Lycorma
Lycorma delicatula
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
Family: Fulgoridae
Subfamily: Aphaeninae
Tribe: Aphaenini
Genus: Lycorma
Stål, 1863
Type species
Aphana imperialis
White, 1846

Lycorma is a genus of planthoppers native to Asia. The first species within the genus was described by Frederick William Hope in 1843 and the genus was formally established by Carl Stål in 1863.

L. delicatula, known as the spotted lanternfly, is an invasive species in the United States, Japan, and South Korea.

Discovery and taxonomy

The genus Lycorma is in the planthopper family Fulgoridae, subfamily Aphaeninae. Species within this genus are native to Asia.[1][2] Frederick William Hope, in 1843, described Lystra punicea (now a subspecies of L. imperialis), the first named species of the clade.[3] In 1845, Adam White classified two new species under the genus Aphaena, Aphaena imperialis and Aphaena delicatula.[4][3] White described the species as similar to Aphaena variegata, another planthopper species native to Asia, and referenced prior descriptions by George Tradescant Lay in his initial classification of the lanternflies.[4]

Between 1846 and 1863, the species was reclassified by both John O. Westwood and Francis Walker. In 1863, the genus Lycorma was formally established by Carl Stål, with Lycorma imperialis designated as the type species.[5][6] In 1929, Masayo Kato described two additional Lycorma species in Taiwan: L. meliae and L. olivacea.[6] In 2023, L. olivacea was classified as a life stage of L. meliae, downgrading it to a synonym.[7] Additional reclassifications and renamings of subspecies occurred through the work of Edwin Felix Thomas Atkinson, William Lucas Distant, and Robert L. Metcalf, and presently three species and three subspecies are recognized by most authorities.[6]

The name Lycorma derives from the Latin lyc/lyco, meaning "lamp".[8] Members of this genus are often referred to colloquially as "lanternfly" or "lantern bug" due to their brightly colored hind wings.[9][10][11] L. delicatula (often called the spotted lanternfly) has received a number of different colloquial names because it is invasive in South Korea, the United States, and Japan.[12][13]

Species

Fulgoromorpha Lists on the Web[6] lists the following species and subspecies:

  1. Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845)
    1. Lycorma delicatula jole Stål, 1863 (synonym Lycorma jole Stål, 1863)
    2. Lycorma delicatula operosa Walker,1858 (synonym Lycorma operosa Walker, 1858)
  2. Lycorma imperialis (White, 1845) (type species)
    1. Lycorma imperialis punicea (Hope 1843) (synonym Lycorma punicea (Hope 1843))
  3. Lycorma meliae Kato, 1929 (synonym Lycorma olivacea Kato, 1929)[14]

Distribution and evolution

Native range

The genus Lycorma has species distributed across South and Southeast Asia.[3][6] Surveys in the 1930s found that L. delicatula is native to China's northern provinces of Shanxi, Shandong and Hebei, and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine since the 1100s.[15][16] As of 2020, it has expanded its range to include Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.[15][16] L. delicatula has also been reported in Taiwan, Vietnam, and India, but ongoing research has yet to conclude if the species is native to these regions.[17] L. imperialis is native to China, Bangladesh, and India, specifically the Assam, Darjeeling, and Sikkim regions.[18][3] L. meliae is native solely to Taiwan.[6]

Phylogeny

The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic position of Lycorma among select genera of the Fulgoridae family:[19]

Fulgoridae

Pyrops

Aphaena

Lycorma

Accidental introduction

In 2006, L. delicatula was discovered to have invasively spread to South Korea.[20] In 2009, L. delicatula was discovered in Japan,[21] and in 2014, the species was discovered in the United States.[22] L. delicatula may have previously entered Japan sporadically since the 1930s, but only achieved a stable population in the early 2000s.[17] It is believed that L. delicatula entered these countries via egg masses that were laid on exported goods.[23] Currently, these countries have implemented pest control efforts which have sought to limit population growth and spread, due to the threat L. delicatula poses to global agricultural industries.[24]

References

  1. ↑ Barringer, Lawrence (17 December 2021). "Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly)". www.cabi.org. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  2. ↑ Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2011). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Genus Lycorma Stal, 1863 | Planthoppers of North America". University of Delaware. n.d. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  4. 1 2 White, Adam (1845). "Descriptions of a new genus and some new species of homopterous insects from the East in the collection of the British Museum". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 15 (95): 34–37. doi:10.1080/037454809495244. Archived from the original on 2021-10-05. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  5. ↑ Stål C (1863) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgoriden. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin. 24: 230-251 [232].
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Bourgoin T: Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Lycorma (retrieved 26 April 2020)". Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  7. ↑ Lin You-Sheng, Liao Jhih-Rong, Shiao Shiuh-Feng, Ko Chiun-Cheng (2023) Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 62(7): 1-37.
  8. ↑ Gagnon, Jennifer (Spring 2016). "You Ain't From Around Here! Exotic Invasive of the Quarter: Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula)" (PDF). Virginia Forest Landowner. 30 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-22. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  9. ↑ Cox, Art (8 March 2018). "The spotted lanternfly — yet another beautiful new pest". The Journal. Archived from the original on 2023-09-06. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  10. ↑ "The Fascinating Life of Lantern Bugs". Natural History Curiosities. 2021-04-10. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  11. ↑ Burrows, M.; Ghosh, A.; Sutton, G. P.; Yeshwanth, H. M.; Rogers, S. M.; Sane, S. P. (2021-12-09). "Jumping in lantern bugs (Hemiptera, Fulgoridae)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 224 (23): jeb243361. doi:10.1242/jeb.243361. ISSN 0022-0949. PMC 8714067. PMID 34755862. Archived from the original on 2022-09-10. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  12. ↑ Dara, Surendra K.; Barringer, Lawrence; Steven P., Arthurs (2015). "Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae): A New Invasive Pest in the United States". Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 6 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1093/jipm/pmv021. Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  13. ↑ Han, Jung Min; Kim, Hyojoong; Lim, Eun Ji; Lee, Seunghwan; Kwon, Yong-Jung; Cho, Soowon (2008). "Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoridae: Aphaeninae) finally, but suddenly arrived in Korea" (PDF). Entomological Research. 38 (4): 281–296. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2008.00188.x. S2CID 86593102. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-22. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  14. ↑ Lin You-Sheng, Liao Jhih-Rong, Shiao Shiuh-Feng, Ko Chiun-Cheng (2023) Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 62(7): 1-37.
  15. 1 2 Western Farm Press (10 November 2014). "Spotted lanternfly – a new threat to grapes, stone fruit?". Western Farm Press. Penton Agriculture Market. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  16. 1 2 Wang, Rong-Rong; Liu, Jia-Jia; Li, Xin-Yu; Liang, Ai-Ping; Bourgoin, Thierry (27 March 2018). "Relating antennal sensilla diversity and possible species behaviour in the planthopper pest Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)". PLOS One. 13 (3): e0194995. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394995W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194995. PMC 5871016. PMID 29584780.
  17. 1 2 Burne, Allan (17 March 2020). "Pest risk assessment: Lycorma delicatula (Spotted lanternfly)". Biosecurity New Zealand. ISBN 978-1-99-001754-4. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  18. ↑ "Pest Risk Analysis for Lycorma delicatula" (PDF). European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2022.
  19. ↑ "Figure 5". Scientific Reports. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  20. ↑ Gill, Chuck (17 November 2014). "Entomologists hope vigilance, research stop newly discovered spotted lanternfly". phys.org. Science X network. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  21. ↑ Mauchline, C.; McKenna, C. (2019). BS1847: Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White 1845) review: biology, ecology and pest management with reference to kiwifruit. Plant & Food Research (Report). Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  22. ↑ "Spotted Lanternfly". Penn State Extension. USDA. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  23. ↑ Uyi, Osariyekemwen; Keller, Joseph A; Johnson, Anne; Long, David; Walsh, Brian; Hoover, Kelli (17 October 2020). Ranger, Christopher (ed.). "Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) can complete development and reproduce without access to the preferred host, Ailanthus altissima". Environmental Entomology. 49 (5): 1185–1190. doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa083. ISSN 0046-225X. PMID 32725170. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  24. ↑ Kime, Lynn F.; Harper, Jayson K.; Stone, William; Kelsey, Timothy W. (December 2019). Potential Economic Impact of the Spotted Lanternfly on Agriculture and Forestry in Pennsylvania (PDF) (Report). Pennsylvania State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
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