Manganese
Ghost town
Ruins and crumbling concrete foundation of the old Fitger Hotel in Manganese, October 2016
Ruins and crumbling concrete foundation of the old Fitger Hotel in Manganese, October 2016
Etymology: Manganese
Manganese is located in Minnesota
Manganese
Manganese
Manganese is located in the United States
Manganese
Manganese
Coordinates: 46°31′39″N 94°00′35″W / 46.52750°N 94.00972°W / 46.52750; -94.00972
CountryUnited States
StateMinnesota
CountyCrow Wing
FoundedMarch 13, 1912
IncorporatedNovember 10, 1913
DissolvedJuly 17, 1961
Elevation
[1]
1,250 ft (380 m)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
GNIS feature ID654881[1]

Manganese is a ghost town and former mining community in the U.S. state of Minnesota that was inhabited between 1912 and 1960. It was built in Crow Wing County on the Cuyuna Iron Range in sections 23 and 28 of Wolford Township, about 2 miles (3 km) north of Trommald, Minnesota. After its formal dissolution, Manganese was absorbed by Wolford Township; the former town site is located between Coles Lake and Flynn Lake. First appearing in the U.S. Census of 1920 with an already dwindling population of 183, the village was abandoned by 1960.

Manganese was one of the last of the Cuyuna Range communities to be established, and was named after the mineral located in abundance near the town. Manganese was an incorporated community, built on land above the Trommald Formation, the main ore-producing unit of the North Range district of the Cuyuna Iron Range, unique due to the amount of manganese in part of the iron formation and ore. The Trommald Formation and adjacent Emily District are the largest resource of manganese in the United States. The community was composed of many immigrants who had fled the natural disasters and social and political upheavals in Europe during the decades before World War I.

Manganese was laid out with three north–south and five east–west streets. Concrete sidewalks and curbing lined the clay streets, which were never paved. At its peak around 1919, Manganese had two hotels, a bank, two grocery stores, a barbershop, a show hall, and a two-room school, and housed a population of nearly 600. After World War I, the population of Manganese went into steady decline as mining operations shut down; along with the quagmire of the clay streets due to spring rains, this led to the community's eventual abandonment and formal dissolution in 1961. The privately owned land started to be resettled in 2017, as the old wooded lots were cleared and redeveloped as primitive campsites.

History

The area around Manganese, and modern-day Crow Wing County, was inhabited in the mid-to-late 1600s by three distinct populations of Native Americans vying for control of the lands that would become the Cuyuna Range. The Arapaho living along the western border of the Great Lakes were quickly displaced by the Dakota and Ojibwe nations; frequent conflicts between the Dakota and Ojibwe eventually resulted in undisputed control of the region by the Ojibwe. In 1855, a treaty between the Ojibwe and the U.S. government was signed by chief Hole in the Day in what was then Minnesota Territory. This treaty secured Ojibwe hunting and fishing rights while ceding land which would become the Cuyuna Range to European-Americans looking to build new settlements in the region.[2] The Minnesota Territorial Legislature enacted the creation of Crow Wing County on May 23, 1857.[3] Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858, and Deerwood (originally named Withington), was the first Cuyuna Range community, settled in 1871.[4][5]

The discovery of the Cuyuna Iron Range was an accident, made by the chance observation of a compass needle irregularity in 1895 while surveyor and mining engineer Cuyler Adams was exploring the area with his St. Bernard, named "Una".[6] Adams surmised that a large, underground body of iron ore might be responsible for the discrepancy. Eight years after meticulously mapping these compass deflections, Adams performed test drilling in May 1903 which resulted in the discovery of manganiferous ore near Deerwood.[7] Thirteen years after ore discovery by the Merritt Brothers in 1890 trigged an iron rush to the Mesabi Range,[8] another iron rush began in Minnesota,[9] and new mining communities began to develop along the width and breadth of the "Cuyuna" Iron Range, named by combining the first syllable of Adams' given name and the name of his dog.[10]

Establishment and community

Manganese townsite plat, 1913

Manganese was platted in sections 23 and 28 of Wolford Township by the Duluth Land and Timber Company on February 5, 1911,[11][12] established on March 13, 1912, and incorporated on November 10, 1913, with 960 acres (390 ha) inside the corporate limits.[13] As a result of the rapid mining development, all of the lots were sold within seven weeks of platting for $100 to $350 each.[14][15] Manganese was named for the mineral located in abundance nearby.[12] The mines surrounding the community included the Algoma mine, owned by the Onaham Iron Company and founded in 1911; the Gloria and Merrit No. 2 mines, both owned by the Hanna Mining Company and founded in 1916; the Milford Mine, owned by the Cuyuna-Minneapolis Iron Company and founded in 1917, and the Preston mine, owned by Coates and Tweed and founded in 1918.[16][17][18] The sixth of the Cuyuna Range communities to be established (after Deerwood, Cuyuna, Crosby, Ironton, and Riverton),[19][20] the new town was touted as the "Hibbing of the Cuyuna Range".[15] Hibbing, founded in 1893 and by 1915 the largest mining community on the Mesabi Range with a population of 20,000, was at one time called the "Iron Ore Capital of the World."[21][22]

An official U.S. Post Office opened in 1912 and remained in operation through 1924.[12] In 1914, the town site had a crew of men and teams building streets with concrete sidewalks and curbing (although the clay roads were never paved).[23] The Fitger Brewing Company also built a $10,000, two-story hotel in 1914, complete with a bar and restaurant. By 1919, Manganese had two hotels, a bank, two grocery stores, two butcher shops, a lumber yard, a bakery, a livery stable, a barbershop, a pool room, a show hall, a dog pound, and a two-room school, and housed a population of nearly 600.[13][24][25] That same year, the village issued a bond for a $30,000 waterworks project, and the Pastoret Company of Duluth built a 100-foot (30 m) water tower with a 30,000-US-gallon (110,000 L) capacity.[26][27][28] Manganese and other Cuyuna Range communities benefited greatly from an unusual situation created by an ad valorem property tax on unmined natural ore,[29] resulting in huge amounts of unforeseen revenue, great expenditures of which were made on public works and improvements.[30]

School teacher Anna Dugan and Manganese depot
School teacher Anna Dugan with the Manganese Soo Line depot in background

After the discovery of ore near Deerwood, Adams approached James J. Hill, then president of the Northern Pacific Railway, asking for a discounted rate to haul Cuyuna Range ore to Duluth (the rate from the Mesabi Range, which had richer ore, was one dollar per ton). Hill refused, so Adams went to Thomas Shaughnessy, president of the Canadian Pacific Railway and a competitor of Hill, who readily agreed to build 100 miles (160 km) of railroad with the guarantee to haul ten million tons of ore at sixty-five cents per ton.[7][31] At the time, the Canadian Pacific controlled the Soo Line Railroad, having secured the railroad's funded debt,[32] and the Soo Line came to furnish rail transportation to Manganese and the surrounding mines. In 1914, the Soo Line Railroad constructed a branch line to Manganese, and began excavation for a 24-by-60-foot (7 m × 18 m) passenger and freight depot with a 300-foot-long (91 m) platform.[23][33][34] This branch line was essentially a spur track uncontrolled by train orders: only one train at a time was permitted on the track, with all of the traffic controlled by the Soo Line dispatcher at Iron Hub.[35] Passenger connections with the other Cuyuna Iron Range towns were available three times daily through the operation of buses owned by the Cuyuna Range Transportation Company.[13][25] It was speculated that Henry Ford once visited Manganese when he was exploring the acquisition of the Algoma mine on behalf of the Ford Motor Company. Ford was never observed, but his private rail car, the Fair Lane,[36] with the familiar Ford oval and the gilded words "Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan", was seen parked on the siding at Manganese.[37]

The community was composed of many immigrants, including Finns, Croatians, Austrians, Swedes, Irish, Australians, English, Norwegians, Slovenians, and Serbs.[24][38] Children attended school in Manganese through the eighth grade, attending high school in nearby Crosby, Minnesota. Known then as Independent School District No. 86,[39] the school had indoor plumbing and later its own well, constructed by the Works Progress Administration.[24][40] Over time, the village of Manganese had three wells, all of which collapsed at some point due to the heavy clay soils.[24]

During late World War I, all of the mines surrounding the community were running at full capacity, furnishing about 90% of the manganese used during the war. By 1920, the combined payrolls of these mines totaled $160,000 (approximately $9.6 million in adjusted 2020 production worker compensation).[13][25][41] Seven citizens from Manganese served in the military during World War I, including Harry Hosford,[42] who later survived the Milford mine disaster.

Decline

After the World War I armistice was signed, the demand for manganiferous ore decreased, and Manganese experienced a sharp drop in population from its peak of nearly 600 in 1919 to 183 in 1920.[25][37][43] Many of the remaining residents worked in the Milford mine, which flooded on February 5, 1924, a result of blasting in a drift that extended beneath Foley (now Milford) Lake. Forty-one miners were killed in what was Minnesota's worst mining disaster; only seven, including Hosford, made it to safety.[44][45] Many Manganese residents were superstitious and convinced that both the town of Manganese, and the Milford mine, were cursed.[46]

First residence in Manganese
The Iver M. Olson home,[47] first residence in Manganese; by the late 1950s, all the houses in town would be gone

With the advent of the Great Depression, mining operations ceased. The Soo Line tore up the track to Manganese in 1930.[24][28] The last shipment of ore from the Gloria mine occurred in 1931; the Milford mine closed in 1932, although the Merritt mine continued to produce ore intermittently until 1943, and stockpile shipments from the Algoma mine continued through 1980.[44][48][49] Very few photos of Manganese are known to exist. Never a wealthy community, residents had no money for cameras, a luxury item during the Depression.[24]

In 1938, a Wesleyan Methodist Church and Sunday school was founded. Up to four Sunday school classes were offered depending on the ages of the children, and guest pastors would come to conduct services when occasional revival meetings were held. The congregation came from Trommald, Mission, Wolford, and Perry Lake, in addition to Manganese. The church was sold and torn down after World War II when the congregation was no longer able have a pastor appointed.[50] As mining operations began to shut down, little employment was left in the community, and residents gradually started moving their homes out of town, relocating to other communities in the region to find new jobs.[51]

Abandonment and later use

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1920183—
193096−47.5%
194062−35.4%
195041−33.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[52]

Most of the remaining residents moved out around 1955.[53] Structures that were not moved out of the community were torn down. After all of the residents left, the clay roads continued to be maintained,[24][40] and the street lights remained on until the early 1970s.[54][55] In 1959, the village of Ironton, one of the creditors for the village of Manganese, petitioned Crow Wing County for the community's dissolution. Einer R. Anderson, then Crow Wing County Auditor, was appointed as its receiver, and creditors of the village of Manganese were given six months to file a claim. Notices sent via registered mail to the last known village officers were refused and returned. Bids were accepted for the sale of the Manganese water tower and the frame building that had housed the village hall, with the condition that all debris be disposed of at the expense of the buyer. The steel water tower, with an estimated weight of 100 short tons (91,000 kg) of scrap metal, was valued at $1,200; however, the sale and salvage of the water tower yielded net proceeds of only $200.[56] Ironically, the surviving Cuyuna Iron Range municipally-owned elevated metal water tanks (in the towns of Crosby, Cuyuna, Deerwood, Ironton, and Trommald) were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[30][57] The final hearing regarding the dissolution of Manganese was held on July 17, 1961. Manganese was formally dissolved and absorbed by Wolford Township.[56][58]

Aerial photo of Manganese before its abandonment
Aerial photo of Manganese in 1939, before its abandonment[59]

After the town was abandoned, only remnants of sidewalks, rubble, building foundations, old tires, plastic, pieces of clothing, beer cans, and other abandoned items remained.[28][60] Willow, aspen, and other trees covered what was once a land occupied by numerous buildings; roots, shrubs, and grass began to heave and crack the concrete sidewalks and overtake the remaining grid pattern of roads, and the entire town site was consumed by the steady growth of natural vegetation. Most of the remaining structures succumbed to the elements. Old building foundations and basements, covered with graffiti, were engulfed by the brush.[60] In 2003, the majority of the land which comprised the former town site was purchased, and a gate was posted along with a "no trespassing" sign at the southeast entrance to the former town. In 2006, the privately owned land was sold again; limited resettlement began in 2017.[61] Called Manganese Base Camp, the old wooded lots, about 0.3 acres (0.12 ha) each, were being cleared and redeveloped as primitive campsites, without electricity, running water, or waste disposal services. Since then, Base Camp has hosted an annual Manganese Days Festival. The event is open to the public as a way to honor the former village, learn of its history, and explore the old town.[62]

Geography

Manganese lay at an elevation of 1,250 feet (380 m) in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Brainerd and 91 miles (146 km) west-southwest of Duluth.[1][63] The nearest cities to Manganese were Trommald, approximately 2 miles (3 km) to the south-southwest, and Wolford, approximately 2 miles (3 km) to the northeast.[35] Manganese was located to the west of Crow Wing County Road 30, about 5 miles (8 km) north of Minnesota State Highway 210 and 3 miles (5 km) west of Minnesota State Highway 6.[64]

Manganese was laid out with three primary north–south streets: First Street East, Main Street, and First Street West. Second Avenue North, First Avenue North, Manganese Avenue, First Avenue South (now Old Manganese Road), and Second Avenue South traversed Manganese from east to west.[65] The Soo Line right of way bisected the community on the east side of Manganese from the northeast to the southwest.[25][66] First Avenue North extended about 1.9 miles (3.1 km) to the Milford mine.[67]

Geology

Manganese lay atop the iron-rich Trommald Formation, the main ore-producing unit of the North Range district of the Cuyuna Iron Range.[68]

The Trommald Formation and adjacent Emily District are the largest resource of manganese in the United States.[63][69][70] The largest high-grade deposit of manganiferous ore is located about 14 miles (23 km) north of Manganese on a 5-acre (2.0 ha) site at the edge of Emily.[71][72] Valuable in steel and aluminum production, manganese is also used to make batteries.[73][74] There is a local push to "scram"[75] the stockpiles of ore found in the old waste rock of the Cuyuna Iron Range. This mining process is significantly less invasive than traditional blasting and crushing, producing iron ore and iron ore concentrates from previously developed waste rock stockpiles, tailings basins, open pit, or underground mines on land not previously affected by mining. However, the processing of some stockpiles would disrupt the Cuyuna Lakes Mountain Bike Trails,[76] which opened in June 2011,[77] and have been economically beneficial to the region after the last manganiferous ore was shipped from the Cuyuna Range in 1984, resurrecting many Cuyuna Range communities that had been on the brink of economic collapse.[6][78] This potential for ore processing has created debate as to whether mining and mountain biking can coexist.[79] The use of former underground Cuyuna Range mines as a means of compressed-air energy storage has also been investigated by researchers at the University of Minnesota.[80]

Climate

Manganese was in the Laurentian Mixed Forest Province in the Brainerd Lakes Area of north central Minnesota. The Köppen climate classification is Dfb. Precipitation ranges from about 21 inches (53 cm) annually along the western border of the forest to about 32 inches (81 cm) at its eastern edge. Average annual temperatures are about 34 °F (1 °C) along the northern part of the forest, rising to 40 °F (4 °C) at its southern extreme.[81]

July is the warmest month, when the average high temperature is 80 °F (27 °C) and the average low is 56 °F (13 °C). January is the coldest, with an average high temperature of 20 °F (−7 °C) and average low of 0 °F (−18 °C).[82] The spring rains wreaked havoc on Manganese's clay streets, which was cited as one of the reasons for its abandonment.[24][28]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Manganese". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  2. ↑ Sutherland 2016, pp. 47, 48, 50, 51.
  3. ↑ "Crow Wing County History & Facts". Crow Wing County, Minnesota. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  4. ↑ Cuyuna Iron Range Heritage Network (March 2022). "Deerwod is 150 Years Old". Newsletter: 3.
  5. ↑ "About Deerwood". City of Deerwood, Minnesota. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  6. 1 2 McKinney, Matt (October 15, 2017). "Mining the Magic: Cuyuna Range Reinvented by Influx of Silent Sports". Minneapolis Star Tribune. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  7. 1 2 Clark, Neil M. (February 1922). "How the Needle of a Compass Pointed the Way to Fortune". The American Magazine. New York: The Crowell Publishing Company. 93: 86–93. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  8. ↑ Havinghurst 1958, pp. 75–76.
  9. ↑ Borchert 1959, p. 64.
  10. ↑ Upham 2001, p. 158.
  11. ↑ Himrod c. 1944, p. 45.
  12. 1 2 3 Upham 2001, p. 160.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Village of Manganese. "Welcome Letter". Archival Material, File: Manganese, Minnesota. Crosby, Minnesota: Cuyuna Iron Range Heritage Network.
  14. ↑ Hansen 1976, p. 48.
  15. 1 2 Duluth Land and Timber Co. "Newspaper Clipping". Archival Material, File: Manganese, Minnesota. Crosby, Minnesota: Cuyuna Iron Range Heritage Network.
  16. ↑ Minnesota Historical Records Survey Project 1940, pp. 110, 114, 117, 119.
  17. ↑ Lake Superior Iron Ore Association 1952, pp. 29, 31, 36, 38.
  18. ↑ Beltrame, R. J. (1977). Directory of Information on Cuyuna Range Geology and Mining. University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (Report). St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Geological Survey. hdl:11299/59306. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  19. ↑ Upham 2001, pp. 157, 158, 159, 162.
  20. ↑ Sutherland 2016, p. 11.
  21. ↑ "Hibbing History". Hibbing Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  22. ↑ "Facts and History". City of Hibbing. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  23. 1 2 "Manganese a Busy Town". Brainerd Dispatch. July 3, 1914. p. 5.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sloan, Jim (May 8, 1985). "Manganese Revisited". Brainerd Dispatch. pp. 1N, 3N.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Welton, Jim (Winter 1993). "Soo Line's Cuyuna Range Ore Operations Part 3: The Communities of the Cuyuna Range". The Soo. Appleton, Wisconsin: The Soo Line Historical and Technical Society. 15 (1): 9–28.
  26. ↑ Village of Manganese. "1919 Waterworks Bond". Archival Material, File: Manganese, Minnesota. Crosby, Minnesota: Cuyuna Iron Range Heritage Network.
  27. ↑ Foote, L. L. (March 24, 1954). "Manganese – Ghost Town". Crosby-Ironton Courier. p. 1.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Cuyuna Country Heritage Preservation Society 2002, p. 190.
  29. ↑ Roberts, David R. (April 1950). "Tax Valuation of Minnesota Iron Ore". Minnesota Law Review. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. 34 (5): 400. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  30. 1 2 "Nomination Form: Cuyuna Iron Range Municipally-Owned Elevated Metal Water Tanks Thematic Resources" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places. 1979. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
  31. ↑ Sutherland 2016, pp. 65, 78.
  32. ↑ Schmidt, Andrew J.; Pratt, Daniel R.; Vermeer, Andrea C.; Bradley, Betsy H. (2013). "Railroads in Minnesota, 1862–1956 MPS, Section E" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places. p. 113. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  33. ↑ "New Soo Depot for Manganese". Brainerd Dispatch. August 7, 1914. p. 5.
  34. ↑ Leighton 1998, p. 19.
  35. 1 2 Welton, Jim (October 1992). "Soo Line's Cuyuna Range Ore Operations Part 2: The Cuyuna Range Line Becomes Operational". The Soo. Appleton, Wisconsin: The Soo Line Historical and Technical Society. 14 (4): 13–29.
  36. ↑ "Henry Ford's Private Railroad Car "Fair Lane", 1921". The Henry Ford. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  37. 1 2 Anon. Archival Material, File: Manganese, Minnesota. Crosby, Minnesota: Cuyuna Iron Range Heritage Network.
  38. ↑ Sutherland 2016, pp. 89, 90, 94.
  39. ↑ Himrod c. 1944, p. 35.
  40. 1 2 Cuyuna Country Heritage Preservation Society 2002, p. 191.
  41. ↑ Williamson, Samuel H. (2020). "Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1790 to present". Measuring Worth. Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  42. ↑ Minnesota War Records Commission. "Manganese, Minnesota". World War I Military Service Records, 1918–1920. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  43. ↑ Census 1922, p. 238.
  44. 1 2 Fitzgerald, John (October 31, 2013). "Milford Mine Disaster, 1924". MNopedia. Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  45. ↑ Sutherland 2016, pp. 5, 22, 144, 231.
  46. ↑ Jones, Hannah (September 16, 2019). "The ghostly legacy of Minnesota's Milford Mine disaster". City Pages. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  47. ↑ Anon. "Manganese Original Owners, Block and Lot Descriptions". Archival Material, File: Manganese, Minnesota. Crosby, Minnesota: Cuyuna Iron Range Heritage Network.
  48. ↑ Schmidt 1963, pp. 67, 68, 69.
  49. ↑ Welton, Jim (Spring 1993). "Soo Line's Cuyuna Range Ore Operations Part 4: The Mines of the Cuyuna Range". The Soo. Appleton, Wisconsin: The Soo Line Historical and Technical Society. 15 (2): 10–16.
  50. ↑ Cuyuna Country Heritage Preservation Society 2002, p. 193.
  51. ↑ Sutherland 2016, pp. 186, 240.
  52. ↑ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  53. ↑ Sutherland 2016, p. 186.
  54. ↑ Radinovich, Mary. "Personal Correspondence". Archival Material, File: Manganese, Minnesota. Crosby, Minnesota: Cuyuna Iron Range Heritage Network.
  55. ↑ Bergan & Lammi 2015, p. 101.
  56. 1 2 Manganese, Minnesota. "Crow Wing County: Manganese". Records, 1913–1960. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  57. ↑ Sutherland 2016, p. 212.
  58. ↑ Census 1964, p. 26.
  59. ↑ "Landview". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on July 15, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  60. 1 2 Perrine, Jessie (August 14, 2014). "Manganese–Local Ghost Town". Brainerd Dispatch. p. W4.
  61. ↑ "Property Information". Crow Wing County, Minnesota. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  62. ↑ "Manganese Base Camp". Manganese Base Camp. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  63. 1 2 Morey, G. B.; Broberg, J.; Beltrame, R. J.; Holtzman, R. C. (1977). Manganese-bearing ores of the Cuyuna Iron Range, east-central Minnesota, Phase 1. University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (Report). St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Geological Survey. hdl:11299/122265. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  64. ↑ Minnesota Official Highway Map (Map). [1:760,320]. Minnesota Department of Highways. 1960. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  65. ↑ Standard Atlas, Crow Wing County, Minnesota (Map). [1:4,800]. Chicago: Geo. A. Ogle & Co. 1913. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  66. ↑ "Crow Wing County GIS Public Map Service". Crow Wing County, Minnesota. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  67. ↑ Terrell, Michelle M.; Gronhovd, Amanda (March 2015). Milford Mine National Register Historic District, Crow Wing County, Minnesota: Cultural Landscape Report (Report). Crow Wing County, Minnesota. p. 51. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  68. ↑ Melcher, Frank; Morey, G. B.; McSwiggen, Peter L.; Cleland, J. M.; Brink, S. E. (1996). RI-46 Hydrothermal Systems in Manganese-Rich Iron-Formation of the Cuyuna North Range, Minnesota: Geochemical and Mineralogical Study of the Gloria Drill Core. University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (Report). St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Geological Survey. hdl:11299/60800. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  69. ↑ Robertson, Tom (June 4, 2009). "Underground in Emily, a mother lode of manganese". Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  70. ↑ Sutherland 2016, p. 4.
  71. ↑ Johnson, Brooks; Lovrien, Jimmy (September 1, 2018). "Minnesota manganese deposit sits untapped despite growing market". Duluth News Tribune. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  72. ↑ "Crow Wing Power announces partnership to develop Emily manganese deposit". Brainerd Dispatch. June 7, 2019. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  73. ↑ Burton, Michael; Egan, Kevin (January 2015). "Bringing Mining Back to the Cuyuna Range?" (PDF). Laurentian Vision Project. Brainerd Lakes Area Economic Development Corporation. p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  74. ↑ Sutherland 2016, pp. 184, 243.
  75. ↑ "Minnesota Statutes 2020, Mineral Lands, Land Reclamation". Section 93, Subdivision No. 10 of 2020. Minnesota Legislature Revisor of Statutes. p. 28. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021. Archived August 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  76. ↑ "Cuyuna Mountain Bike Trail System". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  77. ↑ "Brainerd MN Bike Trails: Cuyuna Mountain Bike Trail System". Brainerd.com. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  78. ↑ Rosemore, Lisa (February 28, 2014). "Cuyuna: The Lost Range". Hibbing Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  79. ↑ Richardson, Renee (July 12, 2014). "Mining, mountain biking come head to head on Cuyuna Range". Inforum. Forum Communications Company. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  80. ↑ Fosnacht, D. R.; Wilson, E. J.; Marr, J. D.; Carranza-Torres, C.; Hauck, S. A.; Teasley, R. L. (2015). Compressed-Air Energy Storage (CAES) in Northern Minnesota Using Underground Mine Workings and Above Ground Features (PDF) (Report). University of Minnesota Duluth: Natural Resources Research Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  81. ↑ "Laurentian Mixed Forest Province". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on May 20, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  82. ↑ "Manganese, MN Monthly Weather". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2020.

Sources

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