Mat Zemlya (Matka Ziemia or Matushka Zeml'ja)[1][lower-alpha 1] is the Moist (or Water) Earth Mother[4] and is probably the oldest deity in Slavic mythology[5] besides Marzanna. She is also called Mati Syra Zemlya meaning Mother Damp Earth or Mother Moist Earth. Her identity later blended into that of Mokosh.[6]

Mythology

In the early Middle Ages, Mati Syra Zemlya was one of the most important deities in the Slavic world. Slavs made oaths by touching the Earth, and sins were confessed into a hole in the Earth before death. She was worshipped in her natural form and was not given a human personage or likeness. Since the adoption of Christianity in all Slavic lands, she has been identified with Mary, the mother of Jesus.

An example of her importance is seen in this traditional invocation to Matka Ziema, made with a jar of hemp oil:

East – "Mother Earth, subdue every evil and unclean being so that he may not cast a spell on us nor do us any harm."
West – "Mother Earth, engulf the unclean power in thy boiling pits, and in thy burning fires."
South – "Mother Earth, calm the winds coming from the South and all bad weather. Calm the moving sands and whirlwinds."
North – "Mother Earth, calm the North winds and clouds, subdue the snowstorms and the cold."
The jar, which held the oil, is buried after each invocation and offering is made at each Quarter. (Slavonic mythology 1977:287)[6]

Old Slavic beliefs seem to attest some awareness of an ambivalent nature of the Earth: it was considered men's cradle and nurturer during one's lifetime, and, when the time of death came, it would open up to receive their bones, as if it were a "return to the womb".[7][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4]

The imagery of the terre humide ("moist earth") also appears in funeral lamentations either as a geographical feature (as in Lithuanian and Ukrainian lamentations)[12] or invoked as Mère-Terre humide ("Mother Moist Earth").[13][14][lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7][lower-alpha 8]

Cultic practices

Up until World War I and the fall of the Russian Empire, peasant women would perform a rite to prevent against plague by plowing a furrow around the village and calling on the protection of the Earth spirits by shrieking.[6][22]

The Slavic bogatyr Mikula Selyaninovich, or Mikula the Villager, is closely connected with Mat Zemlya.[23][24]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The affectionate appellation "Matushka" ("Little mother", "Dear Mother") is sometimes used to refer to natural phenomena, such as the earth and rivers.[2][3]
  2. ↑ For instance: "the Russian peasant envisioned the underworld of the ancestors as a house heated against the dampness of Mother Moist Earth by a pech [pečʹ, 'stove'].";[8] "Among the peasantry in Vladimir Province, as in other places, it was customary for the dying to ask earth permission to reenter her body with the ritual invocation: 'Mother Moist Earth, forgive me and take me'."[9]
  3. ↑ "The peasant child who died left its natal mother and went back to 'mother earth'. (...) That Russians did (and still do) personify the earth as a mother is well known. The peasant topos 'mother moist earth' ('mat' syra zemlia') refers to the mother specifically as a place one goes after dying, or in order to die (as opposed to a fertile place which gives birth to a harvest - for which there are other topoi). Ransel speaks of peasant beliefs about the earth pulling the child back to itself, inviting death. (...) To resist death too much is to resist 'mother moist earth'."[10]
  4. ↑ "Symbolically, funeral rites provide the belief that the deceased will return to mother earth to live a new life in a new abode (the coffin and grave). According to Russian folk belief, the deceased no longer lives in its former home but continues a liminal existence in a new “dwelling-place,” that is the coffin, which in some parts of Russia even had windows (Vostochnoslavianskaia 348). (...) In this context, the motif of life in the funeral lament is similar to the archetypal figure of the Moist Mother Earth (Mati syra zemlia) in its representation of rebirth. In these laments, the deceased is portrayed as being returned to the Moist Mother Earth, but before settling in her “permanent nest” it is carried into its new room—the coffin. С попом—отцом духовныим / Да с петьем божьим церковныим! / Как схороним тебя, белая лебедушка, / Во матушку сыру землю / И во буеву холодную могилушку, / В вековечну, бесконечну тебя жирушку, / Закроем тебя матушкой сырой землей, / Замуравим тебя травонькой шелковою! (Chistov 237) [With a priest, with a spiritual father / And with the swimming of God’s Church / How will we bury you, little white swan / In the Damp Mother Earth / In the cold little grave / In the eternal, heavenly home / We will cover you with the Damp Mother Earth / We will cover you with silk grass]. (...) Funeral rituals, thus, reinforced the link between the living and the departed while allowing the deceased to rest permanently in its new domicile—the cosmic womb that is the Moist Mother Earth."[11]
  5. ↑ For example: "The maiden fair is dead (...) Split open, damp Mother Earth! / Fly asunder, ye coffin planks!";[15] "A young sergeant prayed to God, / Weeping the while, as a river flows,/ For the recent death of the Emperor, / The Emperor, Peter the First. / And thus amid his sobs he spake, - / 'Split asunder, O damp mother Earth / On all four sides - / Open, ye coffin planks (...)'";[16] "All on my father's grave / A star has fallen, has fallen from heaven ... / Split open, O dart of the thunder, The moist mother Earth!";[17] "I will take my dear children [and see], / Whether moist Mother Earth will not split open. / If moist Mother Earth splits open, / Straightway will I and my children bury ourselves in it (...) Split open, moist Mother Earth, / And be thou open, O new coffin-planks (...) (a widow's lament)";[18] "Arise, O ye wild winds, from all sides! Be ye borne, O winds, into the Church of God! Sweep open the moist earth! Strike, O wild winds, on the great bell! Will not its sounds and mine awaken words of kindness" (an orphan's lament).[18]
  6. ↑ The expression is also mentioned in a saying from Olonets: the master of the house invites his ghostly visitor to warm itself by the fire of the pech, since it must have been cold for him staying "in the moist earth".[19]
  7. ↑ In a adjuration by a Raskol, the supplicant invokes her to forgive them: "Forgive me, O Lord; forgive me, O holy Mother of God; (...) forgive, O damp-mother-earth; (...)".[20]
  8. ↑ In a funeral lament collected in the Olonets region by scholar Barsov, the mourner cries for a man struck by lightning sent by "thunderous" Saint Ilya, when said man was supposed to perform his Christian duties: "They lit candles of bright wax, / They prayed to God diligently, / They bowed low to moist mother earth / (...) The sinful soul departed without repentance/ (...)/ [His body] will not be committed to moist mother earth."[21]

Notes

  1. ↑ Gimbutas, Marija. "The Earth Fertility of old Europe". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 13, 1987. p. 24. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.1987.1750]; www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1987_num_13_1_1750
  2. ↑ Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (1998). Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic Myth and Legend. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 187. ISBN 9781576070635.
  3. ↑ Oleszkiewicz-Peralba, Małgorzata. The Black Madonna in Latin America and Europe: Tradition and Transformation. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press. 2007. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8263-4102-0
  4. ↑ Thomas F. Rogers (1992). Myth and Symbol in Soviet Fiction: Images of the Savior Hero, Great Mother, Anima, and Child in Selected Novels and Films. Mellen Research University Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-9849-5.
  5. ↑ Carolyn Emerick. The Three Golden Hairs: Slavic & Germanic Myth in Czech Folklore. Carolyn Emerick. p. 47. GGKEY:SXE7T3JFNTY.
  6. 1 2 3 Johnson, Kenneth (1998). Slavic sorcery: shamanic journey of initiation. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. pp. 83–85. ISBN 1-56718-374-3. OCLC 37725456.
  7. ↑ Васільчук, А. А.. "СЛАВЯНСКІЯ НАРОДНЫЯ УЯЎЛЕННІ ПРА ЗЯМЛЮ" [Slavic folk beliefs about the Earth]. In: МОВА–ЛІТАРАТУРА–КУЛЬТУРА. Матэрыялы VI Міжнароднай навуковай канферэнцыі г. Мінск, 28-29 кастрычніка 2010 года [LANGUAGE–LITERATURE–CULTURE. Proceedings of the VI International Scientific Conference in Minsk, October 28–29, 2010]. Minsk: БДУ. 2011. pp. 52-53.
  8. ↑ Hubbs, Joanna. Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1993. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-253-11578-2
  9. ↑ Hubbs, Joanna. Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1993. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-253-11578-2
  10. ↑ Rancour-Laferriere, Daniel. The Slave Soul of Russia: Moral Masochism and the Cult of Suffering. New York and London: New York University Press. 1995. pp. 74-75. ISBN 0-8147-7458-X
  11. ↑ Sang Hyun Kim. "Prichitaniia and Rituals as Symbolic Representations of Russian Peasants’ Collective Memory: A Comparative Study of Wedding and Funeral Ceremonies". In: Studies in Slavic Culture issue V, May 2006. pp. 46-48, 52-53 (footnote nr. 29).
  12. ↑ Nevskaja, Lidija; Toucas-Bouteau, Michèle (traduceur). "Les lamentations balto-slaves: sémantique et structure". In: Cahiers slaves, n°3, 2001. La mort et ses représentations (Monde slave et Europe du Nord) pp. 201-202. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/casla.2001.904]; www.persee.fr/doc/casla_1283-3878_2001_num_3_1_904.
  13. ↑ Adon'eva, S.B.; Kabakova, Galina (traducteur). "Lamentation dans le Nord de la Russie: texte et rituel". In: Cahiers slaves, n°6, 2002. Les études régionales en Russie (1890-1990). Origines, crise, renaissance. pp. 434. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/casla.2002.962]; www.persee.fr/doc/casla_1283-3878_2002_num_6_1_962
  14. ↑ Labriolle, François de; Sériot, Patrick. "Lise Gruel-Apert, La tradition orale russe (compte-rendu)". In: Revue des études slaves, tome 68, fascicule 1, 1996. p. 138. www.persee.fr/doc/slave_0080-2557_1996_num_68_1_6318_t1_0137_0000_1
  15. ↑ Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 27.
  16. ↑ Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. pp. 53-54.
  17. ↑ Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 334.
  18. 1 2 Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 340.
  19. ↑ Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 322.
  20. ↑ Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. pp. 364-365.
  21. ↑ Warner, Elizabeth A. "Death by Lightning: For Sinner or Saint? Beliefs from Novosokol'niki Region, Pskov Province, Russia". In: Folklore 113, no. 2 (2002): 255-256. Accessed April 11, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1260679.
  22. ↑ Farrar, Janet (1987). The Witches' Goddess : the Feminine Principle of Divinity. Farrar, Stewart. Custer, Wash.: Phoenix. p. 245. ISBN 0-919345-91-3. OCLC 17759547.
  23. ↑ Leonard Arthur Magnus, "The Heroic Ballads of Russia". K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited, 1921, pp. 23-26.
  24. ↑ Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (1998). Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic Myth and Legend. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 189-191. ISBN 9781576070635.

Further reading

  • Pushkina, V.. "ОБРАЗ МАТЕРИ - СЫРОЙ ЗЕМЛИ КАК ЭКСПЛИКАЦИЯ АКСИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ДОМИНАНТ ВОСТОЧНЫХ СЛАВЯН" [THE IMAGE OF THE MOTHER - RAW EARTH AS THE EXPLICATION OF AXIOLOGICAL DOMINANTS EASTERN SLAVS]. In: Аксиологический диапазон художественной литературы : сборник научных статей. - Витебск: ВГУ имени П. М. Машерова, 2017. pp. 290–293. ISBN 978-985-517-584-2
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