London Underground 1992 Stock
A Central line 1992 Stock departing Theydon Bois in 2012
The interior of a Central line 1992 Stock after first refurbishment during 2011–2012
In service1993–present
ManufacturerBREL/ABB[1]
Built atDerby Litchurch Lane Works[1]
Replaced
Constructed1991–1994[1]
Entered service
  • 7 April 1993 (Central line)[2]
  • 19 July 1993 (Waterloo & City line)
RefurbishedWabtec Rail Doncaster Works
  • 2006 (Waterloo & City line sets)[1]
  • 2011–2012, 2020– (Central Line sets)
Number built700 cars
Formation
  • 8 cars per train (Central line)
  • 4 cars per train (Waterloo & City line)
Capacity
  • 930 per train (Central Line)
  • 444 per train (Waterloo & City)[1]
Lines served

The London Underground 1992 Stock is a type of rolling stock used on the Central and Waterloo & City lines of the London Underground. A total of 85 eight-car trains were built for the Central line and 5 four-car trains were built for the Waterloo & City line.

Construction

The 1992 Stock was built by British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) (under ABB) for the Central line following extensive testing of the three 1986 tube stock prototype trains.[3] Even so, the introduction of this stock was far from trouble-free and there were many technical teething problems that had to be ironed out.

Eighty-five 8-car trains were ordered from BREL, each formed of four two-car units (two units had driving cabs, the others were fitted with shunting controls).[3] Upon entering service in April 1993, the new trains gradually replaced the previous 1962 tube stock, which was completely withdrawn two years later. The trains were manufactured at the Derby Litchurch Lane Works.

The original propulsion for the trains was manufactured by a consortium of ABB and Brush Traction,[4] and was one of the first examples of microprocessor-controlled traction featuring a fibre-optic network to connect the different control units. The DC traction motors of LT130 type have separately-excited fields and are controlled via GTO (Gate turn-off) thyristors.[4] These would be the only tube trains to use this type of DC motor, and would be the last newly built train on the London Underground with DC motors, and the second to last in the United Kingdom, only succeeded by the Phase 3 MTR Metro Cammell EMUs in Hong Kong which continued to be produced until the transfer of sovereignty in 1997. These are currently in the process of being replaced with the more efficient AC motors.

A wheel slide protection (WSP) system had to be retrofitted due to the fleet suffering an epidemic problem of wheel flats. This was largely due to an excessive number of emergency brake applications caused during the ATO/ATP testing phases.

The 1992 stock's design is reminiscent of the 1986 prototypes. The new 2009 stock trains, built by Bombardier Transport for the Victoria line, are more like the 1992 stock in shape and design than the 1995/1996 stock.

Waterloo & City line sets

Waterloo & City line train at Bank

After the initial construction run, an additional ten two-car units were built for British Rail for the Waterloo & City line, which at the time was part of the national railway network. The trains were designated as Class 482 until 1 April 1994, when the operation of the line and the trains were transferred to London Underground and the trains were simply referred to as 1992 Stock.[3] The vehicles are essentially identical to those used on the Central line; the main difference being that trip-cocks are used for protection instead of ATO/ATP.

Transport for London and Metronet closed the Waterloo & City line for five months from April to September 2006 to allow major upgrade work on the tunnels and rolling stock. The line's limited access meant that this was the first time that the units had been brought above ground since their introduction 12 years earlier. The refurbishment of the trains saw them painted in the London Underground white, red and blue livery in place of the Network SouthEast colours used since the stock's introduction.

Operation

The 1992 Stock features both automatic train operation (ATO) and automatic train protection (ATP) which effectively allow the trains to drive themselves. The ATO is responsible for operating the train whilst the ATP detects electronic codes in the track and feeds them to the cab, displaying the target speed limits. This functionality is configured via a master switch in the driver's cab which can be set to one of three positions: Automatic, Coded Manual and Restricted Manual.

In Automatic mode the ATO and ATP are both fully operational. The driver is only required to open and close the doors and press a pair of "Start" buttons when the train is ready to depart. The driver is then tasked with overseeing the operation of the system and can intervene at any time. The ATO controls the train to the desired target speed, whilst the ATP is ready to apply the emergency brakes if the Maximum Safe Speed is exceeded. However, it is not communications-based train control found on the other lines.

In Coded Manual mode, the ATO is disabled and the driver operates the train manually, however, the ATP is still detecting the codes in the track and restricting the driver's actions. The speedometer on 1992 stock is of the horizontal strip design showing two speeds: the Current Speed in green, indicating the speed at which the train is actually travelling, and the Target Speed indicating the speed at which the train should be travelling. Although the target speed is always active whilst running in Automatic or Coded Manual mode, in the latter mode a change in the target speed is indicated with an upwards or downwards tone depending on whether the target speed is increasing or decreasing. Should the driver exceed the target speed, an alarm sounds and the emergency brakes are automatically applied until the train is below the target speed; the alarm then stops, for example if the target speed is 30 mph and the driver is going at 35 mph the emergency brakes will slow the train down to 29 mph.

In Restricted Manual mode, the train cannot exceed 18 km/h (11.2 mph) and the motors automatically cut out at 16 km/h (9.9 mph). The ATO and ATP are both disabled and the driver operates the train entirely by sight and according to the signals. This mode is used when there has been an ATP or signal failure, or in a depot where ATP is not used, e.g. West Ruislip and Hainault depots. On the main line, driving in ATO is the same for a train driver as driving through a section where signals have failed.

Announcer system

The 1992 Stock was the first of its type on the Underground to have a DVA (Digital Voice Announcer) from new. Until 2003, the DVA was voiced by then BBC journalist and presenter Janet Mayo.[5][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2]

Since 2003, voice artist Emma Clarke has provided recordings for the 1992 Stock DVA. The new announcer system also includes next station announcements, which the original system did not include. By 2009, the announcements changed to address other lines that are possible to interchange in alphabetical order. Clarke's voice lasted until the refurbishment of the rolling stock, when Adrian Hieatt became the voice of the 1992 Stock's announcer system.[6]

In January 2018, the announcements were again revised for certain stations, to include new lines and connections (such as London Overground, TfL Rail and the construction of Wood Lane station) that did not exist in 2003.

Chancery Lane derailment

On 25 January 2003 a 1992 Stock train with approximately 500 people on board train derailed as it entered Chancery Lane station on the westbound line. The derailment resulted in one door being ripped off and a number of broken windows. 32 passengers received minor injuries.[7]

The cause of the derailment was determined to be the detachment of the rearmost traction motor on the fifth car, caused by a gearbox failure. The traction motor was then struck by the remainder of the train as it passed over it, causing the following bogies to derail.[8]

The entire 1992 Stock fleet was withdrawn from service the same afternoon, and the Central and Waterloo & City lines were closed for several weeks until modifications were made. This included fitting new traction-motor bolts and secondary brackets to prevent a loose motor from striking the track and causing further damage. The lines re-opened in stages from 14 March 2003.[8]

Refurbishment

Central line units

2011–2012

From 2011 to 2012, the Central line 1992 Stock units underwent a refresh of both the interior and exterior. Some of the noticeable changes included the addition of the new "Barman" seat moquette, new brighter interior lighting and the installation of new window frames. The front of the driving cabs were also refreshed. This included repairing water ingress and replacing a large number of parts with a much simpler design, saving costs on future work and cleaning up the appearance of the front end. The new-style front end can be easily identified by the new red panelling installed on most units instead of the original grey. The refresh came after nearly twenty years of continuous service on the Central line.

2019–2029

New wheelchair space on the first CLIP-refurbished 1992 Stock train.

Since 2019, TfL is doing a major refurbishment on the Central line units as part of the Central Line Improvement Programme (CLIP). This includes a complete overhaul of the interior and adding new features such as new wheelchair spaces, PIS (Passenger Information Screens), and CCTV installed throughout the train. The London Underground corporate livery will also be repainted on these units as well as the replacement of the original DC motors with new AC motors. It takes approximately 10 weeks to refurbish a train. Refurbishment is planned to be completed in 2029.[9] Work started in 2019[10] and has been heavily delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and financial reasons.

The first upgraded train was previewed in passenger service on 24 November 2023.[11]

Waterloo & City line units

A Waterloo & City line 1992 Stock in its original Network SouthEast livery. All trains on the line were repainted into the standard London Underground livery in 2006.

In 2006, the Waterloo & City line was closed for several months to allow for track and signalling upgrade works. During this period, the 1992 Stock units in use on the line were removed by crane from Waterloo depot and taken by road to Wabtec Rail in Doncaster for refurbishment. External changes included repainting the trains, which were still in Network SouthEast livery, into London Underground's corporate livery. Internally, the handrails were repainted from Central line red to Waterloo & City line turquoise, new seat moquette was fitted and CCTV cameras were installed.[12][13] Later, the units received the new "Barman" moquette fitted to the Central line units, but not the new lighting, window frames or front end.

Future replacement

In October 2014, it was announced that the 1992 stock would be replaced by a new semi-articulated model referred to as the New Tube for London (NTfL).[14] This has since slipped to 2025.[15] While a cancellation or deferring was never officially announced, it has been implied that the initial order is now only for replacing the 1973 Stock on the Piccadilly line. TfL still has plans on replacing the 1992 Stock on the Central and Waterloo & City lines as well as the 1972 Stock found on the Bakerloo line with NTfL or a future model, but due to a lack of funding, it has been deferred to an unspecified date further in the future. Should a long-term funding deal with the UK Government be made, this may happen sooner.[16][17] The refurbishment may have delayed said order.

References

  1. ↑ This original format of the announcements were "this train terminates at..." instead of "this is a Central line train to..."
  2. ↑ The original format also featured interchanges with Network SouthEast services rather than National Rail (or British Rail), particularly at Bank, where, despite the Waterloo & City line being transferred to the London Underground in 1994, the announcements were not updated.
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Neil, Graham (4 August 2015). "London Underground Rolling Stock Information Sheet" (PDF). WhatDoTheyKnow. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  2. ↑ Hardy, Brian (2002). London Underground Rolling Stock (15. ed.). Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-263-1.
  3. 1 2 3 "1992". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  4. 1 2 "A-Series EMU Car Review, Paper tabled to WA Parliament" (PDF). Parliament of Western Australia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  5. ↑ "1992 tube stock: Sonia". SQUAREWHEELS.org.uk. Archived from the original on 14 October 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  6. ↑ Hextall, Eva (11 December 2023). "FOI request detail: Adrian Hieatt voiced new automated announcements sound files". Transport for London. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  7. ↑ "Final report" (PDF). RAIB. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  8. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ↑ Lydall, Ross (15 November 2023). "CCTV and new seats: work starts on £500m refurbishment of Central line". Evening Standard. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  10. ↑ "March 5, 2020 Public Agenda Documents" (PDF). 5 March 2020. p. 113.
  11. ↑ *REFURBISHED + JOURNEY* Central Line 1992 Stock: Hainault to Woodford. (First Day), retrieved 26 November 2023
  12. ↑ "Crane removes shut line's trains". BBC News. April 2006. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  13. ↑ "Waterloo & City Line closes for upgrade". Railway Gazette. Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  14. ↑ "Siemens to supply London Underground deep tube fleet". Metro Report International. 15 June 2018.
  15. ↑ "2024 Stock design due soon". Rail Express. No. 207. February 2021. p. 43.
  16. ↑ "New Tube for London". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  17. ↑ "Implications of reduced funding for TfL" (PDF). Transport for London. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
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