Chiefdom of Mangshi
芒市土司
1443–1955
Territory in modern Yunnan
Territory in modern Yunnan
StatusNative Chiefdom of China
CapitalMangshi
Common languagesTai Nuea language
GovernmentMonarchy
Tusi 
• 1443–1459
Fang Dingzheng (first)
• 1948–1955
Fang Yulong (last)
History 
• Established
1443
• Disestablished
1955
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Mong Mao
People's Republic of China
Today part ofChina

The Chiefdom of Mangshi, officially Mangshi Yuyi Zhangguansi and Mangshi Anfusi was a Dai autonomous Tusi chiefdom in the west of Yunnan, China from 1443 to 1955. In 1443, the Ming dynasty established Mangshi Yuyi Zhangguansi (芒市御夷长官司) because a Mangshi chief made a contribution in Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns, and then upgraded to Mangshi Anfusi (芒市安抚司) in 1640. Chiefdom of Mangshi has an absolute dictatorship in politics, military, economy at the territory, and use the rule of primogeniture.[1]

In the Republic of China period, the central government used many methods try to abolish the Chiefdom of Mangshi, for example, established a direct control government "Luxi Administrate Bureau" (潞西设治局).[1] But the Chiefdom of Mangshi allied with other chiefdoms to counteract the abolishment. At its worst, chiefdoms had a consideration for independence from China. Finally, the central government compromised with chiefdoms.[2]

After People's Republic of China controlled this area, the central government launched the Chinese Land Reform Movement. The last Chief of Mangshi, Fang Yulong lost his power and land, finally abolished in 1955.[3]

Saophas

  • Fang Htin Chang 放定正 1443-1459
  • Vacant 1459-1465
  • Fang Kyeng Hpa 放贞 1465-1487
  • Vacant 1487-1506
  • Fang Kloe Hpa 放革 1506-1518
  • Vacant 1518-1523
  • Fang Fu Hpa 放辅 (放福) 1523-1573 (kill in 1591 due to Yue Feng revolution)
  • Fang Ku Kyaung 放国忠 1573-1591 (kill in 1591 due to Yue Feng revolution)
  • Fang Wei Hpa 放纬 1592-1595, object by Lui Dadao 刘大刀 (刘𬘩) general of Ming Dynasty
  • Vacant 1595-1596
  • Fang Hpo Hpa 放珀 1596-1639 (son of Fang Wei Hpa)
  • Vacant 1639-1640
  • Fang Htiang Hpa 放廷臣 1640-1647 (son of Fang Hpo Hpa, kidnapped by the Burmese military in 1647)
  • Vacant 1647-1648
  • Fang Ku Chang 放国璋 1648-1658 (son of Fang Htiang Hpa)
  • Vacant 1658-1661
  • Fang Arb Hpa 放爱众 1661-1664 (son of Fang Ku Chang)
  • Vacant 1664-1668
  • Fang Tieb Hpa 放廷弼 1668-1673 (son of Fang Ku Chang)
  • Fang Kaw Hpa 放弥高 1673-1685 (son of Fang Arb Hpa)
  • Fang Hkoe Hpa 放弥合 1685-1694 (younger brother of Fang Kaw Hpa)
  • Vacant 1694-1696
  • Fang Htien Hpa 放天球 1696-1713 (son of Fang Kaw Hpa)
  • Vacant 1713-1716
  • Fang Yuan Hpa 放仁 1716-1738 (first son of Fang Htien Hpa)
  • Vacant 1738-1741
  • Fang Fun Hpa 1741-1770 放作藩 (son of Fang Yuan Hpa) 1st
  • Vacant 1770-1771
  • Fang Ngue Chang 1771-1772 放愈彰 (hanged to die)
  • Fang Fun Hpa 放作藩 1772-1774 2nd
  • Fang Kyaw Hpa 放愈著 1774-1796 second son of Fang Fun Hpa
  • Vacant 1796-1798
  • Fang Hso Hpa 放泽重 1798-1816 son of Fang Kyaw Hpa
  • Fang Xing Hpa 放愈新 1816-1821 killed by the revolt
  • Fang Hso Hkao 放泽浩 1821-1826 cousin of Fang Xing Hpa
  • Fang Earn Hpa 放承恩 1826-1849 first son of Fang Hso Hpa
  • Fang Chuen Hpa 放世恩 1849-1858 younger brother of Fang Earn Hpa
  • Vacant 1858-1875
  • Fang Lu Hpa 放庆禄 1875-1877 first son of Fang Chuen Hpa
  • Vacant 1877-1879
  • Fang Chow Hpa 放庆寿 1879-1889 younger brother of Fang Chuen Hpa
  • Fang Yom Hpa 放庆雍 1889-1889 younger brother of Fang Chow Hpa
  • Fang Kyoet Hpa 放正德 1889-1910 son of Fang Lu Hpa
  • Fang Hkue Hpa 方克明 1910-1931 son of Fang Kyoet Hpa
  • Vacant 1931-1933
  • Fang Yuan Hpa 方云龙 1933-1936 son of Fang Hkue Hpa
  • Fang Kawng Hpa 方克光 1936-1953 third son of Fang Kyoet Hpa
  • Fang Hkue Chang 方克胜 1944-1948 fourth son of Fang Kyoet Hpa (became saopha of Mongmao)
  • Fang Luang Hpa 方御龙 1948-1955 (became saopha with Fang Hwe Lung during 1953-1955) fifth son of Fang Kyoet Hpa
  • Fang Hwe Luang 方化龙 1953-1955 (last saopha) younger brother of Fang Luang Hpa

References

  1. 1 2 云南省潞西县志编纂委员会 (1993). 潞西县志 [Annals of Luxi County] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan Education Publishing House. ISBN 7-5415-0685-0.
  2. ↑ 王春桥 (2015). "土司存废与国家统一(1944~1948)" [Maintenance or abolishment of Tusi chieftain system and unification of China (1944-1948)]. Journal of Yunnan Minzu University (Social Sciences) (in Chinese). 32 (1): 103–108. doi:10.13727/j.cnki.53-1191/c.2015.01.015.
  3. ↑ 德宏史志编委会办公室 (1986). 德宏史志资料 第七集 [Annals material of Dehong, Volume 7] (in Chinese). Mangshi: Dehong Nationalities Publishing House.
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