Live-streamed crime is a phenomenon in which people publicly livestream, (upload video and/or audio in real time) criminal acts on social media platforms such as Twitch or Facebook Live.

Due to the fact that live streams are accessible instantaneously, it is difficult to quickly detect and moderate violent content, and almost impossible to protect the privacy of victims or bystanders.[1][2][3][4] Live-streaming crime allows anyone from the public to become a distant witness.[5]

History

In April 2016, Marina Lonina, age 18; and Raymond Gates, age 29, were arrested in Ohio, US on charges that Gates raped an underage friend of Lonina's while Lonina live streamed the crime on Periscope.[6][7] The prosecutor pointed out that Lonina, who was taken advantage of by a much older man, had become "caught up" in her excitement over the number of "likes" she was getting, and is shown on screen "laughing and giggling".[6] Joss Wright of the Oxford Internet Institute pointed out that, given the "volume of content being created and uploaded every day, [there] is almost no practical way to prevent content like this being uploaded and shared".[7]

By May, The New York Times was including the Ohio Periscope rape as one of a series of recent cases in which crimes were live streamed. These included one in which a young woman in Égly, France, speaks via Periscope about her distress and suicidal thoughts and is apparently encouraged by viewers to kill herself, which she does by throwing herself under a train. Also included was the case of two teenagers who live stream themselves bragging and laughing as they beat up a drunken man in a bar in Bordeaux, France.[8]

In the wake of the Israel-Hamas war, Hamas, (the Islamic resistance movement that stands for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya [9]) has threatened to live stream hostage executions after capturing many from Israel in 2023.[10]

Types

Cybersex trafficking

Cybersex trafficking, also referred to as live streaming sexual abuse,[11][12][13] involves sex trafficking and the live streaming of coerced sexual abuse and or rape on webcam.[14][15][16] Victims are abducted, threatened, or deceived and transferred to "cybersex dens".[17][18][19] The dens can be in any location where the cybersex traffickers have a computer, tablet, or phone with Internet connection.[15] Perpetrators use social media networks, videoconferences, pornographic video sharing websites, dating pages, online chat rooms, apps, dark web sites,[20] and other platforms.[21] They use online payment systems[20][22][23] and cryptocurrencies to hide their identities.[24] Millions of reports of its occurrence are sent to authorities annually.[25] New laws and police procedures are needed to combat this type of cybercrime.[26]

War crimes and cyberterrorism

A war crime is the act of breaking the laws of war, and in recent years, there have been more instances of people or groups live-streaming such acts to instill fear into the public. Some groups create websites or use the dark web to host these live streams. Many times, the videos are of hostages or prisoners of war that are used as leverage or as a means of exerting fear and control.

Instances

2008

  • 8 June: A bystander livestreamed the Akihabara massacre on Ustream, attracting an audience of 2,000 viewers. Another user also used Ustream to livestream the massacre's aftermath, including police and public response.[27]

2015

  • 12 July: Two West Weber, Utah teenagers were arrested after filming themselves stealing ice cream from a truck while live-streaming on Periscope.[28]

2016

2017

  • 3 January: A torture incident in Chicago, in which an 18-year-old mentally-disabled white male in Chicago, Illinois, US was filmed being physically and verbally abused by four Black individuals (two men and two women). The torture was live streamed by one of the women on Facebook and sparked massive controversy.[33]
  • Early January: An American woman taped her toddler to the wall and live streamed it on Facebook Live.[34]
  • 21 January: In Uppsala, Sweden, two Afghan immigrants and one Swedish citizen live streamed the gang rape of a woman on Facebook.[35]
  • 10 April: A Los Angeles man shoots at passing cars and police officers on Facebook Live.[36]
  • 24 April: A Thai man kills his infant daughter before committing suicide.[37]

2018

  • 22 February: A Middletown, Connecticut man live-streamed himself on Facebook Live as he drove through the front doors of a hospital, before setting himself on fire. The man was treated for burn injuries and arrested.[38]
  • 4 April: A Detroit teenager shoots their friend on Instagram Live.[39]
  • 26 August: A gunman shot 12 people during a video game tournament, killing two. The shooting was live-streamed by the event's Twitch stream.[40]

2019

2020

  • 8 February: Thai Army Sergeant Jakrapanth Thomma killed 30 and wounded 57 people in a mass shooting in Thailand. A portion of the shooting at the Terminal 21 Korat mall was live-streamed by the perpetrator on Facebook Live.[47][48][49]
  • 20 May: Armando "Junior" Hernandez, a 20-year-old live streamed his attack at the Westgate Entertainment District in Glendale, Arizona, US where three people were wounded, on Snapchat.[50]
  • 26 May: A man in Stamford, Connecticut live-streamed himself on Instagram on a highway overpass saying he thought people were following him. He then began to fire on passing vehicles on the road below.[51]
  • July: A Florida teen is murdered while streaming live on Instagram.[52]
  • 8 November: A 23-year-old man killed his girlfriend at her home while live on Facebook. Shortly before the livestream, the man also killed the woman's grandfather.[53]

2021

  • 6 January: Far-right personality Anthime Gionet, better known as "Baked Alaska", took part in the storming of the U.S. Capitol and livestreamed the event on DLive.[54][55]
  • 23 March: Ahmad Al Aliwi Al-Issa (or Alissa), age 21, shot and killed 10 people in a mass shooting in Boulder, Colorado, US. A portion of the shooting at a King Soopers supermarket was live-streamed on YouTube by a bystander.[56]
  • 10 April: A Singaporean student in London is attacked with a knife during a robbery in London streamed by a bystander on YouTube.[57]
  • 29 April: A domestic violence incident in Alabama is streamed on Facebook Live.[58]
  • 7 June: A Rochester woman begins a series of Facebook Live broadcasts over several weeks with threats to shoot others.[59]
  • 19 August: A 15-year-old student livestreamed himself via Twitch stabbing a faculty member at his secondary school in Eslöv, Sweden. The attacker used a head-mounted camera on a helmet to livestream the attack and wore body armour similar to Brenton Tarrant, whom he had quoted in his manifesto.[60][61][62]
  • 20 August: 19-year-old Aidan Ingalls shot a man to death and critically injured his wife on the South Haven Pier before turning the gun on himself halfway down the pier. The entire shooting lasted around a minute and was captured on WWMT's beach camera, which was being livestreamed on YouTube.

2022

  • 15 January: Malik Faisal Akram took multiple people hostage at Congregation Beth Israel, a Jewish synagogue in Colleyville, Texas, United States. A portion of the hostage-taking was livestreamed on the synagogue's Facebook account.[63]
  • 18 April: Louisiana man fatally stabs a woman on Facebook Live.[64]
  • 14 May: Payton S. Gendron killed 10 people and injured 3 others while livestreaming the shooting on Twitch, inside and in the parking lot of the Tops Friendly Markets in Buffalo, New York, US. Eleven of the 13 people shot were Black.[65]
  • 15 June: A West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana reserve deputy filmed himself on Facebook firing at a fleeing vehicle as he and a full-time deputy investigated a vehicle theft. The reserve deputy was fired and later charged with illegal discharge of a weapon.[66]
  • 28 June: An Ypsilanti, Michigan, man was shot and killed on a Facebook Live due to a purported argument.[67]
  • 24 July: Brooklyn-based pastor Lamor Whitehead and his wife were robbed of more than $1,000,000 worth of jewelry during a livestreamed church service.[68]
  • 7 September: During a shooting spree in Memphis, Tennessee, Ezekiel Kelly, a 19-year-old man, livestreamed himself on Facebook Live entering an AutoZone store and critically wounding an employee.[69]
  • 22 December: An Alabama man stabs three people in random attacks on Facebook Live.[70]

2023

  • 25 March: A Mississippi woman fatally shoots a man in a domestic violence incident on Facebook Live.[71]
  • 10 April: A 25-year-old man livestreamed on Instagram as he opened fire at a bank he previously worked at in Louisville, Kentucky, killing five and wounding eight others before being fatally shot by police.[72]
  • 25 April: Two women in Holmes County are fatally shot on Facebook Live after a fight.[73]
  • 27 April: A Minnesota man barricades himself during a fatal shootout with the FBI while livestreaming on Facebook Live.[74]
  • 23 May: Two people are attacked with a knife while livestreaming in Xiamen China.[75]
  • 7 June: A Louisiana woman shot wildly during an argument on a Facebook Live broadcast.[76]
  • 16 June: An Indian man murders a relative with an axe during a Facebook Live broadcast.[77]
  • 23 July: After murdering two woman, a Florida man streams his suicide on Facebook Live.[78]
  • August: An Oklahoma teenager is accidentally shot in the face by another teenager.[79]
  • 11 August: A Bosnian man shot and killed his ex-wife and two other people in the city of Gradačac live on Instagram. He also wounded a police officer and two others before killing himself.[80]
  • 7 October: An Israeli woman was shot by a Hamas fighter streaming from her own phone on Facebook Live.[81]
  • 7 October: Two minors were kidnapped in Israel on Facebook Live.[82]
  • 9 October: An 18-year-old Palestinian man livestreamed to Facebook as he attempted to attack Israeli soldiers with a construction vehicle in Hebron, Palestine.[83]
  • 20 October: San Antonio teenagers accused of a fatal drive-by shooting livestream a car chase on Instagram Live.[84]
  • 22 October: A San Antonio man shoots a dog during a livestream.[85]
  • 29 October: A Tampa shooting during Halloween festivities was live streamed on Instagram Live by victims.[86]
  • 5 November: A Philippines radio host was shot and killed during a Facebook Live broadcast.[87]
  • 6 November: A DC teen brags about a murder committed 3 days earlier on Instagram Live.[88]
  • 12 December: A group of friends in Florida are livestreaming when their Airbnb is shot by a drive-by shooter.[89]
  • 12 December: A taxi driver in Mexico is shot during a struggle while driving and streaming on TikTok.[90]

2024

  • 2 January: A Wisconsin man engages on a shootout with police on FB Live following a domestic violence call.[91]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lehigh University (3 August 2016). "Live-streaming crime How will Facebook Live and Periscope challenge US privacy law?". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  2. ↑ Stewart, D. R. C.; Littau, J. (2016). "Up, Periscope: Mobile Streaming Video Technologies, Privacy in Public, and the Right to Record". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 93 (2): 312. doi:10.1177/1077699016637106. S2CID 147375255.
  3. ↑ Phippen, J. Weston (6 January 2017). "The Desire to Live-Stream Violence". The Atlantic. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  4. ↑ Surette, Raymond (2015). "Performance Crime and Justice". Current Issues in Criminal Justice. Australasian Legal Information Institute. 21 (2): 195. doi:10.1080/10345329.2015.12036041. S2CID 148367691. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  5. ↑ Gregory, Sam (6 June 2021). "Live-streaming for frontline and distant witnessing: A case study exploring mediated human rights experience, immersive witnessing, action, and solidarity in the Mobil-Eyes Us project". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. 1 2 McPhate, Mike (18 April 2016). "Teenager Is Accused of Live-Streaming a Friend's Rape on Periscope". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  7. 1 2 "Woman accused of live-streaming rape on Periscope". BBC News. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  8. ↑ Blaise, Lilia; Morenne, Benoît (11 May 2016). "Suicide on Periscope Prompts French Officials to Open Inquiry". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  9. ↑ "National Counterterrorism Center | FTOs". www.dni.gov. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  10. ↑ Harwell, Drew (12 October 2023). "Hamas vows to broadcast hostage executions. Tech firms can't stop them". The Washington Post.
  11. ↑ Sullivan, Michael (8 April 2020). "Child Sex Abuse Livestreams Increase During Coronavirus Lockdowns". NPR. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  12. ↑ Guilbert, Kieran (28 March 2018). "Philippines child slavery survivors fight to heal scars of abuse". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  13. ↑ "What is Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation?". Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  14. ↑ "IJM Seeks to End Cybersex Trafficking of Children and #RestartFreedom this Cyber Monday and Giving Tuesday" (Press release). International Justice Mission. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2020 – via PR Newswire.
  15. 1 2 "Cybersex Trafficking". International Justice Mission UK. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  16. ↑ de Leon, Sunshine (17 July 2013). "Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge". CNN. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  17. ↑ Romero, Paolo (13 April 2020). "Senator warns of possible surge in child cybersex traffic". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  18. ↑ Khidhir, Sheith (18 October 2019). "Duterte's drug war and child cybersex trafficking". The ASEAN Post. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  19. ↑ Masculino, Glazyl (1 May 2020). "Norwegian national, partner nabbed; 4 rescued from cybersex den". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  20. 1 2 Almendral, Aurora (30 June 2018). "Cheap tech and widespread internet access fuel rise in cybersex trafficking". NBC News. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  21. ↑ Romero, Paolo (11 November 2019). "Senate to probe rise in child cybersex trafficking". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  22. ↑ Blomberg, Matt (15 April 2019). "Global taskforce tackles cybersex child trafficking in the Philippines". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  23. ↑ Guilbert, Kieran (18 June 2018). "Webcam slavery: tech turns Filipino families into cybersex child traffickers". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  24. ↑ Mera, Silvia (2 May 2019). "How the internet fuels sexual exploitation and forced labour in Asia". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  25. ↑ "1st Session, 42nd Parliament, Volume 150, Issue 194". Senate of Canada. 18 April 2018.
  26. ↑ Blomberg, Matt (11 September 2019). "Cambodia feared lagging behind predators in cybersex trafficking crackdown". Reuters. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  27. ↑ Salzberg, Chris (4 November 2008). "Caught in the Web - The day Japan's netizens turned news on its head". Japan Inc. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  28. ↑ Chuck, Elizabeth (14 July 2015). "Utah Teens Arrested After Livestreaming Ice Cream Theft on Periscope". NBC News. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  29. ↑ "Facebook Live claims to capture moments before Chicago shooting". ABC7NY. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  30. ↑ "Korryn Gaines case: Video posting by suspects poses new challenges for police". The Baltimore Sun. August 4, 2016.
  31. ↑ "Korryn Gaines Blackout Signals Expansion of Law Enforcement's Special Relationship with Facebook". The District Sentinel. 5 August 2016. August 5, 2016.
  32. ↑ "So-called Facebook Live Killer sentenced to life in prison". ABC13 Houston. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  33. ↑ "4 Charged With Hate Crimes Over Beating Live-Streamed On Facebook". NPR.
  34. ↑ Yuhas, Alan (20 January 2017). "Ohio mother who taped son to wall on Facebook Live faces charges". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  35. ↑ Steinbuch, Yaron (26 January 2017). "Suspects in live-streamed gang rape are Afghan immigrants". New York Post. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  36. ↑ "Suspect shoots at deputies while recording Facebook Live". ABC13 Houston. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  37. ↑ Tanakasempipat, Patpicha; Thepgumpanat, Panarat (25 April 2017). "Thai man broadcasts baby daughter's murder live on Facebook". Reuters. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  38. ↑ Chau, Carmen (22 February 2018). "Middletown man who crashed car into hospital then lit self on fire, recorded incident on Facebook live". FOX 61. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  39. ↑ "Teen shot and killed by friend while streaming live on Instagram". ABC13 Houston. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  40. ↑ Cranley, Ellen; Perper, Rosie; McLaughlin, Kelly (27 August 2018). "3 dead, including gunman, after mass shooting at Madden video game tournament in Jacksonville, Florida". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  41. ↑ Roose, Kevin (15 March 2019). "A Mass Murder of, and for, the Internet". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  42. ↑ Westcott, Ben; Marsh, Jenni; Regan, Helen; Wagner, Meg; Ries, Brian; Rocha, Veronica; Lewis, Aimee; Picheta, Rob; Kaur, Harmeet (17 March 2019). "Dozens killed in Christchurch mosque attack". CNN. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  43. ↑ Gunia, Anna (15 May 2019). "Facebook Tightens Live-Stream Rules in Response to the Christchurch Massacre". Time. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  44. ↑ Amiri, Farnoush (22 March 2019). "Priest stabbed during livestream of morning mass in Canada's largest church". NBC News. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  45. ↑ Robertson, Adi (9 October 2019). "An anti-Semitic shooting in Germany was live streamed on Twitch". The Verge. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  46. ↑ Maclean, Dave (29 December 2019). "Two killed in shooting during a live-streamed church service in Texas". The Independent. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  47. ↑ "20 killed as soldier opens fire in Korat". Bangkok Post. 9 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  48. ↑ "ผู้ว่าฯ สกลนคร เป็นประธานในพิธีพระราชทานเพลิงศพนายอุทัย ขันอาสา ซึ่งเสียชีวิตจากเหตุกราดยิงที่โคราช" [The governor of Sakon Nakhon presided over the cremation ceremony of Uthai Khanasa, who died in the Korat shooting.] (in Thai). Thai News. 24 August 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  49. ↑ "อาลัย 'อุทัย ขันอาสา' รปภ.เหยื่อกราดยิงโคราชเสียชีวิตแล้ว หลังยื้อชีวิตนาน 6 เดือน" [Lamented 'Uthai Khanasa' Security Guard, the victim of Korat shooting was dead. After 6 months] (in Thai). Channel 3 Thailand News. 23 August 2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  50. ↑ Gilbert, David (21 May 2020). "A Mass Shooter Live-streamed His Attack on Snapchat at an Arizona Mall". Vice. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  51. ↑ Nickerson, John (27 May 2020). "Stamford man charged in I-95 shooting incident". Stamford Advocate. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  52. ↑ Murphey, Jacob; Ruffin, Abraiya (1 December 2023). "Tallahassee man who shot Leon High student streaming live on Instagram sentenced to 15 years in plea deal". www.wctv.tv. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  53. ↑ Lowery, Ryan (21 December 2022). "Livestream shooting suspect headed to trial". Las Vegas Optic. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  54. ↑ Ryman, Anne. "Scottsdale prosecutor says far-right streamer Tim 'Baked Alaska' Gionet violated release conditions by traveling to Capitol riot". The Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  55. ↑ Paz, Isabella Grullón (16 January 2021). "Far-right activist 'Baked Alaska' is among the latest Capitol rioters to be arrested". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  56. ↑ Robertson, Adi (23 March 2021). "YouTube won't remove a three-hour live-streamed video of the mass shooting in Boulder". The Verge. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  57. ↑ Menon, Malavika (19 April 2021). "Singaporean student caught on live stream being attacked by man with knife in London". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  58. ↑ Ramey, Andrea (29 April 2021). "Exclusive: Disturbing apparent Prichard domestic violence incident streamed on Facebook". WPMI. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  59. ↑ "Western District of New York | Rochester woman going to prison for more than 10 years for making internet threats and firearms possession | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  60. ↑ Nyheter, S. V. T.; Sisask, Raphaelle (18 October 2021). "Skolattacken i Eslöv – minut för minut". SVT Nyheter.
  61. ↑ Nyheter, S. V. T.; Johansson, Otto (18 October 2021). "Skolattacken i Eslöv: 15-åringen hade utsett elever han ville döda". SVT Nyheter.
  62. ↑ "Skolattackerna i Skåne: Ville sprida sina åsikter-knivskar lärare". 28 October 2021.
  63. ↑ Williams, Michael (15 January 2022). "Colleyville police SWAT team involved in incident at synagogue". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  64. ↑ "Louisiana man arrested on murder charge after Facebook video of stabbing". NBC News. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  65. ↑ "Gunman kills 10 at New York store while livestreaming on Twitch". BNO News. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  66. ↑ Nakamoto, Chris (30 August 2023). "NAKAMOTO: After WBRZ report, arrest warrant issued for deputy who opened fire on fleeing car". WBRZ 2. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  67. ↑ Kelley, Ingrid (29 June 2022). "Ypsilanti man murdered on Facebook live, mom says shooter was angry over son's online comments". FOX 2 Detroit. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  68. ↑ Chappell, Bill (25 July 2022). "A high-profile pastor was robbed during a live-streamed service in NYC". NPR. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  69. ↑ "4 killed, man arrested in Memphis shootings after grisly live stream". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  70. ↑ Jackson, Carl (21 December 2023). "Facebook live killer who streamed 'deranged' rant after knife rampage is jailed". Birmingham Live. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  71. ↑ staff, Gray News (27 March 2023). "Woman accused of killing man on Facebook Live". www.wlbt.com. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  72. ↑ "Louisville shooter Connor Sturgeon livestreamed shooting rampage inside Kentucky bank: officials". ABC7 Chicago. 11 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  73. ↑ "Sheriff: Two women killed in Holmes County shooting after Facebook Live argument". WJTV. 25 April 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  74. ↑ "FBI agent fatally shoots Chue Feng Yang during north Minneapolis standoff - CBS Minnesota". www.cbsnews.com. 27 April 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  75. ↑ "Student's hand gets hacked off by attacker in China during a live stream". The Straits Times. 25 May 2023. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  76. ↑ "Louisiana woman Nautica Nicole Angelique Byrd busted for wild shooting on Facebook Live: report". 14 June 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  77. ↑ "Man axes kin to death, livestreams murder on Facebook in J&K's Doda". Hindustan Times. 17 June 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  78. ↑ "Man killed ex-girlfriend, her sister before chase, suicide on Facebook Live". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  79. ↑ Griffin, David. "Oklahoma Teen Shot Live On Instagram, Mother Hopes To Warn Others". www.news9.com. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  80. ↑ "Man in Bosnia kills ex-wife live on Instagram and kills 2 more people before taking his own life". AP News. 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  81. ↑ "Israeli woman learned of grandmother's killing on Facebook – after militant uploaded a video of her body - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  82. ↑ "Why can't Facebook stop Hamas from posting grisly videos of the killing of Israeli civilians?". NBC News. 1 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  83. ↑ "Israeli Soldiers Kill A Palestinian In Hebron". IMEMC. 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  84. ↑ Silva, Julie (1 November 2023). "'Catch me': 17-year-old murder suspect arrested after taunting law enforcement on social media". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  85. ↑ "'I hope they catch him' | Deputies looking for man accused of livestreaming himself shooting at a dog". kens5.com. 1 November 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  86. ↑ Anderson, Curt; Press • •, Chris O'Meara | Associated (29 October 2023). "Arrest made in Halloween weekend shooting in Tampa that left 2 dead, 18 injured". NBC 6 South Florida. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  87. ↑ "A Philippine radio anchor is fatally shot while on Facebook livestream watched by followers". AP News. 5 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  88. ↑ Bensen, Jackie; Reporter • •, News4 (14 November 2023). "17-year-old bragged about killing 14-year-old in DC on Instagram: Court docs". NBC4 Washington. Retrieved 2 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  89. ↑ "Woman injured after shots ring out near North Miami-Dade rental home; gunfire heard during livestream". WSVN 7News | Miami News, Weather, Sports | Fort Lauderdale. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  90. ↑ Welch, Carley (14 December 2023). "TikTok Star Attacked and Murdered During Livestream: Report". The Messenger. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  91. ↑ "Harrel Martin: Police Shooting Suspect Went On Facebook Live During Standoff". 2 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
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