MALÉV Hungarian Airlines
Magyar Légiközlekedési Vállalat
IATA ICAO Callsign
MA MAH MALEV
Founded29 March 1946 (1946-03-29)
(as Hungarian-Soviet Civil Air Transport Joint Stock Company)
Commenced operations25 November 1954 (1954-11-25)
Ceased operations3 February 2012 (2012-02-03)
HubsBudapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport
Frequent-flyer programDuna Club
AllianceOneworld (2007—2012)
SubsidiariesMalév Express (2002—2005)
Parent companyMNV
HeadquartersBudapest, Hungary
Websitehttps://malevairlines.com

MALÉV Ltd.[1] (Hungarian: Malév Zrt.), which did business as MALÉV Hungarian Airlines (Hungarian: Magyar Légiközlekedési Vállalat, abbreviated MALÉV, pronounced [ˈmɒleːv]), was the flag carrier of Hungary from 1946 until 2012. Its head office was in Budapest, with its main hub at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport. The airline flew to over 50 cities in 34 countries with a fleet of 22 aircraft. Malév joined the Oneworld alliance on 29 March 2007.[2] On 3 February 2012, Malév ceased operations[3] and on 14 February 2012 was declared insolvent by the Metropolitan Court of Budapest.

History

Lisunov Li–2P of Malev in 1956
Ilyushin Il-14P of Malev in 1966
Malev Ilyushin Il-18 arriving at London Heathrow Airport in July 1965
Tupolev Tu-154 of Malev departing from Frankfurt Airport in 1977.

Beginnings

Hungarian civil aviation was pioneered by airlines such as Aero Rt. (founded 1910), Magyar Aeroforgalmi Rt. (Maefort) and Magyar Légiforgalmi Rt. (MALÉRT (mɒleːrt)). The widespread devastation of World War II forced these airlines to suspend airline service in 1940–44, and they were ultimately replaced by Maszovlet as the national airline after the war. Maszovlet was founded on 29 March 1946, as the Hungarian-Soviet Civil Air Transport Joint Stock Company (Magyar-Szovjet Polgári Légiforgalmi Rt. also known as MASZOVLET), as a merger between Malert, Maefort and the Hungarian part of Aeroflot.

The initial fleet consisted of 21-seat Li-2 passenger aircraft (the Soviet-licensed DC-3) and 3-seat Po-2 "taxis", used for precision air mail: sacks of mail were dropped from the aircraft when flying over its destination. In 1950, Malév's operating base moved from Budaörs to the newly opened airport at Ferihegy, where it remained.

On 25 November 1954, Hungary acquired all the Soviet shares of MASZOVLET, and renamed the company MALÉV. Ilyushin Il-14 twin piston-engined transport aircraft were acquired in the late 1950s. Operations were expanded, with flights extending to nearby countries and, following the 1965 acquisition of Ilyushin Il-18 turbine propeller airliners, and the subsequent 1968 purchase of jet-powered Tupolev Tu-134s from the Soviet Union, across Europe and the Middle East. In the summer of 1974, the Tupolev-154 was brought into scheduled service.

Even before the political changes of 1989 and the arrival of democracy, Malév had begun phasing out its Soviet-era planes with the introduction of the airline's first Western-designed aircraft, a Boeing 737-200 on 18 November 1988.[4][5] With that, Malév was the second airline in the then-communist COMECON countries of Central Europe to operate a Western-built aircraft. (TAROM – Romanian Airlines started operating the BAC 1-11 in 1968 and the Boeing 707 in 1974. LOT – Polish Airlines was the third with its Boeing 767-300 aircraft launched in April 1989).[6]

The company's logo, which turned out to be its last, was designed by graphic designer László Zsótér (DLA) in 1986 and consecutively adopted during the following years.[7]

1990s–2007: Modernisation

The last Soviet-built Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft was withdrawn from service in 2001. In 2003, MALÉV began replacing its Boeing 737 Classic aircraft with 737 Next-Generation planes. It then ran a fleet of 18 Boeing 737 Next Generations, as well as 4 Bombardier Dash 8 Q-400s for short-haul routes.[8]

From 1999 to 2007, the Hungarian State Privatization Company ÁPV Plc. (Állami Privatizációs és Vagyonkezelő Rt.) owned 99.5% of Malév shares. The other 0.5% were in the hands of small shareholders. József Váradi was CEO from 1999 to 2003. He later founded Wizz Air. ÁPV Plc. repeatedly tried to privatise Malév, finally selling it to AirBridge Zrt.

2007–2011: In private hands

AirBridge acquired 99.9% of the airline in February 2007. It had 1,785 staff members, as of 31 December 2007.[9]

Despite Czech Airlines' offer to sponsor Malév as an associate member of the SkyTeam alliance, and MALÉV's codeshare agreements with several SkyTeam carriers, Malév joined Oneworld on 29 March 2007.

On 12 July 2007, Lloyd Paxton was appointed CEO of MALÉV. Paxton replaced János Gönci, who remained on the board of directors as an adviser. Paxton was the first MALÉV CEO to come from the airline industry. He had been with British Airways for over 35 years and more recently with Air Astana. Two months later, on 14 September 2007, Lloyd Paxton resigned as CEO of MALÉV, replaced by Péter Leonov.[10] In January 2009, Ballo Anatoly Borisovich became the chairman.[11]

On 18 March 2009, the Russian state-owned Vneshekonombank took a minority stake of 49% in AirBridge Zrt which held the shares of the struggling airline. The majority, 51%, remained in Hungarian ownership. The managing control would be taken by Russia's Aeroflot – Russian Airlines. Martin Gauss, former CEO of DBA and Cirrus Airlines as well as a Boeing 737 pilot was elected as CEO on 15 April 2009.[12] During the management of Martin Gauss, MALÉV reached a load factor above industry average among "traditional" airlines, comparable of that of low-cost airlines. One of the reasons of the departure of Martin Gauss as CEO of MALÉV was the benefit ceiling established by the newly elected government, led by Viktor Orbán, in 2010, where a ceiling of €8000 gross monthly salary (approx €5000 net) was set for all managers, governing state-owned companies.

In 2009, Malév became the second airline outside of the former Soviet Union – after the Italian ItAli Airlines – to order the Russian Sukhoi Superjet 100, when it signed a letter of intent for 15 planes with an option for 15 more. News organizations speculated that the deal was influenced by minority owner Vneshekonombank and partner airline Aeroflot. The order was suspended in 2011, one year before Malév ceased operations.[13][14][15]

The airline was renationalised in February 2010, with Hungarian Government state holding company MNV acquiring a 95% stake in the airline. The remaining 5% remained with AirBridge. In December 2010, the European Commission began an investigation into illegal government subsidies of Malév.[16]

2012: Financial collapse and cessation of operations

On 9 January 2012, the European Union considered the state aid received by MALÉV illegal and ordered Hungary to recover it from the company. The European Commission ordered MALÉV to repay various forms of state aid received from 2007 to 2010, totalling 38 billion forints (€130 m; $171 m), a sum equal to its entire 2010 revenue.[17][18] At the end of January 2012, MALÉV announced that it could no longer fund its own operations, and requested more subsidies from the Hungarian government.[19] After having two planes seized at foreign airports by creditors, MALÉV immediately ceased all flight activity on 3 February 2012, after 66 years of continuous operation. The airline's total debts were 60 billion forints (US$270.5 million) at the time of shutdown.[20] The shutdown occurred at 6 am Western European Time on 3 February 2012.[21] On 14 February 2012, the Metropolitan Court of Budapest declared MALÉV Ltd. insolvent. Hitelintézeti Felszámoló Nonprofit Kft. (Credit Institutional Liquidator Nonprofit Ltd.) received the appointment as the liquidator of MALÉV Ltd.[22]

Corporate affairs

Before its closure, the airline had 2,600 employees and almost half of the air traffic at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport.[17] In 2011 about 40% of the revenues at Budapest airport originated from Malév operations,[23][24] and during that year the airline served 3.2 million passengers.[25]

Head office

Malév's head office at Lurdy House

MALÉV's head office was located inside the Lurdy House (Lurdy Ház) in Budapest.,[26][27] an office and shopping complex that opened in 1998.[28] Previously the airline head office was located elsewhere in Budapest. In the 1960s and 1970s it was in V. Vörösmarty-tér 5,[29][30] and in the 1990s it was in Roosevelt tér 2.[31][32] The airline signed a lease agreement in the spring of 2011 with Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport agreeing to relocate its headquarters to three office buildings between Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 in the airport by the summer of 2012,[33] but these plans were cancelled due to the shutdown.[34]

Ownership

The airline was privatised in the 1990s.[35] In December 1993, ÁPV Plc. sold 40,316 "A" series shares to the airline's employees. In 1998 ÁPV Plc. held 64.089% of the company (4,929,954 shares), Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane held 30% (2,307,693 shares), Simest held 5% (384,615 shares), private entities held 0.333% (25,577 shares), and several local governments held the rest of the company. Local governments with stakes in Malév were Agárd, Balatonlelle, Budapest, Debrecen, Budapest District 5, and Budapest District 18.[36]

In 2007 the Russian brothers Alexander and Boris Abramovich acquired 49% of AirBridge Zrt as part of a privatisation program of the Hungarian government. After the AiRUnion alliance of the Abramovich brothers went bankrupt in 2009, Vnesheconombank took over the Abramovich stake.[37]

The government of Hungary re-nationalized the airline on 26 February 2010, after Malev experienced changes in ownership and financial difficulties. The government held 95% of the airline while AirBridge Zrt held 5%.[38] AirBridge Zrt was 51% owned by Kálmán Kiss and Magdolna Költő, two Hungarian individuals (very likely straw owners), and 49% owned by Boris Abramovich. Prior to 26 February 2010, AirBridge Zrt held 99.95% of Malév and minor shareholders held 0.05%.[39]

Destinations

Malev Hungarian destinations.
  Hungary
  Malev Hungarian Destinations

MALÉV Hungarian Airlines offered scheduled services to about fifty destinations in Europe and the Middle East; charter flights were also flown. Flights to Africa, East Asia, and North America had been terminated. Services on the Budapest-Toronto and Budapest-New York-JFK routes were suspended in mid-November 2007.[40] Then, on 23 July 2008, MALÉV announced the cancellation of the New York and Toronto flights; these had been operated since the early 1990s.

Codeshare agreements

Malév Hungarian Airlines had codeshare agreements with the following airlines, beside oneworld members:

Fleet

Final fleet

A Malév Bombardier Dash 8 Q400
A Malév Bombardier CRJ200ER
A Boeing 767-300ER
A Malév Boeing 737-700 landing at London Heathrow Airport, England. (2005)
A Malév Fokker 70

MALÉV's fleet consisted of the following aircraft at the time of its shutdown on 3 February 2012:[41][42][43]

Malev fleet
Aircraft In
service		 Passengers Notes
C Y Total
Boeing 737-600 6 19 90 109[44]
Boeing 737-700 7 19 102 121[45]
Boeing 737-800 2 29 139 168
3 — 180 180
Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 4 — 72 72
Total 22

Retired fleet

Over the years, Malév had in the past operated a variety of aircraft, including:[46]

Malev retired fleet
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes
Aero 45 1 1949 1957
Antonov An-2PF 1 1988 2012 Used as a training aircraft
BAe 146-200QT 1 1993 Used as a freighter jointly with TNT Airways
Bombardier CRJ100LR 1 2002 2002 Leased from Bombardier Capital
Bombardier CRJ200ER 4 2009
Boeing 707-320C 3 1990 1991 Leased from Buffalo Airways and Export Air Leasing. Used as freighters[47]
Boeing 737-200 6 1988 2001
Boeing 737-300 7 1991 2004
Boeing 737-400 6 1994
Boeing 737-500 2 1998 Leased from Hapag-Lloyd
Boeing 767-200ER 2 1993 2009
Boeing 767-300ER 3 1992 2008
Cessna 152 2 2006 2012
Cessna 172 2 1993
Douglas TS-62 1 1952 1961 Converted from a C-47 in 1956; written off as HA-TSA
Fokker 70 6 1995 2010
Ilyushin Il-14M 3 1957 1970
Ilyushin Il-14P 5 1958
Ilyushin Il-14T 1 2010 2012 Restored as tribute to Malév and stored at Aeropark aircraft museum
Ilyushin Il-18V 8 1960 1989 Two on display at the Aeropark aircraft museum
One used as a restaurant in Abda, then moved to Košice for restoration in 2014[48]
Ilyushin Il-62 1 1991 1991 Leased from CSA Czechoslovak Airlines for two months for flights between Hungary and Japan.
Let L-200 Morava 2 1993 2012
Lisunov Li-2P 15 1946 1962
Lisunov Li-2T 9 1957 1964
1 1980 2012 On display at the Aeropark aircraft museum
Maule M-7 1 2009 2012
Polikarpov Po-2 5 1946 1960
Tupolev Tu-134 14 1968 1998 One on display at the Aeropark aircraft museum
One on display in Szolnok, and one on display in Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim.
Tupolev Tu-154 18 1973 2001 One on display at the Aeropark aircraft museum
Yakovlev Yak-40 5 1987 1994
Zlin Z-142 6 1982 2012
Zlin Z-143 1 2003 2006

Incidents and accidents

HA-LCR next to the airport fire station at Thessaloniki International Airport, in April 2018
23 December 1954
A MALÉV Lisunov Li-2P (HA-LIF) force-landed near Polná, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) due to icing; while landing, the left landing gear collapsed; all 33 on board survived (one person was injured), but the aircraft was written off.[49] On the same day another Malév Li-2P (HA-LII) belly-landed near Bratroňov, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) due to icing; all 19 on board survived, but the aircraft was also written off.[50]
13 July 1956
MALÉV Flight 622, a Lisunov Li-2T (HA-LIG) was hijacked by seven people who demanded to be taken to West Germany; the aircraft landed safely at Ingolstadt Air Base with no casualties to the 20 passengers and crew on board.[51]
13 October 1956
MALÉV Lisunov Li-2P (HA-LID) was hijacked shortly after takeoff from Szombathely Airport by four armed men who wanted to be flown to the West; of the 19 on board, one died and two were injured.[52]
6 August 1961
MALÉV Douglas TS-62 (HA-TSA) crashed in a residential area in Budapest while on a sightseeing flight due to crew negligence and loss of control, killing all 27 on board and another three on the ground.[53]
23 November 1962
MALÉV Airlines Flight 355, an Ilyushin Il-18V (HA-MOD), crashed at Le Bourget Airport, probably as the result of a stall; all 21 on board died.[54]
17 February 1964
MALÉV VEB 14P HA-MAH was burnt out in a hangar fire at Ferihegy Airport.[55]
19 November 1969
MALÉV Tupolev Tu-134 (HA-LBA), overran the runway on landing at Atatürk Airport, collapsing the landing gear and injuring the navigator (in the nose); there were no other casualties, but the aircraft was written off.[56]
28 August 1971
MALÉV Airlines Flight 731, an Ilyushin Il-18V (HA-MOC), crashed into the sea on approach to Copenhagen Airport, killing 32; 2 survived. Dezső Szentgyörgyi, who was piloting the Il-18V at the time of the crash and also the top-scoring Hungarian ace of World War II, was among those who were killed.[57]
16 September 1971
MALÉV Airlines Flight 110, operated by Tupolev Tu-134 HA-LBD, crashed near Boryspil International Airport, Kiev in bad weather, following two missed approaches, after a generator failure caused the crew to switch to batteries; all 49 on board died.[58]
15 January 1975
MALÉV Flight 801 operated by Ilyushin Il-18V HA-MOH, was being ferried from East Berlin to Budapest when it crashed on approach to Ferihegy Airport due to weather, poor visibility, poor CRM and possible spatial disorientation, killing the nine crew.
30 September 1975
MALÉV Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft on the Budapest to Beirut route crashed near the Lebanese shoreline. See Malév Flight 240.
21 September 1977
MALÉV Airlines Flight 203, a Tupolev Tu-134 (HA-LBC), flying from Istanbul to Budapest with an intermediate stop at Bucharest struck level ground on approach, probably as a result of flying at reduced power, unnoticed by the crew. Of the 53 on board, 29 died.[59]
29 March 1989
Two teenagers from Czechoslovakia armed with grenades and shotguns hijacked Flight 640 at Prague Ruzyně Airport, and flew the Tupolev Tu-154B with 15 hostages to Frankfurt Airport before surrendering.[60]
4 July 2000
MALÉV Flight 262, a chartered MALÉV Tu-154 HA-LCR, landed on its belly at Thessaloniki Airport in Greece. The crew had not successfully lowered the landing gear and the aircraft skidded 400 metres (440 yards) on the runway. The aircraft was able to become airborne again as the pilots applied full throttle. It circled until the crew managed to lower the landing gear and landed safely. There were no injuries, but the aircraft was written off, and is now used for fire training.
13 February 2009
MALÉV Flight 440 from Budapest made an emergency landing at its destination Skopje Airport in North Macedonia. At 16:05 the pilot reported right engine failure of the Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 whilst on final approach. The pilot safely landed the airplane and there were no injuries to the 64 passengers. The General Manager of Skopje Airport confirmed the incident.[61][62][63]
25 June 2011
MALÉV Airlines Flight 906, operated by Boeing 737-800 HA-LOC, from Budapest to Heraklion International Airport, suffered a tail strike during landing. None of the 180 passengers and 7 crew were hurt but the aircraft was seriously damaged. The incident was later attributed to pilot error.[64]

See also

References

  1. ↑ It was previously Malév Rt. . The 1995 annual report refers to it as "Malév Plc."
  2. ↑ "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 10 April 2007. pp. 46–47.
  3. ↑ "Malev stops flying Survival of the fittest". The Economist. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  4. ↑ "HC-CFH AeroGal Boeing 737-2T5(A) - cn 22979 / ln 950 - Planespotters.net Just Aviation". Archived from the original on 7 February 2011.
  5. ↑ Pannonian Winds of Shame
  6. ↑ "Aircraft search. Boeing 767-25DER". rzjets.net. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  7. ↑ A Magyar design legend trendguide.hu
  8. ↑ "Malév history". Malév.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  9. ↑ "Annual Report 2007" (PDF). Malév Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  10. ↑ "Lloyd Paxton Leaves MALÉV After Two Months, Peter Leonov Is New CEO". Airliner world. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  11. ↑ "Focus on Europe" (Press release). Malév Hungarian Airlines. 27 August 2008. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  12. ↑ "Experienced Germaan airline manager" (Press release). Malev.com. 16 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  13. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (15 June 2009). "PARIS AIR SHOW: Superjet 100 takes off with Malev order". Flight Global. DVV Media International Ltd. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  14. ↑ Winters, Patrick (7 December 2011). "Malev SSJ100 order shelved". Airfinance Journal. Hangar Holdco Ltd. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  15. ↑ Snyder, Brett (26 June 2009). "Malev Orders Sukhoi Superjets". Money Watch. CBS News. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  16. ↑ "Sceptical EU opens state-aid probe into Malév's financing". Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  17. 1 2 "Hungarian airline Malev collapses." BBC. 3 February 2012. Retrieved on 3 February 2012.
  18. ↑ "Hungary’s Malev Airline Ordered by EU to Repay State Support" 9 Jan 2012
  19. ↑ "Malev begs Hungary's govt for help as it runs out of cash". Flightglobal. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
  20. ↑ "Hungarian National Airline Halts Flights." The New York Times. 4 February 2012. Retrieved on 3 February 2012.
  21. ↑ Flynn, Pat. "Shannon benefits from airline closure." The Irish Times. Saturday, 4 February 2012. Retrieved on 4 February 2012.
  22. ↑ "INFORMATION ABOUT THE WINDING-UP OF MALÉV LTD." (Archive) Malév Hungarian Airlines. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  23. ↑ Eddy, Kester. "Malev grounds fleet over unpaid debts." Financial Times. 3 February 2012. Retrieved on 4 February 2012.
  24. ↑ Dunai, Marton and Gergely Szakacs. "Rivals swoop in as Hungary's Malev stops flying." Reuters. Friday 3 February 2012.
  25. ↑ "Malev Airline Stops Services After 66 Years as Hungary Moves to Cut Losses". Bloomberg.
  26. ↑ "Terms & Conditions Archived 15 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine." Malév Hungarian Airlines. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  27. ↑ "Communicating change." Europe Intelligence Wire. 12 January 2004. Retrieved 28 February 2010. "Varadi spoke recently with reporter Anita Benko at Malév's head office in the Lurdy Haz shopping and..."
  28. ↑ "About Us Archived 3 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine." Lurdy Ház. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  29. ↑ Flight International. 2 April 1964. 519 (Archive). "Head Office: V. Vörösmarty-tér 5, Budapest."
  30. ↑ Flight International. 6 May 1971. p. 636 (Archive). "V. Vorosmarty ter 5, Budapest, Hungary."
  31. ↑ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 26 March – 1 April 1997. 86 (Archive). "Roosevelt tér 2, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary"
  32. ↑ "Offices in Hungary." Malév Hungarian Airlines. 13 June 1998. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  33. ↑ "Property development." (Archive) Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport. Retrieved on 11 December 2011.
  34. ↑ "Csomagol a Malév a Lurdy Házban?" (). Ingatlanmenedzser. 3 February 2012. Retrieved on 4 February 2012.
  35. ↑ "Hungarian National Airline Calls it Quits." The Wall Street Journal. 3 February 2012. Retrieved on 4 February 2012.
  36. ↑ "Owners' Structure." Malév Hungarian Airlines. 13 June 1998. Retrieved on 4 February 2012.
  37. ↑ "Malev Goes Bankrupt Owing $130M to VEB." Vedomosti, The Moscow Times. 6 February 2012. Retrieved on 6 February 2012.
  38. ↑ "Malév ownership structure." Malév Hungarian Airlines. 26 May 2011. Retrieved on 4 February 2012.
  39. ↑ "Malév ownership structure." Malév Hungarian Airlines. 11 February 2009. Retrieved on 4 February 2012.
  40. ↑ "New York and Toronto flights suspended for winter" (Press release). Malév Hungarian Airlines. Archived from the original on 1 November 2007.
  41. ↑ "Malev official fleet page". Archived from the original on 29 December 2011.
  42. ↑ "MALEV Fleet". Airfleets aviation. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  43. ↑ "Malev Fleet". Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  44. ↑ "Malev Hungarian Airlines Boeing B737 600NG".
  45. ↑ "Malev Hungarian Airlines Boeing B737 700NG".
  46. ↑ "Malev fleet". aerobernie.bplaced.net. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  47. ↑ "Boeing 707-es repülőgépet állított forgalomba a Malév - 25 éve történt". Infostart.hu (in Hungarian). 16 April 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  48. ↑ "Elvitték Kassára az abdai repülőéttermet". origo.hu. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  49. ↑ Accident description for HA-LIF at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 September 2013.
  50. ↑ Accident description for HA-LII at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 September 2013.
  51. ↑ Hijack description for HA-LIG at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 September 2013.
  52. ↑ Hijack description for HA-LID at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 September 2013.
  53. ↑ Accident description for HA-TSA at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 September 2013.
  54. ↑ Accident description for HA-MOD at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 13 February 2010.
  55. ↑ Accident description for HA-MAH at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2013.
  56. ↑ Accident description for HA-LBA at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2013.
  57. ↑ Accident description for HA-MOC at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 September 2013.
  58. ↑ Accident description for HA-LBD at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 13 February 2010.
  59. ↑ Accident description for HA-LBC at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 September 2013.
  60. ↑ "2 Czech Youths Hijack Jetliner to West Germany". Los Angeles Times. 30 March 1989. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  61. ↑ posten (14 February 2009). "AUA-Maschine musste nach Start in Skopje umkehren – Flugzeugunglücke – derStandard.at " Panorama". Derstandard.at. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  62. ↑ "Dva prinudna sletanja u Skoplju" (in Serbian). B92. 13 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  63. ↑ "Избегнати инциденти на скопскиот аеродром" (in Macedonian). A1.com.mk. 13 February 2009. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
  64. ↑ "Accident: Malev B738 at Heraklion on June 25th 2011, tail strike on landing". Avherald.com. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
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