Eight cervid species (counterclockwise from top left): the red deer (Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon), barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), gray brocket (Mazama gouazoubira), elk (Cervus canadensis), and southern pudú (Pudu puda)

Cervidae is a family of hoofed ruminant mammals in the order Artiodactyla. A member of this family is called a deer or a cervid. They are widespread throughout North and South America, Europe, and Asia, and are found in a wide variety of biomes. Cervids range in size from the 60 cm (24 in) long and 32 cm (13 in) tall pudú to the 3.4 m (11.2 ft) long and 3.4 m (11.2 ft) tall moose. Most species do not have population estimates, though the roe deer has a population size of approximately 15 million, while several are considered endangered or critically endangered with populations as low as 200. One species, Père David's deer, is extinct in the wild, and one, Schomburgk's deer, went extinct in 1938.

The fifty-five species of Cervidae are split into nineteen genera within two subfamilies: Capreolinae (New World deer) and Cervinae (Old World deer). Extinct species have also been placed into Capreolinae and Cervinae. More than one hundred extinct Cervidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (1 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (1 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (2 species)
 EN Endangered (6 species)
 VU Vulnerable (16 species)
 NT Near threatened (4 species)
 LC Least concern (16 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (9 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the cervid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

The family Cervidae consists of 55 extant species belonging to 19 genera in 2 subfamilies and divided into dozens of extant subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Additionally, one species, Schomburgk's deer, went extinct in 1938.[2] The classification is based on the molecular phylogeny.[3][4][5]

Cervidae  
Cervinae  
Muntiacini

Elaphodus

Muntiacus

Cervini

Dama

Rusa

Cervus

Elaphurus

Panolia

Rucervus

Axis

Capreolinae  
Odocoileini

Rangifer

Odocoileus

Mazama

Blastocerus

Hippocamelus

Ozotoceros

Pudu

Capreolini

Capreolus

Hydropotes

Alceini

Alces

Cervids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.[3][4][5] This includes merging the two moose species of Alces into one, splitting out the monotypic Panolia genus from Rucervus, combining the monotypic subfamily Hydropotinae with Capreolinae. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as addition of the fair brocket to the Mazama genus, which are not included here.[6][7]

Subfamily Capreolinae

Tribe Alceini

Genus Alces – Gray, 1821 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Moose

Large dark brown cervid

 A. alces
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Nine subspecies
  • A. a. alces (European elk)
  • A. a. americanus (Eastern moose)
  • A. a. andersoni (Western moose)
  • A. a. buturlini (Chukotka elk)
  • A. a. caucasicus (Caucasian moose)†
  • A. a. cameloides (Ussuri elk)
  • A. a. gigas (Alaskan moose)
  • A. a. pfizenmayeri (Yakutia elk)
  • A. a. shirasi (Shiras' moose)
North America, Europe, and Asia
Map of range		 Size: 230–340 cm (91–134 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail; up to 230 cm (91 in) tall at shoulder[8]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[9]

Diet: Vegetative parts of trees, as well as shrubs, herbs, and aquatic plants[9]		  LC 


2,000,000[9][10] Population increasing[9]

Tribe Capreolini

Genus Capreolus – Gray, 1821 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Roe deer

Two brown cervids

 C. capreolus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Four subspecies
  • C. c. canus
  • C. c. capreolus
  • C. c. caucasicus
  • C. c. italicus
Europe
Map of range		 Size: 104–124 cm (41–49 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1–1 in) tail; 66–84 cm (26–33 in) tall at shoulder[11]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[12]

Diet: Wide variety of plants[12][11]		  LC 


15,000,000 Population increasing[12]

Siberian roe deer

Reddish-brown cervid

 C. pygargus
(Pallas, 1771)

Four subspecies
  • C. p. bedfordi
  • C. p. mantschuricus
  • C. p. ochraceus
  • C. p. pygargus
Central and northeastern Asia Size: 95–140 cm (37–55 in) long, plus 20–40 cm (8–16 in) tail; 65–95 cm (26–37 in) tall at shoulder[13]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[14]

Diet: Grasses[14]		  LC 


Unknown Population declining[14]
Genus Hydropotes – R. Swinhoe, 1870 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Water deer

Brown cervid

 H. inermis
Swinhoe, 1870

Two subspecies
  • H. i. argyropus (Korean water deer)
  • H. i. inermis (Chinese water deer)
East China and Korean peninsula Size: 89–103 cm (35–41 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail; 45–57 cm (18–22 in) tall at shoulder[15]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[16]

Diet: Reeds, coarse grasses, vegetables, and beets[16][17]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[16]

Tribe Odocoileini

Genus Blastocerus – Wagner, 1844 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Marsh deer

Brown cervid

 B. dichotomus
(Illiger, 1815)		 Scattered parts of central South America (former range in red)
Map of range		 Size: 153–191 cm (60–75 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail; 110–127 cm (43–50 in) tall at shoulder[18]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[19]

Diet: Grasses, reeds and aquatic plants, as well as shrubs and vines[19]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[19]
Genus Hippocamelus – Leuckart, 1816 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
South Andean deer

Brown cervid

 H. bisulcus
(Molina, 1782)		 Southern Andes mountains
Map of range		 Size: 144–156 cm (57–61 in) long, plus 12–13 cm (5–5 in) tail; 80–90 cm (31–35 in) tall at shoulder[20]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, and desert[21]

Diet: Varied range of grasses and other plants[21]		  EN 


1,000–1,500 Population declining[21]

Taruca

Brown cervid

 H. antisensis
(d'Orbigny, 1834)		 Andes mountains
Map of range		 Size: 69–77 cm (27–30 in) tall at shoulder[22]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and other[23]

Diet: Sedges and grasses[22][23]		  VU 


4,200–5,700 Population declining[23]
Genus Mazama – Rafinesque, 1817 – nine species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Amazonian brown brocket

Drawing of brown cervid

 M. nemorivaga
(F. Cuvier, 1817)		 Northern and central South America
Map of range		 Size: 75–100 cm (30–39 in) long, plus 6–11 cm (2–4 in) tail; 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[24]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[25]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves and shoots[24]		  LC 


Unknown Population declining[25]

Central American red brocket

Brown cervid

 M. temama
(Kerr, 1792)

Three subspecies
  • M. t. cerasina
  • M. t. reperticia
  • M. t. temama
Central America
Map of range		 Size: 80–110 cm (31–43 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail; 60–70 cm (24–28 in) tall at shoulder[24]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[26]

Diet: Fruit, as well as seeds, grass, shoots, vines, and sometimes crops such as beans[24]		  DD 


Unknown Population declining[26]

Dwarf brocket M. chunyi
Hershkovitz, 1959		 Central Andes mountains
Map of range		 Size: About 70 cm (28 in) long; about 38 cm (15 in) tall at shoulder[27]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[28]

Diet: Fruit and shrubs[28]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[28]

Gray brocket

Brown cervid

 M. gouazoubira
(Fischer von Waldheim, 1814)

Eleven subspecies
  • M. g. cita
  • M. g. gouazoubira
  • M. g. medemi
  • M. g. mexianae
  • M. g. murelia
  • M. g. nemorivaga
  • M. g. permira
  • M. g. sanctaemartae
  • M. g. rondoni
  • M. g. superciliaris
  • M. g. tschudii
Eastern South America
Map of range		 Size: 85–105 cm (33–41 in) long[24]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[29]

Diet: Wide variety of plants as well as fruit[29]		  LC 


Unknown Population declining[29]

Little red brocket

Brown cervid

 M. rufina
(Bourcier, Pucheran, 1852)		 Northern Andes mountains
Map of range		 Size: About 78 cm (31 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail; about 45 cm (18 in) tall at shoulder[30]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[31]

Diet: Herbs as well as other plants[31]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[31]

Mérida brocket M. bricenii
Thomas, 1908		 Northern Andes mountains
Map of range		 Size: 80–95 cm (31–37 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail; 45–50 cm (18–20 in) tall at shoulder[24]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[32]

Diet: Fruit and shrubs[32]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[32]

Pygmy brocket

Brown cervid

 M. nana
(Hensel, 1872)		 Southeastern South America (possible range in yellow)
Map of range		 Size: About 78 cm (31 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail; less than 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[30]

Habitat: Forest[33]

Diet: Unknown[24][33]		  VU 


Unknown Unknown[33]

Red brocket

Reddish-brown cervid

 M. americana
(Erxleben, 1777)

Twelve subspecies
  • M. a. americana
  • M. a. carrikeri
  • M. a. gualea
  • M. a. jucunda
  • M. a. rosii
  • M. a. rufa
  • M. a. sarae
  • M. a. sheila
  • M. a. trinitatis
  • M. a. whitelyi
  • M. a. zamora
  • M. a. zetta
Northern and central South America
Map of range		 Size: 103–146 cm (41–57 in) long, plus 8–15 cm (3–6 in) tail; 65–80 cm (26–31 in) tall at shoulder[34]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Fruit and shrubs[35]		  DD 


Unknown Unknown[35]

Small red brocket

M. bororo
Duarte, 1996		 Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil (possible range in yellow)
Map of range		 Size: 85 cm (33 in) long, plus 11–14 cm (4–6 in) tail; 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tall at shoulder[24]

Habitat: Forest[36]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and sprouts[24]		  VU 


8,500 Population declining[36]
Genus Odocoileus – Rafinesque, 1832 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Mule deer

Two brown cervids

 O. hemionus
(Rafinesque, 1817)

Ten subspecies
  • O. h. californicus (California mule deer)
  • O. h. cerrosensis (Cedros Island mule deer)
  • O. h. columbianus (Black-tailed deer)
  • O. h. eremicus (desert mule deer)
  • O. h. fuliginatus (southern mule deer)
  • O. h. hemionus (Rocky Mountain mule deer)
  • O. h. inyoensis (Inyo mule deer)
  • O. h. peninsulae (peninsular mule deer)
  • O. h. sheldoni (Tiburon Island mule deer)
  • O. h. sitkensis (Sitka deer)
Western North America
Map of range		 Size: 152–203 cm (60–80 in) long; 80–106 cm (31–42 in) tall at shoulder[37]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, and intertidal marine[38]

Diet: Leaves, twigs, acorns, legume seeds, and fleshy fruits[37][38]		  LC 


Unknown Population steady[38]

Yucatan brown brocket

Gray cervid

 O. pandora
(Merriam, 1901)		 Yucatán Peninsula
Map of range		 Size: About 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail[39]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[40]

Diet: Fruit, as well as other plants[24]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[40]

White-tailed deer

Brown cervid

 O. virginianus
(Rafinesque, 1832)

38 subspecies
  • O. v. acapulcensis
  • O. v. borealis (northern white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. cariacou
  • O. v. carminis (Carmen Mountains white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. chiriquensis
  • O. v. clavium (Key deer)
  • O. v. couesi (Coues' white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. curassavicus
  • O. v. dacotensis (Dakota white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. goudotii
  • O. v. gymnotis (South American white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. hiltonensis (Hilton Head white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. leucurus (Columbian white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. macrourus (Kansas white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. margaritae
  • O. v. mcilhennyi (Avery Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. mexicanus
  • O. v. miquihuanensis
  • O. v. nelsoni
  • O. v. nemoralis (Nicaraguan white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. nigribarbis (Blackbeard Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. oaxacensis
  • O. v. ochrourus (northwestern white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. osceola (Florida coastal white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. peruvianus (South American white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. rothschildi
  • O. v. seminolus (Florida white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. sinaloae
  • O. v. taurinsulae (Bulls Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. texanus (Texas white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. thomasi
  • O. v. toltecus
  • O. v. tropicalis
  • O. v. ustus
  • O. v. venatorius (Hunting Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. veraecrucis
  • O. v. virginianus (Virginia white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. yucatanensis
North America and northern South America
Map of range		 Size: 150–200 cm (59–79 in) long, plus 10–28 cm (4–11 in) tail[41]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[42]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation and grasses[42]		  LC 


Unknown Population steady[42]
Genus Ozotoceros – Ameghino, 1891 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Pampas deer

Brown cervid

 O. bezoarticus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Five subspecies
  • O. b. arerunguaensis
  • O. b. bezoarticus
  • O. b. celer
  • O. b. leucogaster
  • O. b. uruguayensis
Scattered central South America
Map of range		 Size: 110–140 cm (43–55 in) long; 70–75 cm (28–30 in) tall at shoulder[43]

Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[44]

Diet: Grasses and shrubs[43][44]		  NT 


20,000–80,000 Population declining[44]
Genus Pudu – Gray, 1852 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Northern pudú P. mephistophiles
(Winton, 1896)		 Northern Andes mountains
Map of range		 Size: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail; 32–35 cm (13–14 in) tall at shoulder[45][46]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[47]

Diet: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[47][48]		  DD 


Unknown Population declining[47]

Southern pudú

Small brown cervid

 P. puda
(Molina, 1782)		 Southern Andes mountains
Map of range		 Size: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail; 35–45 cm (14–18 in) tall at shoulder[45][46]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[49]

Diet: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[48][49]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[49]
Genus Rangifer – H. Smith, 1827 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Reindeer

Grayish-brown cervid

 R. tarandus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Fourteen subspecies
 Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia
Map of range		 Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long; up to 120 cm (47 in) tall at shoulder[50]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[51]

Diet: Lichen, forbs, sedges, grasses, and shrubs[51]		  VU 


2,890,000 Population declining[51]

Subfamily Cervinae

Tribe Muntiacini

Genus Elaphodus – H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Tufted deer

Brown cervid

 E. cephalophus
H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

Four subspecies
  • E. c. cephalophus
  • E. c. fociensis
  • E. c. ichangensis
  • E. c. michianus
Central China and northeastern Myanmar Size: 110–160 cm (43–63 in) long, plus 7–16 cm (3–6 in) tail; 50–70 cm (20–28 in) tall at shoulder[52]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[53]

Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs, fruits, bamboo, and herbs[53]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[53]
Genus Muntiacus – Rafinesque, 1815 – twelve species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean yellow muntjac M. atherodes
Groves, Grubb, 1982		 Borneo Size: 90–100 cm (35–39 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail; 65 cm (26 in) tall at shoulder[54][55]

Habitat: Forest[56]

Diet: Herbs, seeds, grass, buds, leaves, and fruit[54]		  NT 


Unknown Population declining[56]

Fea's muntjac

Drawing of a brown cervid

 M. feae
(Thomas, Doria, 1889)		 Southern Myanmar and Thailand
Map of range		 Size: 90–100 cm (35–39 in) long, plus 10–17 cm (4–7 in) tail; 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tall at shoulder[54]

Habitat: Forest[57]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as grass and shoots[54]		  DD 


Unknown Unknown[57]

Giant muntjac M. vuquangensis
(Tuoc, Dung, Dawson, Arctander, & Mackinnon, 1994)		 Northern Vietnam and Laos
Map of range		 Size: 110–115 cm (43–45 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail; 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tall at shoulder[54]

Habitat: Forest[58]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[54]		  CR 


Unknown Population declining[58]

Gongshan muntjac M. gongshanensis
Ma, 1990		 South-central China
Map of range		 Size: 95–105 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 9–16 cm (4–6 in) tail; 55–57 cm (22–22 in) tall at shoulder[59]

Habitat: Forest[60]

Diet: Unknown[54][60]		  DD 


Unknown Population declining[60]

Hairy-fronted muntjac

Brown cervid with a white rump

 M. crinifrons
(P. L. Sclater, 1885)		 Southeastern China Size: 98–113 cm (39–44 in) long, plus 21 cm (8 in) tail[61]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[62]

Diet: Wide variety of tree leaves and twigs, forbs, grass, and fruit[62]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[62]

Leaf muntjac M. putaoensis
Amato, Egan & Rabinowitz, 1999		 Myanmar Size: 77–83 cm (30–33 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail; 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[63]

Habitat: Forest[64]

Diet: Fruit and a range of plant materials[64]		  DD 


Unknown Population declining[64]

Northern red muntjac

Brown cervid

 M. vaginalis
(Boddaert, 1785)		 Southern and Southeast Asia Size: 89–135 cm (35–53 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail; 40–65 cm (16–26 in) tall at shoulder[65]

Habitat: Forest[66]

Diet: Fruit, buds, tender leaves, flowers, herbs, and young grass[66]		  LC 


Unknown Population declining[66]

Pu Hoat muntjac M. puhoatensis
Trai, 1997		 Vietnam Size: Small and similar to the Truong Son muntjac, but specific measurements not available[54]

Habitat: Forest[67]

Diet: Unknown[54][67]		  DD 


Unknown Unknown[67]

Reeves's muntjac

Brown cervid

 M. reevesi
(Ogilby, 1839)

Three subspecies
  • M. r. jiangkouensis
  • M. r. micrurus
  • M. r. reevesi
Eastern China; introduced to Britain and Japan Size: 70–113 cm (28–44 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail; 43–45 cm (17–18 in) tall at shoulder[68]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[69]

Diet: Bamboo, seeds, bark, fruit and foliage, as well as eggs, carrion, small mammals, and ground-nesting birds[68][69]		  LC 


Unknown Population declining[69]

Roosevelt's muntjac M. rooseveltorum
Osgood, 1932
Map of range		 Size: Small with shoulder height estimated at about 40 cm (16 in), but specific measurements not available[54]

Habitat: Forest[70]

Diet: Leaves and fruit[54]		  DD 


Unknown Population declining[70]

Southern red muntjac

Brown cervid

 M. muntjak
(Zimmermann, 1780)		 Southeast Asia Size: 89–135 cm (35–53 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail; 40–65 cm (16–26 in) tall at shoulder[65]

Habitat: Forest[71]

Diet: Fruit, buds, tender leaves, flowers, herbs, and young grass[71]		  LC 


Unknown Population declining[71]

Truong Son muntjac M. truongsonensis
(Giao, Tuoc, Dung, Wikramanayake, Amato, Arctander, & Mackinnon, 1997)		 Southern Vietnam Size: Small with shoulder height estimated at about 40 cm (16 in), but specific measurements not available[54]

Habitat: Forest[72]

Diet: Leaves and fruit[54]		  DD 


Unknown Population declining[72]

Tribe Cervini

Genus Axis – H. Smith, 1827 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Chital

Brown cervid with white spots

 A. axis
(Erxleben, 1777)		 Indian subcontinent
Map of range		 Size: 70 cm (28 in) long plus 20 cm (8 in) tail; 35–38 cm (14–15 in) tall at shoulder[73][74]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[75]

Diet: Wide variety of grasses as well as fallen leaves, flowers, and fruit[75]		  LC 


Unknown Unknown[75]

Calamian deer

Brown cervid

 A. calamianensis
(Heude, 1888)		 Calamian Islands of the Philippines Size: 100–175 cm (39–69 in) long, plus 12–38 cm (5–15 in) tail; 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tall at shoulder[76]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[77]

Diet: Leaves[77]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[77]

Bawean deer

Brown cervid

 A. kuhlii
(Temminck, 1836)		 Bawean island of Indonesia
Map of range		 Size: 100–175 cm (39–69 in) long[78]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[79]

Diet: Herbs and grasses, as well as young leaves and twigs[79]		  CR 


200–500 Population steady[79]

Indian hog deer

Brown cervid

 A. porcinus
(Zimmermann, 1780)		 Southern and southeast Asia
Map of range		 Size: 105–115 cm (41–45 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail; 60–72 cm (24–28 in) tall at shoulder[80]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[81]

Diet: Young grasses, as well as herbs, flowers, fruit, and shrubs[81]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[81]
Genus Cervus – Linnaeus, 1758 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Thorold's deer

Two brown cervids

 C. albirostris
Przhevalsky, 1883		 Central China Size: 155–210 cm (61–83 in) long, plus 10–13 cm (4–5 in) tail; 115–140 cm (45–55 in) tall at shoulder[82]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[83]

Diet: Grass, herbs, lichens, leaves, and bark of trees and bushes[83]		  VU 


Unknown Unknown[83]

Elk

Brown cervid

 C. canadensis
Erxleben, 1777

Thirteen subspecies
 North America and Asia (former range in light green)
Map of range		 Size: 210–280 cm (83–110 in) long plus 10–22 cm (4–9 in) tail; 120–175 cm (47–69 in) tall at shoulder[84][85]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[86]

Diet: Shrub and tree shoots, as well as grasses, sedges, and shrubs[86]		  LC 


Unknown Population increasing[86]

Red deer

Brown cervid

 C. elaphus
Linnaeus, 1758

Nine subspecies
 Europe and western Asia (former range in light green)
Map of range		 Size: 160–270 cm (63–106 in) long; 75–150 cm (30–59 in) tall at shoulder[87]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[88]

Diet: Shrub and tree shoots, as well as grasses, sedges, shrubs, fruit, and seeds[88]		  LC 


Unknown Population increasing[88]

Central Asian red deer

{{{image-alt}}}

 C. hanglu
Wagner, 1844

Three subspecies
 Central Asia Size:

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[89]

Diet: Branches of young deciduous trees[89]		  LC 


2,000-2,500+ Population increasing[89]

Sika deer

Brown cervid with white spots

 C. nippon
Temminck, 1838

Sixteen subspecies
 East Asia Size: 95–180 cm (37–71 in) long plus 7–13 cm (3–5 in) tail; 64–109 cm (25–43 in) tall at shoulder[90]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[91]

Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs and fruit[91]		  LC 


Unknown Population increasing[91]
Genus Dama – Frisch, 1775 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
European fallow deer

Brown cervid with white spots

 D. dama
(Linnaeus, 1758)		 Europe and west Asia; introduced scattered areas worldwide (in teal)
Map of range		 Size: 130–175 cm (51–69 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail; 90–100 cm (35–39 in) tall at shoulder[92]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[93]

Diet: Grasses, mast, and shrubs, as well as leaves, buds, shoots, and bark[92][93]		  LC 


Unknown Unknown[93]

Persian fallow deer

{{{image-alt}}}

 D. mesopotamica
(Brooke, 1875)		 Iran and Israel Size: 130–175 cm (51–69 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail; 90–100 cm (35–39 in) tall at shoulder[92]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[94]

Diet: Grasses, mast, and shrubs, as well as leaves, buds, shoots, and bark[94]		  EN 


Unknown Population increasing[94]
Genus Elaphurus – H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Père David's deer

Three brown cervids

 E. davidianus
Milne-Edwards, 1866		 China Size: 183–216 cm (72–85 in) long, plus 22–36 cm (9–14 in) tail[95]

Habitat: Grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[96]

Diet: Grass, reeds, and bush leaves[96]		  EW 


Unknown Unknown[96]
Genus Panolia – McClelland, 1842 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eld's deer

Brown cervid

 P. eldii
(McClelland, 1842)

Three subspecies
  • P. e. eldii (Sangai)
  • P. e. siamensis (Burmese brow-antlered deer)
  • P. e. thamin (Thai brow-antlered deer)
Scattered parts of southeast Asia Size: 140–170 cm (55–67 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail; 90–130 cm (35–51 in) tall at shoulder[97]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[98]

Diet: A variety of grasses, fruit, and herbaceous and wetland plants[99][98]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[98]
Genus Rucervus – Hodgson, 1838 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Barasingha

Brown cervid

 R. duvaucelii
(Cuvier, 1823)

Three subspecies
  • R. d. branderi (Southern swamp deer)
  • R. d. duvaucelii (Western swamp deer)
  • R. d. ranjitsinhi (Eastern swamp deer)
Scattered parts of south Asia (historical range in yellow)
Map of range		 Size: About 180 cm (71 in) long; 119–124 cm (47–49 in) tall at shoulder[100]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[101]

Diet: Grass and aquatic plants[101]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[101]

Schomburgk's deer†

Black-and-white photo of a cervid

 R. schomburgki
Blyth, 1863		 Central Thailand Size: Unknown

Habitat: Grassland and inland wetlands[102]

Diet: Unknown[102]		  EX 


0 Population steady[102]
Genus Rusa – H. Smith, 1827 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Visayan spotted deer

White-spotted brown cervid

 R. alfredi
(P. L. Sclater, 1870)		 Philippines Size: 120–130 cm (47–51 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail; 60–80 cm (24–31 in) tall at shoulder[103]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[104]

Diet: Cogon grass and young leaves and buds[104]		  EN 


700 Population declining[104]

Philippine deer

Brown cervid

 R. marianna
(Desmarest, 1822)

Four subspecies
  • R. m. barandana
  • R. m. marianna
  • R. m. nigella
  • R. m. nigricans
Philippines Size: 100–151 cm (39–59 in) long; 55–70 cm (22–28 in) tall at shoulder[105]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[106]

Diet: Grass[106]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[106]

Javan rusa

Two brown cervids

 R. timorensis
(Blainville, 1822)

Seven subspecies
  • R. t. djonga
  • R. t. floresiensis (Flores rusa deer)
  • R. t. macassaricus (Celebes rusa deer)
  • R. t. moluccensis (Moluccan rusa deer)
  • R. t. renschi
  • R. t. russa (Javan rusa deer)
  • R. t. timorensis (Timor rusa deer)
Indonesia and East Timor
Map of range		 Size: 142–185 cm (56–73 in) long, plus 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tail; 80–110 cm (31–43 in) tall at shoulder[107]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[108]

Diet: Grass, herbs, the leaves and bark of shrubs, and seaweed[108]		  VU 


10,000 Population declining[108]

Sambar deer

Brown cervid

 R. unicolor
(Kerr, 1792)

Seven subspecies
  • R. u. brookei (Bornean sambar)
  • R. u. cambojensis (Mainland Southeast Asian sambar)
  • R. u. dejeani (South China sambar)
  • R. u. equina (Malayan sambar)
  • R. u. hainana (Hainan sambar)
  • R. u. swinhoii (Formosan sambar)
  • R. u. unicolor (Sri Lankan sambar)
South and Southeast Asia including Southern China
Map of range		 Size: 160–270 cm (63–106 in) long, plus 25–30 cm (10–12 in) tail; 102–160 cm (40–63 in) tall at shoulder[109]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[110]

Diet: Wide variety of plants[110]		  VU 


Unknown Population declining[110]

See also

References

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  70. 1 2 Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus rooseveltorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13928A22160435. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13928A22160435.en.
  71. 1 2 3 Timmins, R. J.; Steinmetz, R.; Samba Kumar, N.; Anwarul Islam, Md.; Sagar Baral, H. (2016). "Muntiacus vaginalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136551A22165292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136551A22165292.en.
  72. 1 2 Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus truongsonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T44704A22154056. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T44704A22154056.en.
  73. ↑ Waring, G. H. (1996). "Preliminary study of the behavior and ecology of axis deer on Maui, Hawaii". Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  74. ↑ Schaller, p. 38
  75. 1 2 3 Duckworth, J. W.; Kumar, N. S.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Axis axis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41783A22158006. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41783A22158006.en.
  76. ↑ "Calamian deer (Axis calamianensis)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  77. 1 2 3 Widmann, P.; Lastica, E. (2015). "Axis calamianensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2446A22156678. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2446A22156678.en.
  78. ↑ Emanoil, p. 325
  79. 1 2 3 Semiadi, G.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Axis kuhlii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2447A73071875. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2447A73071875.en.
  80. ↑ Smith, Xie, p. 349
  81. 1 2 3 Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W.; Samba Kumar, N.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Long, B.; Maxwell, A. (2015). "Axis porcinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41784A22157664. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41784A22157664.en.
  82. ↑ Smith, Xie, p. 356
  83. 1 2 3 Harris, R. B. (2015). "Cervus albirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4256A61976756. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T4256A61976756.en.
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  85. ↑ Burt, p. 149
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  110. 1 2 3 Timmins, R.; Kawanishi, K.; Giman, B; Lynam, A.; Chan, B.; Steinmetz, R.; Sagar Baral, H.; Samba Kumar, N. (2015) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Rusa unicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41790A22156247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41790A22156247.en.

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