The Mediterranean Fleet (Russian: Средиземноморский флот) was a short-lived fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea, active during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774.

It was established on September 23, 1769, under Tsarina Catherine the Great and Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov as part of the Imperial Russian Navy. It was created during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). As the Imperial Russia Navy lacked an organised fleet in the Black Sea, it was planned for this new fleet to be sent from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean. This newly formed fleet was headed by Orlov and commanded by Admiral Grigory Spiridov. It participated in the Battle of Chesma, the Russian occupations of Beirut and some other engagements. The fleet was eventually disbanded following the conclusion of the war and the signing of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, with some elements later being transferred as part of the Imperial Russian Black Sea Fleet.[1]

Background

Improvement of the Imperial Russian Navy

From Catherine's coronation in 1762 and even before that, the Imperial Russian Navy was poor in discipline, training and morale, unskillful and badly administered and equipped. The Tsarina was forced to improve its efficiency from the early days of her reign, hoping to create a proper command structure and a navy, capable of challenging Great Powers on the seas.[2] She had sought British help, with many Russian officers going to Britain to receive training. Catherine had also gotten a stroke of luck, as the Treaty of Paris (1763) had been signed just one year later leaving many British naval officers unemployed, many of whom joined the Russians. The most notable of these were the Scots John Elphinstone[3] and Samuel Greig.[4] This collaboration with Britain had helped bolster the Imperial Russian Navy and improved trade relations between the Russian Empire and the British Empire.[5] It was also due to these improvements that the Imperial Russian Navy was able to be a proper force, capable of efficient naval warfare against other nations.

Outbreak of Russo-Turkish War

Main Article: Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)#Background

The Russo-Turkish war began, as tensions between the Russian Empire against the Bar Confederation began, in order to seize control of Poland–Lithuania.[6] When the Russian Empire managed to seize control of the town of Bar, members of the Confederation fled to the Ottoman Empire, who agreed to help them against Russia.[7] The outbreak of this war made Russia realize that it's navy was incapable of action against the Ottomans in the Mediterranean Sea or the Black Sea, henceforth forcing the Russian government into creating the Mediterranean Fleet.[8]

Creation

Ensign of the Imperial Russian Navy

The Mediterranean Fleet was created on September 23, 1769 by Tsarina Catherine the Great and Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov as part of the Imperial Russian Navy. It used up elements of the Imperial Russian Baltic Fleet. Command of the fleet was given to the Russian admiral Grigory Spiridov. The main goal of the fleet was to incite a rebellion in Ottoman Greece and attack the Turkish straits from the rear. The fleet was made up of many squadrons and consisted of 9 ships of the line, 3 frigates, 4 fireships, 1 bombship, 1 dispatch vessel, 3 armed merchantman and 1 supply ship. The ships of the line were the Evropa, Sviatoi Evstafii, Tri Svyatitelya, Sviatoi Ianuarii, Tri Ierarcha, Rostislav, Ne Tron Menya, Svyatoslav and Saratov. The other ships were the Grom (Bomb ship), Sv. Nikolai (Frigate), Afrika (Frigate), Nadezhda (Frigate), Sv. Pavel (Storage Ship), Potchtalyon (Dispatch Vessel), Graf Tchemyshev (Armed Merchantmen), Graf Panin (Armed Merchantmen), Graf Orlov (Armed Merchantmen) and four unnamed fire ships.[9] The fleet sailed from Copenhagen on September 23, 1769. It sailed through the Danish straits, the English Channel and the Strait of Gibraltar until finally, on March 1, 1770, the first detachment was anchored off the southern Morea, where the Orlov revolt broke out almost immediately after, in response to this.[10] It was also the first time in history a Russian naval fleet entered the Mediterranean.

Battle of Chesme

Battle of Chesmse, 1770

Main Article: Battle of Chesme

The naval Battle of Chesme took place on 5–7 July 1770 during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) near and in Çeşme (Chesme or Chesma) Bay. The Russian Mediterranean Fleet faced off against an Ottoman Fleet larger albeit it more disorganized than the Russians. The naval battle at Chesme first consisted of the Russians sailing into the Bay of Chesme, one ship at a time, in an attempt to completely annihilate the Ottoman forces there. The first shots were fired by the Ottomans, followed in quick succession by the Russians at around 11:45 AM on the 5th of July. Following 2 days of constant fighting, the Russians came out victorious and were able to cause massive casualties on the Ottomans.

Occupations of Beirut

Main Article: Russian occupations of Beirut

The occupations of Beirut by the Russian Empire were two military expeditions by squadrons of the Imperial Russian Navy's Mediterranean Fleet, with the first one taking place in June 1772 and the second one from October 1773 to early 1774. They formed part of its Levant campaign during the larger Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. Russian forces were able to capture the port city twice, once in 18 June 1772 – 23 June 1772 and then in 2 August 1773- 10 October 1773. It ended with the signing of the treaty of Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca.

References

  1. ↑ The Russian Navy - A Historic Transition (PDF). Office of Naval Intelligence. 2015-12-01.
  2. ↑ Abulafia, David (2011-10-13). "The View through the Russian Prism, 1760–1805". The Great Sea. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0040. ISBN 978-0-19-532334-4.
  3. ↑ "Unknown". princeton.edu. 2022-12-03. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  4. ↑ Anderson, M. S. (1952). "Great Britain and the Russian Fleet, 1769-70". The Slavonic and East European Review. 31 (76): 148–163. ISSN 0037-6795. JSTOR 4204409.
  5. ↑ Abulafia, David (2011-10-13). "The View through the Russian Prism, 1760–1805". The Great Sea. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0040. ISBN 978-0-19-532334-4.
  6. ↑ "The Establishment of the Bar Confederation". Polish History. 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  7. ↑ "Confederation of Bar | Polish history | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  8. ↑ Anderson, R. C. (1952). Naval wars in the Levant, 1559-1853. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  9. ↑ Anderson, R. C. (1952). Naval wars in the Levant, 1559-1853. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  10. ↑ Gallant, Thomas W. (2015). The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913: The Long Nineteenth Century. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-3605-1.
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