Lithuanian orthography employs a Latin-script alphabet of 32 letters, two of which denote sounds not native to the Lithuanian language. Additionally, it uses five digraphs.
Alphabet
Today, the Lithuanian alphabet consists of 32 letters. It features an unusual collation order in that "Y" occurs between I nosinė (Į) and J.
| Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Ą | B | C | Č | D | E | Ę | Ė | F | G | H | I | Į | Y | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | Š | T | U | Ų | Ū | V | Z | Ž |
| Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | ą | b | c | č | d | e | ę | ė | f | g | h | i | į | y | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | š | t | u | ų | ū | v | z | ž |
| Names of letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | a nosinė | bė | cė | čė | dė | e | e nosinė | ė | ef | gė | ha | i trumpoji | i nosinė | i ilgoji | jot | ka | el | em | en | o | pė | er | es | eš | tė | u trumpoji | u nosinė | u ilgoji | vė | zė | žė |
The distinctive Lithuanian letter Ė was used for the first time in Daniel Klein's Grammatica Litvanica, and has been firmly established in the Lithuanian language since then.[1][2][3][4] However, linguist August Schleicher used Ë (with two points above it) instead of Ė for expressing the same.[5] In the Grammatica Litvanica Klein also established the letter W for marking the sound V, the use of which was later abolished in the Lithuanian language (it was replaced with letter V, notably by authors of the Varpas newspaper).[1][5] [6] The usage of letter V instead of W especially increased since the early 20th century, likely considerably influenced by Lithuanian press and schools.[6]
Due to the Polish influence, the Lithuanian alphabet included sz, cz and the Polish Ł for the sound [ɫ] and regular L (without a following i) for the sound [lʲ]: łupa, lutas.[3] During the Lithuanian National Revival in the 19th century the Polish Ł was abolished, while digraphs sz, cz (that are also common in the Polish orthography) were replaced with letters š and č from the Czech orthography because they formally were shorter.[3][5][7] Nevertheless, another argument to abolish digraphs sz, cz was to distinguish the Lithuanian language from the Polish language.[5] The new letters š and č were cautiously used in publications intended for more educated readers (e.g. Varpas, Tėvynės sargas, Ūkininkas), however digraphs sz, cz continued to be in use in publications intended for less educated readers as š and č caused tension in society; š and č have prevailed only since 1906.[8][9]
The Lithuanians also adopted letter ž from the Czechs.[3][5]
The letters ą and ę were taken from the Polish spelling for what at the time were nasal vowels. They were first used by Renaissance Lithuanian writers. Later the letters į and ų were introduced for the remaining nasal vowels, which have since denasalized.[3][5] Letter ū is the latest addition by linguist Jonas Jablonskis.[3][5]
Acute, grave, and macron/tilde accents can mark stress and vowel length. However, these are generally not used, except in dictionaries and where needed for clarity. In addition, Lithuanian orthography uses five digraphs (Ch Dz Dž Ie Uo); these function as sequences of two letters for collation purposes. The "Ch" digraph represents a voiceless velar fricative, while the others are straightforward compositions of their component letters. The letters F and H, as well as the digraph CH, denote sounds only appearing in loanwords. Q (kū), w (vė dviguboji) and x (iks) are only used in foreign names. For foreign names, two spelling variants are used: original spelling (e. g. George Walker Bush as a title of an encyclopedic article or as a name of an author of a book, or George'as Walkeris Bushas in a sentence, conforming to the Lithuanian morphology) and phonetic spelling adapted to the Lithuanian phonology (e. g. Džordžas Volkeris Bušas). In Soviet times, phonetic spelling was the only standard way to write foreign names in Lithuanian (original spelling could be shown in parentheses if needed), but in post-Soviet times the original spelling came to be widely used. The Lithuanian Wikipedia uses original spelling in article titles, but phonetic spelling in article texts.
Sound–spelling correspondences
| Grapheme | Sound (IPA) | |
|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | |
| a | ɐ | ɑː |
| ą | ||
| e | ɛ (e̞) | æː |
| ę | ||
| ė | eː | |
| i | ɪ | |
| į | iː | |
| y | ||
| o | ɔ | oː |
| u | ʊ | |
| ų | uː | |
| ū | ||
⟨o⟩ is short only in loanwords. ⟨a e⟩ are always short without accent and under accent in endings -a, -e, -es, in comparative, in pronouns, and in loanwords; otherwise, they are usually long.[10]
| Grapheme | Sound (IPA) | |
|---|---|---|
| Hard | Soft | |
| b | b | bʲ |
| c | t̪͡s̪ | t͡sʲ |
| č | t͡ʃ | t͡ɕ |
| ch | x | xʲ |
| d | d̪ | dʲ |
| dz | d̪͡z̪ | d͡zʲ |
| dž | d͡ʒ | d͡ʑ |
| f | f | fʲ |
| g | ɡ | ɡʲ |
| h | ɣ | ɣʲ |
| j | j | |
| k | k | kʲ |
| l | ɫ | lʲ |
| m | m | mʲ |
| n | n̪ | nʲ |
| p | p | pʲ |
| r | ɾ | ɾʲ |
| s | s̪ | sʲ |
| š | ʃ | ɕ |
| t | t̪ | tʲ |
| v | v | vʲ |
| z | z̪ | zʲ |
| ž | ʒ | ʑ |
Consonants are always palatalized before ⟨e ę ė i į y⟩; before ⟨a ą o u ų ū⟩, palatalization is denoted by inserting an ⟨i⟩ between the consonant and the vowel.
Unicode
The majority of the Lithuanian alphabet is in the Unicode block C0 controls and basic Latin (non-accented symbols), and the rest of the Lithuanian alphabet (Ą ą č Č ę Ę ė Ė į Į š Š ų Ų ū Ū ž Ž) is in the Latin Extended-A.
See also
References
- 1 2 Milinienė, Audronė; Subačius, Giedrius (30 September 2017). "Kas išrado raidę Ė?" [Who invented letter Ė?]. Ve.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ↑ Gedutienė, Audronė. "Danieliaus Kleino knyga" [Daniel Klein's book]. Maironiomuziejus.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Subačius, Giedrius (2005). The Lithuanian language: traditions and trends (PDF). The Lithuanian Institute, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9955-548-09-6. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ↑ "Seniausia unikali lietuvių kalbos raidė" [The oldest unique letter of the Lithuanian language]. Records of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Antanavičius, Ugnius. "Pokalbis su filologu G.Subačiumi: kaip atsirado bendrinė lietuvių kalba ir kodėl turime Ė, bet praradome W?". 15min.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- 1 2 Venckienė 2017, p. 16-20.
- ↑ Venckienė 2017, p. 20-25.
- ↑ Venckienė 2017, p. 20-23.
- ↑ Venckienė, Jurgita (2004). "Dvejopa XIX a. pabaigos lietuviškų laikraščių rašyba". Raidžių draudimo metai. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History Press: 207–213.
- ↑ "Wymowa" (in Polish). Lietpol.eu. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
General sources
- Venckienė, Jurgita (2017). "Lietuviški XIX a. pabaigos ir XX a. pradžios antkapių užrašai: santykis su bendrine kalba" (PDF). Archivum Lithuanicum (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History (19). Retrieved 16 January 2023.