Marian Croak
Croak in 2017
BornMay 14, 1955
Alma materPrinceton University
University of Southern California
Employer(s)Google
AT&T
Bell Labs
Known forVoice over IP

Marian Rogers Croak is a Vice President of Engineering at Google. She was previously the Senior Vice President of Research and Development at AT&T.[1] She holds more than 200 patents.[2] She was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame in 2013.[2] In 2022, Croak was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for her patent regarding VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) Technology.[3] She is one of the first two Black women to receive that honor, along with Patricia Bath.[4] Her invention allows users to make calls over the internet instead of a phone line. Today, the widespread use of VoIP technology is vital for remote work and conferencing.[3]

Education and early career

Croak was born on May 14, 1955, in New York City.[3][5] Her father, Raymond Rogers, built her a home chemistry set, which inspired her to pursue a STEM career.[5] She obtained a bachelor’s degree from Princeton University in 1977 and a Ph.D. specializing in Quantitative Analysis and Psychology in 1982 from the University of Southern California.[1] After college, she joined AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1982, where she worked in a variety of positions for over 3 decades.[5]

Career

She started off in Bell’s Human Factors division, with the specific purpose of studying how technology could be used to positively impact human’s lives.[6] Croak first began working on digital messaging applications, tasked with the study of determining if various messaging applications could communicate with each other.[6] This kind of research was very novel, as the earliest form of the Internet would not come to full fruition until the next year in 1983.[6] Bell Labs wanted to send voice, text, and video data digitally rather than using a standard phone line. And the favored mechanism for this was Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol, but Croak, along with the rest of her team, convinced AT&T to use TCP/IP instead.[6] TCP/IP allowed for a standardized way of packaging and communicating information.[6]

"Marian Rogers Croak Inventor Collectible Card". from the United States Patent and Trademark Office
Back of Collectible Card

While at AT&T, Croak and her team contemplated the potential of digital telecommunications.[3] She worked on advancing Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technologies, converting voice data into digital signals that can be easily transmitted over the internet rather than using traditional phone lines. Her work has furthered the capabilities of audio and video conferencing.[3]  

During her time at AT&T she patented the technology that allowed cellphone users to donate money to organizations using text messaging.[6] She developed this technology during the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, and it revolutionized how people donate to charitable organizations when a natural disaster occurs.[2] She received the 2013 Thomas Edison Patent Award for this technology.[2] She was inspired to do this after seeing AT&T develop technology that helped American Idol set up a voting system that relied on text messages rather than voice calls, in 2003.[7] The technology that she created with co-inventor Hossein Eslambolchi, was not finalized until October 2005, a couple of months after Hurricane Katrina.[7] But through this technology after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, more than $43 million in donations were collected by relief organizations through donations by text message.[8]

Before leaving AT&T she held the title of Senior Vice President of Applications and Services Infrastructure.[5] At AT&T she managed over 2,000 engineers and computer scientists responsible for over 500 programs impacting AT&T’s enterprise and consumer wireline and mobility services.[9] Her responsibilities ranged from product realization and service planning to development and testing.[9]

Croak joined Google in 2014, as a Vice President in the engineering group.[1] At Google, she is responsible for expanding what the Internet is capable of doing around the world and increasing access to the Internet in the developing World.[5] She created a new center of expertise on Responsible AI focusing on ethical development of AI within Google Research.[10][11] Croak also works on racial justice efforts at Google and continues her goal of encouraging women and young girls in engineering.[3]

Croak was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF), the National Academy of Engineers, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2022. Because of this, she became one of the first two black women to be inducted to the NIHF, joining the ranks of 48 other female inductees and 30 other Black inductees.[12]

Patents

Croak has been awarded over 200 patents, almost half of which are in VoIP.[13] Many of her inventions lay the foundations for the digital networks we know and use today.[13] She was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2022 for her patent VoIP Technology U.S. Patent No. 7,599,359 Method and apparatus for monitoring end-to-end performance in a network.[14] Today, the widespread use of VoIP technology is vital for remote work and conferencing, as well as personal communications.[15] Over the years, VoIP as technology has continued to evolve. The International VoIP calls market is predicted to hold the significant share of all conversations by 2025.[16] VoIP had an estimated market size of $30 Billion in 2020 and is projected to grow to $95 Billion by 2027.[16]

She received a patent in 2005 for text-based donations to charity, along with co-inventor Hossein Eslambolchi, U.S. Patent 7,715,368 Method and Apparatus for dynamically debiting a donation.[17] This technology enables a network to identify a particular charity, provide the designating funding to the charity, and then have the network service provider bill the original donor on its monthly bill.[18]

Personal life

Croak won the Edison Patent Awards in 2013 and 2014.[5] She is currently a member of the Corporate Advisory Board for the Viterbi School of Engineering at her alma mater, the University of Southern California.[1] Croak is also a former board member for such organizations as the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions; Catalyst; the Holocaust and Human Rights Museum (New Jersey); and the National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering.[1] She has three grown children.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Croak Fact Sheet. (n.d.). 10 Things You Need to Know About Marian Croak [PDF file]. https://www.invent.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/Croak_Fact_Sheet_0.pdf
  2. 1 2 3 4 Weinstein, Michael (February 9, 2017). "Meet 5 remarkable heroes of science and technology". Duke Energy. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Marian Croak | The National Inventors Hall of Fame". www.invent.org. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  4. ↑ "VoIP pioneer Marian Croak to join National Inventors Hall of Fame". The Mercury News. 2021-09-28. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Marian Croak". lemelson.mit.edu. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vinnedge, Kate. "The Inventor of VoIP - Marian Croak". discover.cobbtechnologies.com. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  7. 1 2 Kessler, Sarah (2013-10-01). "The Surprising Link Between "American Idol" And Text-To-Donate Fundraising". Fast Company. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  8. ↑ "2022 NIHF Inductee Marian Croak: The Problem-Solving Engineer | National Inventors Hall of Fame®". www.invent.org. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  9. 1 2 "Marian R. Croak". Savoy. 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  10. ↑ "Marian Croak's vision for responsible AI at Google". Google. 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  11. ↑ "Marian R. Croak Pioneered VoIP—and Now Works to Advance Responsible AI – The Elective". elective.collegeboard.org. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  12. ↑ Treisman, Rachel (September 27, 2021). "Meet The First 2 Black Women To Be Inducted Into The National Inventors Hall Of Fame". NPR.
  13. 1 2 "Meet Dr. Marian Croak. The woman behind VoIP". VoIP Review. 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  14. ↑ "US Patent for Method and apparatus for monitoring end-to-end performance in a network Patent (Patent # 7,599,359 issued October 6, 2009) - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  15. ↑ National Inventors Hall of Fame. (2021, September). 2022 Bio All 0 [PDF file]. https://www.invent.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/2022_Bio_All_0.pdf
  16. 1 2 "(Voice over Internet Protocol) VoIP Market to hit $55bn by 2025". GlobeNewswire News Room. 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  17. ↑ "US Patent for Method and apparatus for dynamically debiting a donation amount Patent (Patent # 7,715,368 issued May 11, 2010) - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  18. ↑ "Dr. Hossein Eslambolchi is a recipient of the 2013 Thomas Edison Patent Award". payvand.com. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
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