience as a white, blond Muslim – and how I combat it". NBC News. December 2019.
- ↑ Courtney, Opinion by Nadine Jolie (14 November 2019). "How I became an all-American Muslim girl". CNN. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
- ↑ Mamser, M., 2009, entry "Amjad Jaimoukha." In: The Circassian Encyclopaedia.
- ↑ Polyaenus. Strategems 6.9.1.
king of the Sindi, a people who live a little above the Bosphorus.
- ↑ Polyaenus. Strategems 6.9.1.
- ↑ Tokhtasev, S.R. Bosporus and the Sindike in the era of Leukon I.
when his own son rebelled against him.
- ↑ "PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)". cherkessia.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ↑ Абасова, Шамсият (26 December 2020). Взгляд на османские и кавказские дела. Litres. ISBN 978-5-04-225754-4. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020.
- ↑ Godet, Martine (2004). Stratégies impériales: Expansion, colonisation, intégration, conversion. Éd. de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. p. 14. ISBN 978-2-7132-2008-1.
- ↑ Society, Hakluyt (1970). Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society. The Society. p. 282.
- ↑ Jaimoukha, Amjad. A Brief History of Kabarda [from the Seventh Century AD]. p. 19.
- ↑ Demidova, N.F. "Temruk Idarovich". Hrono. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ↑ "Подборка статей к 300-летию Канжальской битвы". kabardhorse.ru. Archived from the original on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ↑ Все монархи мира. Мусульманский Восток. XV-XX вв (Все монархи мира ed.). М.: «Вече». 2004. p. 544. ISBN 5-9533-0384-X. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ↑ "Кучук Джанхотов Последний Валий Кабарды (Владимир Вороков) / Проза.ру". proza.ru. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ↑ "ПОСЛЕДНИЙ КНЯЗЬ КАБАРДЫ – КУЧУК ДЖАНХОТОВ". Адыги.RU – Новости Адыгеи, история, культура и традиции адыгов (черкесов) (in Russian). Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ↑ Atskanov, R. H. (2007). "Кабарда: историйа и фамилии" (PDF). Adyg.ru. Nalchik.
- ↑ Тетуев, Хадис (2019). "Кучук Джанхотов".
- ↑ A.Ü. Arşivi, XII.V, Çerkez tarihi liderleri
- ↑ Хункаров, Д. Урыс-Адыгэ зауэ
- ↑ В. И. Ворошилов. История убыхов: очерки по истории и этнографии Большого Сочи с древнейших времен до середины XIX в. (рус.). – Майкоп: Афиша, 2006. – ISBN 5-7992-0377-1.
- ↑ Г. И. Филипсон. Воспоминания (рус.). – М.: Кучково поле, 2019. – С. 236, 238, 316, 321. – (Военные мемуары). – ISBN 978-5-9950-0989-4.
- ↑ BOA, Hariciye Nezâreti Siyasî Kısım [HR.SYS.], 1345/94, 22 Safer 1270 [24 November 1853]
- ↑ Sadâret Divan-I Hümayun Kalemi [A.DVN.], 94/2, 25 Safer 1270 [27 November 1853]
- ↑ "Giranduko Berzeg". Muammer Dursun Erer. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020.
- ↑ "Giranduko Berzeg". Archived from the original on 31 July 2019.
- ↑ Açumıj, Hilmi (2021). "Milletin Özgürlüğü İçin Canla Başla Mücadele Ettiler!". cherkessia.net. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ↑ Bell, James Stanlious (1837). The Lion of Circassia.
- ↑ Novitskii G.V. Vospominaniya Vospitannika Pervogo Vypuska Iz Artilleriiskogo Uchilisha. Voennyi Sbornik. No 2, 1871, p. 305
- ↑ Stal' K.F. Etnograficheskii Ocherk Cherkesskogo Naroda. Kavkazskii Sbornik (Tiflis, 1900), v. 21, p. 84.
- ↑ "Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part One)". Jamestown. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ↑ "JEMBULAT BOLOTOKO: PRENSLERİN PRENSİ (PŞIXEM 'ARİPŞ*)". cherkessia.net. 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ↑ Stahl, K. F.: "had a tremendous influence on the entire Trans-Kuban region. He was famous for his courage, strong character and tough will. This was the last representative of the chivalrous generation of the former Circassian princes."
- ↑ Potto, V. A.: "With fearlessness he combined an extraordinary gift of eloquence, an astute mind, an iron will ... Whole legends circulated about him, and folk bards praised his deeds in their songs."
- ↑ Bell, 2.190
- ↑ Очерки по истории Адыгеи. Том 1. Майкоп, 1957. Под. Ред. Бушуева С. К.
- ↑ Açumıj, Hilmi (2021). "Milletin Özgürlüğü İçin Canla Başla Mücadele Ettiler!". cherkessia.net. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ↑ Peneshu, Asker. Khirtsizhiqo Ale
- ↑ Пэнэшъу, Аскэр. "Лъэпкъым ишъхьафитныгъэ псэемыблэжьэу фэбэнагъэх – Адыгэ макъ" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
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