Human retina cross-section
Macular hypoplasia
Other namesFoveal hypoplasia
This condition is inherited via autosomal dominant manner.

Macular hypoplasia (or foveal hypoplasia) is a rare medical condition involving the underdevelopment of the macula,[1] a small area on the retina (the eye's internal surface) responsible for seeing in detail and sensing light.[2] Macular hypoplasia is often associated with albinism.[1]

When the foveal area of the eye is compromised, visual clarity and color perception are reduced.[2] Diagnosing is done by an ophthalmologist.[2] The foveal area of the eye is located in the back of the eyeball. It is placed in front of the optic nerve and is responsible for light sensory and visual perceptiveness.[3][4]

Other diseases with foveal hypoplasia besides albinism include aniridia, retinopathy of prematurity, and Alport syndrome.[5][6]

Causes

Macular hypoplasia occurs the most in people that have a diagnosis of albinism.[7] There are four gene mutations that occur in albinism and are linked to macular hypoplasia.[7] The four mutations can occur on the phenotypes of FH, PAX6, SLC38A8, and AHR.[7] The most common gene mutation is the FH phenotype and has a 67.5% correlation rate to macular hypoplasia.[7]

The disorder can occur through two distinct genetic abnormalities.[8] The difference among mutated genes results in a difference in phenotypic display of macular hypoplasia.[8] In phenotype FVH1, there is a mutation of the PAX6 gene.[8] FVH1 occurs through autosomal dominant inheritance.[8] The mutation is passed down to the recipient from the mother or father.[8] FVH1 type of macular hypoplasia coincides with cataracts in the eyes.[8] In phenotype, FVH1 is caused by a SLC38A8 gene mutation. FVH2 occurs by autosomal recessive inheritance.[8] Both parents pass the mutated gene to the child.[8] Macular hypoplasia prevails due to improper placement of the optic nerve.[8]

Diagnosis

A lack of foveal pigmentation or circumfoveal light reflex is a common finding of macular hypoplasia; however, diagnosis is challenging for those that have a darker pigmentation of the skin, hair, and iris.[9] Originally, findings of nystagmus, or involuntary movement, and lack of blood flow to the retina using fluorescein angiography (FA) were used to detect macular hypoplasia.[9][10] FA uses light to look at the retina and blood vessel development in the eye using a dye.[9]

Today, a newer technology, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to detect foveal hypoplasia and does not require a dye.[9] OCT allows professionals to see the structures in the eye, usually the thickness of the retina and optic nerve.[11] This is a noninvasive procedure where patients rest their chin and focus on a green light within the machine.[11] Eye dryness and fatigue are the limited risks associated with this scan.[11]

Other diseases that can be diagnosed using OCT are glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetes-related retinopathy.[11]

Treatment

Currently, there is no specific pharmacotherapy that prevents or reserves macular hypoplasia; however, reading glasses or other vision devices can be used to enhance the quality of life for individuals.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 "OMIM Entry - # 136520 - FOVEAL HYPOPLASIA 1; FVH1". omim.org. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
  2. 1 2 3 "Foveal Hypoplasia 1 | Hereditary Ocular Diseases". disorders.eyes.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
  3. ↑ Rehman, Ibraheem; Mahabadi, Navid; Motlagh, Mahsaw; Ali, Tayyeba (2022), "Anatomy, Head and Neck, Eye Fovea", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29493926, retrieved 2022-07-28
  4. ↑ "Foveal Hypoplasia 1 | Hereditary Ocular Diseases". disorders.eyes.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  5. ↑ Thomas MG, Papageorgiou E, Kuht HJ, Gottlob I (November 2020). "Normal and abnormal foveal development". Br J Ophthalmol. 106 (5): 593–599. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316348. PMID 33148537. S2CID 226248229.
  6. ↑ Hess K, Pfau M, Wintergerst MW, Loeffler KU, Holz FG, Herrmann P (February 2020). "Phenotypic Spectrum of the Foveal Configuration and Foveal Avascular Zone in Patients With Alport Syndrome". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 61 (2): 5. doi:10.1167/iovs.61.2.5. PMC 7324255. PMID 32031577.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Kuht, Helen J.; Maconachie, Gail D. E.; Han, Jinu; Kessel, Line; Genderen, Maria M. van; McLean, Rebecca J.; Hisaund, Michael; Tu, Zhanhan; Hertle, Richard W.; Gronskov, Karen; Bai, Dayong (2022-06-01). "Genotypic and Phenotypic Spectrum of Foveal Hypoplasia: A Multicenter Study". Ophthalmology. 129 (6): 708–718. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.02.010. ISSN 0161-6420. PMC 9341240. PMID 35157951.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Matsushita, Itsuka; Morita, Hirofumi; Kondo, Hiroyuki (2020-11-01). "Autosomal dominant foveal hypoplasia without visible macular abnormalities and PAX6 mutations". Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 64 (6): 635–641. doi:10.1007/s10384-020-00766-9. ISSN 1613-2246. PMID 32857266. S2CID 221346603.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Recchia, Franco M.; Carvalho-Recchia, Cynthia A.; Trese, Michael T. (2002-11-01). "Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis of Foveal Hypoplasia". Archives of Ophthalmology. 120 (11): 1587–1588. ISSN 0003-9950. PMID 12427081.
  10. ↑ "Nystagmus". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Optical Coherence Tomography: What It Is & How It's Used". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  12. ↑ "Foveal Hypoplasia 2 | Hereditary Ocular Diseases". disorders.eyes.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
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