Lucy Islands
Lucy Island Lighthouse, built 1907
Lucy Islands is located in British Columbia
Lucy Islands
Lucy Islands
Geography
LocationChatham Sound
Coordinates54°18′01″N 130°37′08″W / 54.30028°N 130.61889°W / 54.30028; -130.61889
Area73.95 km2 (28.55 sq mi)
Highest elevation59 m (194 ft)
Administration
Canada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
Additional information
Time zone

The Lucy Islands (known as Lax Spinna, meaning "on shoulders," in Tsimshian[1]) are a small archipelago off the North Coast of the province of British Columbia in Canada.[2] The low-lying and heavily forested (Sitka spruce) group, named after its largest island, Lucy Island, constitutes a provincially protected conservancy area that contains some of the North Coast’s oldest archeological sites, a nationally significant seabird population, and a prominent 20th-century lighthouse.[3]

Location

The Lucy Islands Conservancy is an archipelago located about 15 km west of the North Coast’s largest city, the port of Prince Rupert. The archipelago lies in the middle of Chatham Sound, north of the juncture with Hecate Strait, and between the much-larger Melville Island and Digby Island.[2][4]

Naming

The islands were named by Captain George Henry Richards of HMS Hecate circa 1862 to honour Lucy McNeill, daughter of Hudson’s Bay Company official William Henry McNeill[5] and his first wife, Mathilda, a Kaigani Haida chief. Lucy was a "miraculously unfettered Victorian female", according to B.C. memoirist Helen Meilleur. "She was so adaptable that she could occupy the VIP cabin aboard the Labouchere ... and then set off in a canoe for weeks of weather-exposed travel to Indian villages."[6] She married Hamilton Moffatt of the Hudson's Bay Company and resided in Victoria as of 1906.[5]

Human habitation

Ancient shell middens and house depressions on the islands are an indicator of human occupation dating back possibly 6,000 years.[7] Some of the oldest archaeological sites on the North Coast are located on the islands,[3] including the earliest-known use of a rectangular house in the region.[8]

Traditionally, the Lucy Islands are included in the territory of the Gitwilgyoots, a Tsimshian-speaking tribe that wintered in the Prince Rupert area at the time of European contact. In late spring, during the seasonal round, the Gitwilgyoots moved to the outer islands west of Prince Rupert for a period of marine fishing, shellfish gathering and sea mammal hunting before returning to the Skeena River in early summer for the salmon runs.[8]


In the winter of 1984/5, strong winds felled two trees above a shell midden and exposed ancient human remains of a child, a young adult female and an older male. With the approval of the Metlakatla First Nation, the remains were analysed by the Canadian Museum of Civilization. A genetic study published in PLOS ONE in 2013 linked the 5,500-year-old female remains to 2,500-year-old remains found on nearby Dodge Island. The groundbreaking study, the first to use new techniques to analyse the complete mitochondrial genome, also found that a living Tsimshian woman from the Metlakatla First Nation near Prince Rupert had a matrilineal DNA link to the 5,500-year-old female remains from the Lucy Islands. The study’s findings may indicate an enduring occupation of the geographical region by local First Nations.[9]

By the 20th century, the sole residents of the Lucy Islands were lighthouse keepers. The original light above their residence was replaced by a tower built in 1907 on the east point of the main island. The Canadian Coast Guard destaffed the lighthouse in 1988.[4]

Protected area

In 2008, the provincial government established the new Lucy Islands Conservancy under the Protected Areas of British Columbia Act. It protects critical seabird nesting habitat and supports contemporary marine food harvesting as well as popular recreation opportunities.[3]

The conservancy protects the 28 hectares of land throughout the archipelago as well as 178 hectares of foreshore out to 200 metres from the natural boundary of the sea.[10]

The conservancy is collaboratively managed by BC Parks with the Metlakatla and Lax Kw’alaams First Nations. The partnership replaced a rotten and hazardous boardwalk to permit recreational visits while protecting archaeological and bird-nesting features.[3]

Seabirds

The islands are home to a significant avian population[4] and were cited by the Metlakatla Governing Council as an area of concern in their Joint Review Panel submission that opposed the proposed Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines project.[1]

The conservancy is a nationally significant breeding site for rhinoceros auklets, that dig long burrows where they make their nests.[3] Lucy Islands is the sixth-largest colony in the province. The 25,300 nesting pairs (1983) also represent about 5.4% of the global population.[4]

In 1983, as many as 197 pigeon guillemots (or 1.9% of the estimated national population) were recorded among the islands. By the following year, just 54 pigeon guillemots were recorded. glaucous-winged gulls and black oystercatchers have also been recorded at the site.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 "Written evidence of the intervenors Metlakatla First Nation" (PDF). Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. Metlakatla Governing Council. December 20, 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  2. 1 2 "Lucy Island". BC Geographical Names. Province of British Columbia. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 BC Parks: Annual Report 2010/11 (PDF). BC Parks. 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Lucy Islands". Canadian Important Bird Areas. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  5. 1 2 Walbran, John T. (1909). British Columbia coast names, 1592–1906 : to which are added a few names in adjacent United States territory, their origin and history. Ottawa, Ontario: Govt. Printing Bureau. p. 308.
  6. ↑ Scott, Andrew. "Review – Raincoast Place Names: A Complete Reference for Coastal British Columbia". BC Bookworld. ABC Bookworld. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  7. ↑ Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D.; Irish, Joel D.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Orlando, Ludovic; Song, Yun S.; Nielsen, Rasmus; Meltzer, David J.; Willerslev, Eske (January 3, 2018). "Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans" (PDF). Nature. 553 (7687): 203–207. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..203M. doi:10.1038/nature25173. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29323294. S2CID 4454580.
  8. 1 2 Cui Y; Lindo J; Hughes CE; Johnson JW; Hernandez AG; et al. (2013). "Ancient DNA Analysis of Mid-Holocene Individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America Reveals Different Evolutionary Paths for Mitogenomes". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e66948. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866948C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066948. PMC 3700925. PMID 23843972.
  9. ↑ Boswell, Randy (5 July 2013). "Breakthrough DNA study links B.C. woman and 5,500-year-old "grandmother"". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  10. ↑ "Protected Areas of British Columbia Act – Schedule E". Queen's Printer, British Columbia. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
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