Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi
Archdeacon Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi – picture taken from library A.B.M.C. (Altamura)
Born(1764-10-28)28 October 1764
Altamura, Kingdom of Naples
Died(1852-09-26)26 September 1852
Naples, Kingdom of Two Sicilies
NationalityKingdom of Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Occupation(s)professor, archdeacon, deputy

Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi (28 October 1764 – 26 September 1852) was an Italian archdeacon, scientist, mathematician, political economist.[1] He also wrote a book about pedagogy and invented the tonograph.[2]

Life

Tonograph invented by Cagnazzi.

Early years

Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi was born in Altamura in the night between the 27th and the 28th October 1764 from Ippolito de Samuele Cagnazzi and Livia Nesti. Righ after the premature death of his father occurred in 1767, Cagnazzi, at that time a boy, together with his elder brother Giuseppe, had Carlo de Marco as their guardian, who was their father's close friend and who took care of their education and careers. On 4 June 1772, both of them were enrolled in the Collegio di Bari, just founded, where they had as teachers, among othere, Emanuele Mola, Filippo Farchi, and Nicola Fiorentino. The principal at that time was Luigi Sagrariga Visconti. Cagnazzi left the college on October 1779.[3]

Cagnazzi was provided at his college just with a basic education in math, where he studied just Euclidean geometry, logic and history ("chronology"). He continued his studies at the University of Altamura with professor Giuseppe Carlucci, with which he completed his math education and he was also taught law by professor Domenico Castelli in the same university.[3]

Cagnazzi had to study math basically on his own, except for the basic notions learned in the Collegio di Bari. Advanced math, like calculus, was at that ignored by scholars in the Kingdom of Naples and Cagnazzi was enticed by Fiorentini to learn advanced math. Cagnzzi studied on his own the book Compiendio d'analisi by Girolamo Saladini, even if he had seriousl difficulties with equations of degree greater than the secondp. In order to overcome these diffculties, Cagnazzi was in correspondence with Saladino himself, who, among other things, suggested that he had to study his book Institutiones Analyticae, wrotten together with Vincenzo Riccati.[3]

Subsequently, Cagnazzi moved to Naples, where he continued his studies and was initiated into an ecclesiastical career. His teachers were Canon Ignarra, Marino Guarani and Francesco Conforti. In Naples, Cagnazzi realized that he was particularly skilled in mathematics compared to his peers, and his skills were as deep as the best mathematicians in Naples. As he himself stated, "the only one who cast a shadow on me was Annibale Giordani.". In Naples, Cagnazzi could study math and science and he could exchange views and opinions with the most notable Neapolitan scholars, but he also reluctantly had to study law and theology as his guardian Carlo de Marco wished; this sort of conflict between favorite subjects and hated and reluctantly imposed subjects appears several times in his autobiography. From this, we learn how this situation was very common at his time; some acquaintances of him had even developed a kind of disease derived from the imposition of subjects not congenial with their vocation.[4] As early as his youth, Cagnazzi started to develop health problems; they were of various kinds (backache, fever etc.) and are all documented in detail in his autobiography. Some illnesses were probably due to his travels, which intensified starting from 1799.[4]

Return to the University of Altamura

Following pain in his left side, he was advised by doctor Domenico Cotugno to return to his own city Altamura. In the University of Altamura, there weren't suitable teacher for the chair of mathematics. Cagnazzi convinced the then rector Gioacchino de Gemmis to add a mathematics course; until then just Euclidean geometry was taught. Cagnazzi had to obtain some credentials from the Chaplain Major in order to be hired as a teacher and he finally obtained the chair of mathematics in 1787. He later regretted coming back to his hometown since he preferred living in Naples, the capital of the Kingdom. Despite that, he was already appointed "Canon of Altamura".[5]

Cagnazzi later had the chance to return to Naples, where he was able to deepen his knowledge in the field of mineralogy with the help of Alberto Fortis, with whom Cagnazzi remained in contact even after his return to Lombardy (in winter of 1789) through extensive correspondence and exchange of minerals.[6]

In February 1790, while he was in Naples, Cagnazzi was appointed "Primicerio" of the Cathedral of Altamura and "I had to doctorate in the ridiculous manner that was practiced in the College of the Prince of Avellino". In June of the same year he returned to Altamura and began to teach "the natural and rational philosophical course", replacing Giuseppe Carlucci, who had been teaching that course. Cagnazzi describes Carlucci as "highly skilled in ecclesiastical matters and rational philosophy" and contemptuous of the superstition "that was promoted by foolish priests".[7]

In the years between 1790 and 1799 he used to visit quite often Naples and in the same years he was offered offered important ecclesiastical positions (including the bishopric) which Cagnazzi systematically refused. In his autobiography, he stated: "I confess that I did not despise the bishopric, but I did not want to bind myself to a very circumspect life, like that of a bishop at a young age like mine."[8]

In the summer of 1798, Cagnazzi had to return to Altamura and in the meantime "the invasion of the French into the Kingdom was likely". The government in Naples then wanted to understand how many men fit for arms there were in the Kingdom of Naples in order to deploy an army that would counter the invasion. The Clergyman's Secretariat had data relating to marriages and births in the kingdom without any further information. The Major Officer then turned to Cagnazzi who gave his first proof of ability in calculations and, from that time, his technical competence made him much appreciated and requested by the Neapolitan government. In a few hours and by applying the "probability calculation according to statistical theories" starting from the above data alone, Cagnazzi calculated the number of men suitable for arms and, in addition, obtained other useful information "necessary for the good government of a nation". Cagnazzi drew up a table to be presented directly to the king of Naples and, as he himself recounts, "I had to struggle to give it the title "Statistical Table", since such a title sounded suche an act of vanity at that time, which shows how statistics was disregarded at that time here".[9]

Later years

In 1799, he first moved to Florence, where he worked as a teacher and then he moved to the University of Naples Federico II where he became a professor of statistics and of economics, and a member of the Royal Society of Encouragement to Natural Sciences of Naples. He also became head of the Office of Statistics and Trade of the Kingdom of Naples, under Joachim Murat's rule, and he kept that position until 1821. He was a frequent contributor to the Italian journal Il progresso delle scienze, delle lettere e delle arti, of which he was also editor for a short time. In 1848, aged 84, he was elected member of the newly born Parliament of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; he was involved in the riots of Naples on 15 May 1848 and, because of this, he ended up under trial in Naples. He died in 1852, aged 88, after a trial session.

Honors

Academies

Relatives

  • Ippolito de Samuele Cagnazzi - father
  • Livia Nesti - mother
  • Giuseppe de Samuele Cagnazzi (1763-1837) - brother
  • Ippolito de Samuele Cagnazzi - brother
  • Elisabetta de Gemmis (?-1799) - sister in law (Giuseppe's wife)
  • Maria Elisabetta de Samuele Cagnazzi, nicknamed "Bettina" (1809-1900) - nephew[16][17][18]
  • Giuseppe Pomarici Santomasi - nephew[19]
  • Maria de Samuele Cagnazzi - nephew[20]
  • Pietro Martucci - grandnephew (Maria de Samuele Cagnazzi's son)[20]
  • Ippolito de Samuele Cagnazzi - nephew[21]

Works

Publications

  • "Transunto d'un discorso meteorologico sugli anni 1792 e 1793". Opuscoli Scelti Sulle Scienze e Sulle Arti. Milano: Giuseppe Marelli. 7. 1794.
  • Memoria sulle curve parallele di Luca Cagnazzi con due lettere dello stesso riguardanti la detta memoria dirette al Signor D. Giuseppe Saverio Poli, scritta tra il 1787 e il 1789, pubblicata dopo il 1794.[29]
  • "Considerazioni sugl'igrometri colla migliorazione di quello di Saussure". Memoria Letta All'Accademia dei Georgofili Il 25 Febbraio 1801.[30][31]
  • "Osservazioni e conietture sul male detto della Tarantola che domina nella campagna di Puglia". Memoria Letta All'Accademia dei Georgofili Il 18 Marzo 1801.[32]

[33][34][35]

Funeral praises

Court cases

Translations of Italian works

  • Über den Wert der Masse und der Gewichte der alten Römer. Translated by Johan Heinrich Schubothe. Copenhagen. 1828.[47]

Sources

  • Rosaria Colaleo (2019). "L'antica università e la collezione del Gabinetto di Fisica e Mineralogia di Altamura". Altamura - Rivista storica - Bollettino dell'Archivio Biblioteca Museo Civico. Francesco D'Amato Publisher (60): 27–41.
  • Anna Pietrofonte (2009–2010). "Il tarantismo in uno scritto inedito di Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi". Altamura - Rivista storica - Bollettino dell'Archivio Biblioteca Museo Civico (50–51): 3–54.
  • Michele Marvulli (1996). "La visita della regina Maria Carolina ad Altamura nel 1797 (da un inedito di Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi)". Altamura - Rivista storica/Bollettino dell'a.B.M.C (37).
  • Emilio Ricciardi (September–December 2006). "Calitri in una descrizione del 1838". Il Calitrano (33): 8–9. ISSN 1720-5638.
  • "Il patriota e la macchina elettrica. Alcune testimonianze poco note sull'interesse di Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi per la costruzione di strumenti di fisica". Anthropos & Iatria. 4: 82–88. 2005.
  • A. Garuccio; Barbara Raucci (2007). "Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi: professore di Fisica sperimentale e costruttore di macchine scientifiche per esperimenti sull'elettricità". Atti del XXIX Congresso nazionale della Società degli studi storici della fisica e dell'astronomia (SISFA) tenutosi a Napoli-Avellino in data 3-6 giugno 2004 - l'Eredità di Fermi, Majorana e altri temi. Napoli: Bibliopolis: 119–122.[48]
  • Barbara Raucci (2003). "La diffusione delle scienze nell'Università degli studi di Altamura: un difficile percorso di affermazione" (PDF). Atti del XXIII Congresso Nazionale di Storia della Fisica e dell'astronomia. Napoli: Società Nazionale di Scienze Lettere e Arti di Napoli e INAF - Osservatorio astronomico di Capodimonte, Napoli. OCLC 5894423792.
  • Barbara Raucci (2001). "Uno scienziato nel Regio Studio di Altamura: Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi". Altamura - Rivista storica - Bollettino dell'Archivio Biblioteca Museo Civico. 42: 151–172.
  • B. Salvemini (1981). Economia e arretratezza meridionale nell'età del Risorgimento: Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi e la diffusione dello smithianesimo nel Regno di Napoli. Lecce: Milella.
  • Scavizzi, C. Paola (1973). "CAGNAZZI DE SAMUELE, Luca". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 16: Caccianiga–Caluso (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
  • Alessandro Cutolo (1954). "Discorso commemorativo". Altamura - Rivista storica - Bollettino dell'Archivio Biblioteca Museo Civico. 1: 22–37.
  • Francesco Stacca (1954). "Commemorazione di Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi nel centenario della morte". Altamura - Rivista storica - Bollettino dell'Archivio Biblioteca Museo Civico. 1: 13–17.
  • L. Predome (1952). "Il centenario della morte di un grande altamurano Arcidiacono Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi, scienziato, filosofo, economista, matematico, archeologo". La Disfida. Rivista bimestrale di letteratura, arti, scienze. 4: 3–10.
  • G. Carano Donvito (1929). "I principi di politica economica di Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi". Journal degli economisti e rivista di statistica. XI: 1–60.Colaleo, p. 35</ref>
  • C. Villani (1904). Scrittori e artisti pugiesi antichi, moderni e contemporanei. Trani: Vecchi. pp. 939–941.
  • Antonio Jatta (1887). "Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi". Rassegna Pugliese (11): 163–165.
  • Raffaele De Cesare (1813). "Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi, un'antica ed una nuova università nelle Puglie". Rassegna Pugliese. 3: 82–83.
  • Andrea Tripaldi (1841). "Elogio storico del canonico arciprete Giuseppe Maria Giovene". Memorie di matematica e fisica della Società italiana delle scienze residente in Modena. Modena: Tipi della R. D. Camera. 22.
  • Carlo Denina (1800). Delle Rivoluzioni d'Italia - Libri venticinque. Vol. 5. Venezia: Tipografia di Antonio Curti q. Giacomo. p. 234.
  • Atti della Real Società Economica di Firenze ossia de' Georgofili. Vol. 4. Firenze: Stamperia del Giglio. 1801. pp. 102–103.

References

  1. ↑ Patriarca, S. (2003). Numbers and Nationhood: Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy. Cambridge Studies in Italian H. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-521-52260-1. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  2. ↑ Tonografia escogitata (1841)
  3. 1 2 3 Lamiavita, p. 3.
  4. 1 2 Lamiavita, pp. 4-5.
  5. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 5
  6. ↑ Lamiavita, pp. 11-12
  7. ↑ Lamiavita, pp. 12-13
  8. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 16
  9. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 16-17
  10. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 205.
  11. ↑ Lamiavita, pp. 203-204.
  12. ↑ Lamiavita, pp. 210-211.
  13. ↑ Lamiavita, pp. 86-87.
  14. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 186.
  15. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 207.
  16. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 251
  17. ↑ "Zampaglione".
  18. ↑ IlCalitrano33, p. 8
  19. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 198
  20. 1 2 Lamiavita, p. 204
  21. ↑ Lamiavita, pp. 204 and 210.
  22. ↑ Jatta
  23. ↑ This work was publisher in 1820 as a preface in the book Saggio sulla popolazione del Regno di Puglia; Lamiavita, pp. 134-135 and p. 319, note 210
  24. ↑ The publication date doesn't coincide with the content of Cagnazzi's autobiography; this work should date back to the end of 1831; Lamiavita, p. 196
  25. ↑ Lamiavita, pp. 190-191, 193-194 and 322-324.
  26. ↑ Lamiavita, pp. 251 and 253}}.
  27. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 179.
  28. ↑ "PERSONALITA' LEGATE AD ALTAMURA – Murgia Pride".
  29. ↑ Barbara Raucci, La diffusione delle scienze nell'Università degli studi di Altamura, p.357, note 30.
  30. ↑ Colaleo, pag. 40.
  31. ↑ Georgofili, pag. 102.
  32. ↑ Georgofili, pag. 103.
  33. ↑ "Il medico Cagnazzi e gli enigmi del tarantismo". 19 January 2015.
  34. ↑ "Osservazioni Sul Tarantismo di Puglia".
  35. ↑ Pietrofonte.
  36. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 59.
  37. ↑ La fisica Appula. presso D. Sangiacomo. 1807.
  38. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 312, note 126.
  39. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 312, note 127.
  40. ↑ Lamiavita, pp. 68 e 313, note 134.
  41. ↑ Article written in response to some erroneous considerations by Jean-Baptiste Say sent to the Royal Academy of Sciences of Naples; Lamivi, p. 192
  42. ↑ Being ordinary member of the Accademia Pontaniana implied that each member had to read one of their works, as Cagnazzi did; Lamiavita, p. 207
  43. ↑ Lamiavita, p. 228.
  44. 1 2 3 Jatta, p. 165
  45. ↑ Jattap. 165
  46. ↑ Lamivita, pp. 229-230.
  47. ↑ Lamivita, pp. 172 e 175-176.
  48. ↑ Colaleo, p. 39, note 27

See also

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