Interest in European music

Daulne listened to European music as she grew up.^[12] "We had the radio when I was growing up in Belgium, so we heard a lot of French music. And of course, American music was also very popular all over Europe. Since our mother did not want us to watch TV in our home, we entertained ourselves by creating our own music. We were very musical."^[13] Daulne was introduced to black music watching television.^[12] "When I was growing up, there weren't many black people in Europe -- my family was alone. Then I saw an American musical comedy with black people on TV. And I couldn't believe it. I said, "That's us!" My whole fantasy life was based on that movie."^[12] Daulne felt a special connection to blue songs like Damn your eyes by Etta James.^[14] "When I was a teenager I listened to a lot of American blues," says Daulne.^[14] "That song brought me happiness while I was going through the pain of a broken love. It helped me to open the door and see the life in front of me." Daulne said she sang that song as a teenager "alone in my room."^[10] "It’s a magic song, it transforms — when I sang that song I cried, and you need to cry to heal."^[10] "I sing it now and I hope, in my turn, that I can help another teenager to do the same if they are having pain from love."^[14]

When Daulne was 14 she went to England and first heard reggae.^[12] "I discovered Bob Marley -- my favorite album was Kaya. I know that whole album by heart."^[12] Then Daulne became interested in the rap music of Run-DMC and the Beastie Boys.^[12] "I was into breakdancing at the time. I formed a gang, and we would beatbox like the Americans, like the Fat Boys."^[12]

Interest in African music

"When I was growing up, I refused all this tradition," Daulne says.^[3] "It was boring . . . because it was not what we talked about at school, the bands of the moment. Nobody was talking about Pygmies and sounds from Africa. It was a little bit of shame to talk about the African roots."^[3] But although Daulne was encouraged to adopt the language and culture of Belgium, her mother kept Congolese music alive in the household.^[1] "In Africa, before you eat or do something, you sing to call the spirits of the peace, and my mother teach me that," Daulne says.^[1] "I discover that, with my two cultures, I have something very rich in me."^[1]

Although Daulne remembers that her mother sang some songs from Congo Kinshasa around the house, her mother did not teach them to the children, stressing mastery of French instead^[7] but after Daulne left home she remembered the African songs her mother sang to her as a child.^[15] "Our mother would make us learn the polyphonic singing, but at the time we thought it was boring because it was traditional," says Daulne.^[16] When Daulne went away to school, here sister and Daulne started to sing African melodies.^[3][15] "When I left home, I missed those songs, and in the school choir, I wondered why we didn't use African harmonising. So my sister and I started to sing African melodies, and Zap Mama was born. I wrote my first song at 15, and my artist friend Nina said that what we were doing was amazing. She helped me to find a gig, and from that day, it has been non-stop."^[15]

But Daulne didn't really get interested in singing until an accident she sustained while dancing in a stage show^[17] left her unable to participate in athletics.^[12] "I wanted to be a runner, but then I broke my leg and I was finished with sports. I stayed at home, listening to music. I was recording sounds all the time -- I would listen to sounds repeating for hours. But there was something that I needed still, and that's when I decided to go to Africa, to the forest."^[12]

Return to Africa

Distribution of Pygmies according to Cavalli-Sforza

In the documentary film Mizike Mama, Daulne and her family recall a reverse cultural tug-of-war for her allegiance during her childhood.^[18] Her mother feared that Daulne would grow up too African and so did not teach her traditional songs.^[18] Daulne first heard a recording of traditional pygmy music when she was 20.^[19] "At 20, something happened in me," Daulne says.^[3] "When you pass 13, 14, you want to look like the others, but after a certain point you want to be unique. And those sounds did something to me."^[3]

Daulne made further trips to Africa.^[7] "I go all around Africa. I started where I was born, in the forest of Zaire. After that I branched out to West Africa, South Africa, East Africa. It [is] very easy for me to learn because all African cultures seem to have something in common the music and the voices," Daulne says.^[7]

Although Daulne draws inspiration from Africa, she does not call Africa home.^[8] "You know when I went back to Congo, I thought I would have a welcome like I was part of the family, part of the country, but that was not the case," Daulne said.^[8] "They treated me like a Belgian come to visit as a tourist. I saw that that is not especially a place to call home."^[8]

African European music

Daulne's music is a hybrid of African and European influences.^[20] "If people want to know where my sounds are from, I say I’m an African European," says Daulne.^[21] "There is the African American, and then there is the African European like me. My background is from Africa, and I grew up in the urban world of Europe. And I would say Afro-urban is easy to understand because it is urban music, but at the same time you have African elements in it."^[21] "I think it’s because I’m born of two cultures. From my African heritage, I receive a lot of different harmonies and sounds and ways to express melody and probably all of this makes up what I do," says Daulne.^[20] "Some say it’s African music that I do, but definitely not. I’m not African at all. My harmony is from Europe. I use things from all over the place. I use all these sounds and people can hear it. It’s because we are all human-we all want the same things."^[20]

Citizen of the world

Other influences in Daulne's music include Brazil where she visited in 2008.^[22] "I fell in love. The weather, the music — I was like a child. It's amazing," Daulne says.^[22] Daulne went to Brazil "to first discover the country. The beauty of the city, the people walking, and haircuts — just feel what it is to be a woman in Brazil. I did my braid over there with a woman from the favelas and I have a friend who speaks Portuguese who was able to translate and have conversations. Now my music will have a Brazilian touch on my next album, definitely."^[22]

Daulne has traveled the world to seek cultural connections with people around the planet.^[22] "Inside me, I feel like a citizen of the world," Daulne says.^[22] "In New York, it was the case that I found a lot of people from all over the place and what we talk about is what the human being can exchange as a person. The main thing I want in songs is what the feeling of the human being is."^[22]

First Cycle: Adventures in Afropea 1 and Sabsylma

Marie Daulne says her mission is to be a bridge between the European and the African and bring the two cultures together with her music. Daulne specializes in polyphonic, harmonic music with a mixture of heavily infused African instruments, R&B, and Hip-hop. Daulne emphasizes voice in all her music, as she says "the voice is an instrument itself."^[4]

Daulne returned to Belgium ready to begin making her own music.^[1] "Spending time with the pygmies, all the music came to me," Daulne says.^[1] "And when I came back to Belgium, I found all the energy to put it all together, and to find singers to sing with me."^[1] By 1989 Daulne had spent several years singing in Brussels in jazz cafes when she decided to create a group to merge the cultures of her life and in 1990 founded the group Zap Mama.^[24] "I didn't want to use my own name, I didn't really feel like it would come from me, because it was like the spirit of the ancestors talking to me and using me to translate what's going on," Daulne says.^[1]

Daulne auditioned scores of female singers looking for the right combination of voices for an a cappella ensemble.^[25] "When I did my first album, I was looking for girls that were the same mix as me--African and European," she says.^[14] "Because I wanted to put these two sounds together to prove that to have blood from white and black was perfect harmony on the inside."^[14] "I remembered Sylvie Nawasadio because we used to sing together on the train going to school," says Daulne.^[10] "I met her again at the university in Brussels, studying sociology and anthropology. I asked her if she wanted to be a part of a cultural singing group. And Sabine [Kabongo] is, like me, a mixture–Zairean and Belgian. After her, I held an audition, and discovered Marie Alfonso, who’s Portuguese and white. Then came Sally Nyolo and the first concert, in November 1989."^[10] The original idea of Zap Mama was "five singers who would be one as the pygmy," Daulne said.^[26] "There is no chief."^[26] "The power of voices was my thing," Daule said.^[25] "I wanted to show the world the capacity of five women exploring with our voices and our minds, nothing else."^[25] Daulne felt she was channeling the spirit of her Congolese ancestry so instead of using her own name, she called the group Zap Mama.^[25] "We have a Zairean memory and a European memory, and together we find the same vibration, because we have European and Zairean music inside," said Daulne.

Combining the sounds of Pygmies with vocal styles of European choral traditions.^[24] Zap Mama received initial support from the French Belgian Community Government's cultural department but the group soon came to the attention of Teddy Hillaert when he saw them perform at the Ancienne Belgique in Brussels The group began recording their first record Zap Mama at Studio Daylight in Brussels. Belgium^[27] The album was completed in October 1991 and released by Crammed Discs, the Belgian record label of Marc Hollander and Vincent Kenis.^[6] Hollander said that Zap Mama "present Western audiences with an impression of Africa which is half-real and half-imaginary. They research and reinterpret certain forms of traditional music, but from a semi-European standpoint, with a lot of humor, and a vision which doesn't lack social and political content."

Luaka Bop Records repackaged the first Crammed Discs release for American listeners in 1993 as Adventures in Afropea 1. By the end of the year, Billboard announced it was the top seller for "world music."^[26] Zap Mama went on tour playing New York's Central Park, Paris' Olympia, the Jazz-festival of Montreux.^[6] After the success of Adventures in Afropea 1, Daulne said the record company "wanted to mould us into a poppy girl band, but I said, 'No, you'll kill me', and I stopped. Everyone was asking why I wanted to stop when we'd finally arrived at the top. But I felt that it was completely wrong. I wasn't ready. I wasn't strong enough. The manager said that if I stopped then, I'd be killing my career, but it was my decision."^[15]

Daulne defines her music over the years as evolving from an a cappella quintet to instruments and a lead voice.^[23] "I’m a nomad. I like to discover my sound with different instruments, different genres. For me it’s normal. My name is Zap Mama – it’s easy to understand that it’s easy for me to zap in from one instrument to another, a culture, a style. I’m more a citizen of the world, not an American or Belgian."^[23] Daulne (center) performs with Zap Mama at Bumbershoot 2007 in Seattle on 3 September 2007.

The next album Sabsylma (1994) contained music with Indian, Moroccan and Australian influences^[24] and earned Zap Mama a Grammy nomination for Best World Music Album.^[13] Daulne explained that the sharper sound of Sabsylma was due to the increasing influence of American music and the sound of being on the road.^[6] "We've been touring so intensively. Zap Mama was a soft, African record with a natural, round sound. Sabsylma is hectic, sharper. Not on purpose, mind you. I can't help it. If you're driving in a van for months, and you constantly hear the sounds of traffic, TV, hardrock on the radio ... those sounds hook up in your ears, and come out if you start to sing."^[6] Daulne also broadened her music to embrace other cultures on Sabsylma.^[10] "Before I spoke about the Pygmies and the people around them. Now I want to talk about the people around me," says Daulne.^[10] "My neighbor who has nothing to eat–I want to know what’s going on inside his head. Some of the most rewarding travel I’ve done was just ringing my neighbors’ doors. My Moroccan neighbor shared her Moroccan world. The Pakistani man at the grocery showed me Pakistan. That's what this album is about–I suggest that people dream and travel in their own cities by talking to their neighbors."^[10]

Daulne used an organic process to improvise her music in the studio.^[6] "I'm always looking for sounds. Most of the time, I work with colors. Each sound needs different colors of voices. I dissect sounds, cut them in little pieces, order them, and reassemble them," says Daulne.^[6] "The songs themselves come about in a very organic, improvising way. During the rehearsals, we light some candles, start a tape-recorder, close our eyes, and start making up a story. On that, we start adding sounds. We let ourselves go. We are carried away by the music."^[6]

At the same time Sabsylma was being created, Director Violaine de Villers made a documentary, Mizike Mama, (1993) that presents a group portrait of Zap Mama.^[18] The film focuses on Daulne and discusses the implications of membership in a racially mixed group that consciously fuses African rhythms and vocal tones with European polyphony.^[18] The documentary won the International Visual Music award for Best Popular Music TV Documentary.^[10]

Second Cycle: Seven and A Ma Zone

After the success of the first two albums, Daulne put her music on hold for a few years to birth and mother her daughter Kesia. Adventures in Afropea 1 and Sabslyma had both been largely a cappella.^[7] In 1996, Daulne decided to dissolve the group and make a formal break from a cappella, retaining the Zap Mama name but looking for new collaborators in the United States.^[1] Daulne moved her music in a different direction^[7] coming back as the lone Zap Mama to record Seven, a break with the past for the inclusion of male musicians and vocalists, the increased number of instruments and the number of songs in English.^[7] "I made music on Seven the same way as on the other albums. I only used acoustic instruments... I'm looking for instruments that have vocal sounds, forgotten instruments like the guimbri... The first and second albums were about the voice, what came before. This album is about introducing those sounds into modern, Western life," says Daulne.^[24] Daulne had help on the album from Wathanga Rema, from Cameroon.^[10] "I couldn’t have made this album without him!" says Daulne.^[10] "I met someone who could sing high female parts and also have that male power... that changed everything!"^[10] Daulne's sister Anita also contributed to both songwriting and vocals.^[10] "She always knows when I fly too high and when I lose my way," says Daulne.^[10]

The title of Seven (1997)^[13] refers to the seven senses of a human being.^[24] Daule had traveled to Mali in 1996 and had learned from a man in Mali that in addition to the five senses known in the west, some have a sixth sense which is emotion.^[24] "But not everyone has the seventh. It is the power to heal with music, calm with color, to soothe the sick soul with harmony. He told me that I have this gift, and I know what I have to do with it," Daulne says.^[6]

Daulne's next album was A Ma Zone (1999).^[13] The title is a wordplay meaning both "Amazone," the female warrior, and "A Ma Zone," (in my zone)^[6] which "means that I feel at ease wherever I am," Daulne says.^[13] "Naturally an Amazon is a rebel, a fighter who, once she has set her heart on something, pulls out all the stops to achieve her goal. I feel this way as well when I'm standing on the stage with the group.- as a team we share the same aim of winning over the audience with our music. I'm a nomad. I'm meeting new people all the time and sealing these friendships with tunes," Daulne says.^[13]

Third Cycle: Ancestry in Progress and Supermoon

Daulne (center) toured in 2007 to support the release of Supermoon appearing at the 8 x 10 in Baltimore, Maryland on 1 November 2007.

Daulne moved to New York in 2000.^[26] "I've never been welcome in any country as my own country," says Daulne.^[26] "In Europe, they talk to me as if I'm from Congo. In Congo, they act like I'm from Europe. The first time I felt at home was in New York. I said, ‘Here is my country. Everybody is from somewhere else. I feel so comfortable here.'"^[26] Ancestry in Progress (2000) reflects Dualne's new life in the United States.^[13] "The American beat is a revolution all over the world," Daulne says.^[13] "Everybody listens to it and everybody follows it. But the beat of the United States was inspired by the beat coming from Africa. Not just its structure, but the sound of it. This is the source of modern sounds, the history of the beat, starting from little pieces of wood banging against one another, and arriving on the big sound-systems today. It's genius. So I wanted to create an album about the evolution of old ancestral vocal sounds, how they traveled from Africa, mixing with European and Asian sounds, and were brought to America."^[13]

Daulne collaborated with the Roots collective in Philadelphia who acted as producers for Ancestry in Progress.^[1] "They invited me to do some of my sounds in one of their albums, and that was where the relationship develop[ed]," says Daulne.^[20] "The hardest [thing was] that at the time my English was so little that I had no way to express myself, so I didn’t know how it happened in the Philly world or the United States, or the way it work[ed] with studios. I was there, like in the middle of an ocean with my sounds, my spirit and my vibe."^[20] "What I like about the Roots is their instruments, the jazz background, which is helping to have a real, acoustic, organic sound," says Daulne.^[1] "If you take it and make it groovy, it seems like our life is lighter and easier. ... And I loved the beatbox which some of their members were doing, grooving with only [their] mouth."^[1] One of the tracks includes baby sounds from Daulne's youngest child, Zekey.^[1] Ancestry in Progress (2004),^[13] reached #1 on the Billboard World Music Album chart.^[28]

Daulne moved back to Belgium after three years in the United States^[29] and now calls Brussels home.^[11] "I lived in the United States from 2000 to 2004 and it is a place with so many stars. When I met a lot of big celebrities I realized I was not a big star and that I didn't want to be, because your life would be a habit, stuck in this and that. I prefer the singularity. I prefer to be me."^[25] Daulne finds life easier in Belgium.^[11] "I used to live in New York, and the system in Belgium is much better than in America. It’s much easier for families here."^[11] "With my family, my husband, my children, the people I love — that is home."^[8] Daulne still draws inspiration from her travels.^[29] "Currently, I feel the need to go to England, because a lot of interesting things are happening over there. In my band, there are a lot of young musicians who teach me completely new things. They challenge me - and that is the way I like it," Daulne says.^[29] Daulne also found American interests and values different from Europe.^[22] "American people are so addicted to music — sports and music," says Daulne.^[22] "Where I live, with the French influence, it's the foods that are very important, and literature — all this probably more important than sports and music."^[22]

In Supermoon (2007),^[13] Daulne's vocals take centerstage.^[26] "When the audience appreciates the art of the artist, the audience becomes the sun and makes the artist shine as a full moon," says Daulne.^[26] Supermoon is also one of Daulne's most personal statements^[28] with songs like "Princess Kesia," an ode to her daughter and how she is no longer a baby but a beautiful girl.^[30] "With Supermoon, I reveal the way I chose to live when I started my career," says Daulne.^[28] "It’s very intimate…You’re seeing me very close up. I hope that’s a kind of intimacy that people will understand. I’m opening a door to who I am."^[28] "I always used to hide myself, and I'm not complaining about it, but now it is time to show my eyes and my femininity and my delicate side," said Daulne.^[25] "I am proud to be so feminine, because I have taken the time to develop the inside of my femininity. Now that I have that, I can face anybody. And if anybody challenges me, there is no problem."^[25]