Mae Sot
แม่สอด
City Municipality
City of Mae Sot
เทศบาลนครแม่สอด
Thai—Myanmar Friendship Bridge
Thai—Myanmar Friendship Bridge
Official seal of Mae Sot
Seal
Mae Sot is located in Thailand
Mae Sot
Mae Sot
Location in Thailand
Coordinates: 16°42′47″N 98°34′29″E / 16.71306°N 98.57472°E / 16.71306; 98.57472
Country Thailand
ProvinceTak
DistrictMae Sot
Government
 • TypeCity Municipality
 • MayorThoedkiat Chinsoranan
Area
 • Total27.2 km2 (10.5 sq mi)
Population
 • Total52,350 [1]
Time zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)
Postcode
63110
Area code(+66) 55
Websitenakhonmaesotcity.go.th

Mae Sot (Thai: แม่สอด, pronounced [mɛ̂ː sɔ̀ːt]; Burmese: မဲဆောက်, [mɛ́ sʰaʊʔ]; Shan: ႄႈသၢႆ, [ɛ sʰaaj]) is a city in western Thailand that shares a border with Myanmar to the west. It is notable as a trade hub and for its substantial population of Burmese migrants and refugees. The city is part of Tak Province, 87 km from the city of Tak and 492 km from Bangkok. It is home to the district headquarters of Mae Sot District, and is the main gateway between Thailand and Burma. As a result, it has gained notoriety for its trade in gems and teak, as well as black market services such as human trafficking and illicit drugs.

History

In 1937 Mae Sot was a local administration, administered by a headman, usually called village headman or village chief (ผู้ใหญ่บ้าน phu yai ban),[2] Its population at the time was approximately 12,000 people. On 30 September 1939 Mae Sot was established as a municipalitity[3] and governed 27 villages. It was upgraded to a city municipality in 2010.[4]

In 1997, the Thai–Myanmar Friendship Bridge opened across the Moei River connecting Mae Sot with Myawaddy.[5] In the 2000s, an additional large border crossing facility to handle goods traffic was built to the north west of Mae Sot with a crossing entitled No. 2 Friendship Bridge.

In recent decades, the city has become home to thousands of Burmese migrants.[6] Industries in Mae Sot have grown, especially in the areas related to international trade and manufacturing in textiles, garments, gemstones, jade and teak.[7] By 2004, the numbers of Burmese migrants in Mae Sot had reached between 70,000 and 100,000.[8]

Geography

The neighboring districts of Mae Sot include Mae Pa tambon administrative organization (TAO) in the north, Mae Tao (TAO) to the south, Mae Pa and Phra That Pha Daeng (TAO) to the east, and the Tha Sai Luat Sub-district Municipality to the west.

Economy

Rim Moei Market

Trade with Burma constitutes the largest portion of Mae Sot's economy. It has an established market for commodities such as wholesale gems and teak. Most of the town's service industries are supported by Burmese migrants who work in sweat-shops and factories throughout the region. The town also suffers from a black market in illegal smuggling, human trafficking, and narcotics. The Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge is the primary gateway for trade with Burma. The border region, several kilometres west from central Mae Sot, includes the Rim Moei Market that deals in imported goods and woodwork.

Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha, the junta leader and prime minister, in May 2015 invoked his authority under Section 44 of the Interim Charter to declare the area of Wang Takhian in Tha Sai Luat subdistrict of Mae Sot a special economic zone (SEZ). The current plan is to transform nearly 2,200 rai of land of Tha Sai Luat into an SEZ. The government has offered to compensate displaced villagers at 7,000-12,000 baht per rai of land and resettle villagers in another district of Tak. As of July 2016 the current market price of a rai of land in Mae Sot is almost one million baht, leading villagers to reject the offer.[9]

Climate

Mae Sot has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is very hot with the average daily maximum at 36.8 °C (98.2 °F). The monsoon season runs from May to October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.

Climate data for Mae Sot (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.4
(95.7)		 38.5
(101.3)		 40.3
(104.5)		 41.1
(106.0)		 41.6
(106.9)		 36.6
(97.9)		 35.6
(96.1)		 35.4
(95.7)		 35.8
(96.4)		 38.7
(101.7)		 36.5
(97.7)		 35.7
(96.3)		 41.6
(106.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.0
(89.6)		 34.3
(93.7)		 36.1
(97.0)		 37.2
(99.0)		 34.8
(94.6)		 32.0
(89.6)		 30.8
(87.4)		 30.5
(86.9)		 31.8
(89.2)		 32.6
(90.7)		 32.3
(90.1)		 31.2
(88.2)		 33.0
(91.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4)		 24.9
(76.8)		 27.5
(81.5)		 29.4
(84.9)		 28.3
(82.9)		 26.8
(80.2)		 26.0
(78.8)		 25.8
(78.4)		 26.4
(79.5)		 26.5
(79.7)		 25.1
(77.2)		 23.1
(73.6)		 26.1
(78.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 16.0
(60.8)		 17.1
(62.8)		 20.2
(68.4)		 23.3
(73.9)		 24.2
(75.6)		 23.9
(75.0)		 23.4
(74.1)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.4
(74.1)		 22.5
(72.5)		 19.6
(67.3)		 16.6
(61.9)		 21.1
(70.0)
Record low °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6)		 8.5
(47.3)		 11.8
(53.2)		 17.6
(63.7)		 19.5
(67.1)		 21.5
(70.7)		 20.9
(69.6)		 20.6
(69.1)		 19.3
(66.7)		 15.3
(59.5)		 8.4
(47.1)		 4.5
(40.1)		 4.5
(40.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7.5
(0.30)		 6.8
(0.27)		 20.9
(0.82)		 36.1
(1.42)		 153.5
(6.04)		 246.8
(9.72)		 372.9
(14.68)		 353.6
(13.92)		 204.7
(8.06)		 91.6
(3.61)		 19.4
(0.76)		 6.7
(0.26)		 1,520.5
(59.86)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.6 0.5 1.8 3.3 12.5 20.5 23.3 23.7 16.6 8.2 1.5 0.5 113
Average relative humidity (%) 70.7 63.3 60.9 63.2 74.8 83.3 85.7 86.7 84.4 80.9 75.3 72.9 75.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 275.9 259.9 275.9 243.0 158.1 57.0 58.9 58.9 108.0 179.8 219.0 275.9 2,170.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.9 9.2 8.9 8.1 5.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.6 5.8 7.3 8.9 6.0
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[10]
Source 2: Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department (sun 1981–2010)[11](extremes)[12]

References

  1. ↑ ส่วนวิจัยและพัฒนาระบบ รูปแบบและโครงสร้าง. "ส่วนวิจัยและพัฒนาระบบ รูปแบบและโครงสร้าง สำนักพัฒนาระบบ รูปแบบและโครงสร้าง กรมส่งเสริมการปกครองท้องถิ่น." [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: 2557. สืบค้น 6 กุมภาพันธ์ 2558.
  2. ↑ Yudthaphon Vichianin (Aug 5, 2003). "Village Chief Lee". Thai Language Program. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived from the original (interactive) on March 24, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
  3. ↑ "พระราชกฤษฎีกาจัดตั้งเทศบาลตำบลแม่สอด จังหวัดตาก พุทธศักราช ๒๔๘๒" (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 56 (ก): 959–962. 1939-09-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 10, 2015.
  4. ↑ "ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง เปลี่ยนแปลงฐานะเทศบาลเมืองแม่สอด อำเภอแม่สอด จังหวัดตาก เป็นเทศบาลนครแม่สอด" (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 127 (พิเศษ 50 ง): 7. 2010-04-21. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2011.
  5. ↑ "Thailand and Myanmar mark 20th anniversary of first Friendship bridge". Thai PBS English News Service. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  6. ↑ "Life on the Burma-Thai border". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  7. ↑ "Illicit trade on the Thai-Burma border". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  8. ↑ Arnold, D (2004). The situation of Burmese Migrant Workers. The Southeast Asia Research Centre (SEARC).
  9. ↑ "Local farmers suffer as Thai junta pleases big companies". Prachatai English. 2016-07-11. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  10. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  11. ↑ "ปริมาณการใช้น้ำของพืชอ้างอิงโดยวิธีของ Penman Monteith (Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith)" (PDF) (in Thai). Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department. p. 28. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  12. ↑ "Climatological Data for the Period 1981–2010". Thai Meteorological Department. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
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