Megacopta cribraria
A glossy olive brown bug with black speckles facing right on a green leaf: The bug has a rounded squat shape with six legs, protruding red brown eyes, and prominent antennae.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Infraorder: Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily: Pentatomoidea
Family: Plataspidae
Genus: Megacopta
Species:
M. cribraria
Binomial name
Megacopta cribraria
(Fabricius, 1798)
Synonyms
  • Cimex cribraria Fabricius, 1798
  • Tetyra cribraria (Fabricius, 1798)
  • Thyreocoris cribrarius (Fabricius, 1798)
  • Coptosoma cribrarium (Fabricius, 1798)
  • Coptosoma xanthochlora Walker 1867
Distribution of Megacopta cribraria in the USA (2009–2012)

Megacopta cribraria, also called the bean plataspid, kudzu bug, globular stink bug and lablab bug, is a shield bug native to India and China, where it is an agricultural pest of lablab beans and other legumes.[1] The bug, while harmless to houseplants and people, often enters houses. It is attracted to white surfaces such as the walls of houses or white vehicles, because of the high reflectance of the white surfaces as it relates to the bugs' simple eyes. As a defense mechanism, they emit a foul-smelling pheromone that also acts as a congregation pheromone. Aside from smelling foul, the liquid also creates a burning sensation and sometimes leaves a red welt on bare skin.[2] It is similar to other Plataspidae in having a somewhat unusual symbiotic relationship with its gut bacteria. Before laying eggs, females deposit particles containing the symbiont, which are then eaten by newly hatched nymphs under natural conditions. Nymphs experimentally deprived of access to the symbiont exhibited slower growth, smaller body sizes and higher mortality.[3]

The bean plataspid gives off an offensive odor when touched, squashed, or poked. Hosted by wisteria, green beans, and other legumes, the insect sucks juice from the stems of soybean plants and reduces crop yield. However, when the insect infests kudzu, another invasive species, it appreciably reduces the growth of that plant.[2]

Ecology

In 2011 in its invasive range in Georgia, M. cribraria's aggregation score - Taylor's Power Law/Taylor's Law b - had an extremely high slope for adults. The badults was 3.27 ± 0.115 and badults > bnymphs > beggs. By the next year - and continuing at least into 2013 - the adult score was much lower and the order was reversed, with beggs > bnymphs > badults.[4]

Hosts

Cajanus cajan, Vigna unguiculata, Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba.[5]

Microbiome

Females are found by Hosokawa et al 2008 to produce pellets with their own microbiome species and deposit them near their eggs. Larvae then search for and consume these. If these pellets are absent they will search more than those successfully finding pellets, suggesting that microbiome provision is indeed the purpose of this entire process and this is not accidental.[6]

Symbionts

M. cribraria lives in symbiosis with γ-proteobacteria,[7] the bacterium Candidatus Ishikawaella/Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata. Douglas 2015[8] interprets the results of Brown et al 2014 as finding this symbiont to be retained – identically – in the eastern North American invasive range, so its successful invasion and devastation of crops there is not due to symbiont switching. Douglas believes this is unsurprising given that M. cribraria has not switched host plants, and symbiont switching is a strategy which has been seen in invasive insects which need to digest an unfamiliar host native to their new range. Arora and Douglas 2017[9] interpret Brown to have not differentiated between various Ishikawaella and therefore the question of switching within the same genus remains open. Hosokawa et al 2007 similarly finds M. punctatissima and not M. cribraria to be naturally able to infest G. max, but that this is solely due to Ishikawaella and can be experimentally induced in M. cribraria by giving it M. punctatissima's symbiont.[10][9][11] This sharp difference in function is produced by a very small genetic difference: Hosokawa et al 2007 finds their 16S ribosomal RNAs to be 99.9% identical.[7]

Southeastern United States

Santee National Wildlife Refuge, SC, USA

In the Southeastern United States, M. cribraria is an invasive species, and was first noticed in northeastern Georgia in 2009.[8][4] As of 2012, it was spreading rapidly into the surrounding states of Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. It has recently begun to invade Maryland and Mississippi, as well. In 2017, M. cribraria was observed in Texas.[12]

Current research

Universities and corporations throughout the Southeastern United States have begun research into alternative means of dealing with the kudzu bug. Universities in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, such as North Carolina State University and Georgia State University, have produced publications since 2011 until 2014 regarding M. cribraria pest management. One recent work demonstrates that the kudzu bug's diet in Alabama is broader than originally believed.[13]

In theory the complete dependence of the pest upon the symbiont for pest phenotype recommends an easy control method: Deliberately provide Ishikawaella which is defective on G. max. Even better this would then be transmitted vertically. However, because the effective symbiont is also already present in the target population, there is no reason to think that the defective symbiont would overwhelm or even persist alongside the pest enabling symbiont.[9]

References

  1. ↑ Dowdy, Sharon (November 10, 2009). "Bug found in Georgia a threat to soybeans?". Southeast Farm Press. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  2. 1 2 Dowdy, Sharon (Aug 29, 2011). "Kudzu bug spreading rapidly across Southern states". Southeast Farm Press. Retrieved Aug 29, 2011.
  3. ↑ Horn, Scott & James L. Hanula (January 2011). "Influence of Trap Color on Collection of the Recently-Introduced Bean Plataspid, Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae)". Journal of Entomological Science. 46 (1): 85–87. doi:10.18474/0749-8004-46.1.85. S2CID 6862031.
  4. 1 2 Taylor, R. A. J. (2019). Taylor's Power Law : Order and Pattern in Nature. London: Academic Press. pp. xviii+639. ISBN 978-0-12-810987-8. OCLC 1105557028.
  5. ↑ Omkar (2016). "1 Insects and Pests". Ecofriendly pest management for food security. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. xii+750. ISBN 978-0-12-803265-7. OCLC 938789056. ISBN 978-0-12-803266-4. ISBN 0-12-803265-0. ISBN 0-12-803266-9.
  6. ↑ Sarkar, Amar; Harty, Siobhán; Lehto, Soili M.; Moeller, Andrew H.; Dinan, Timothy G.; Dunbar, Robin I.M.; Cryan, John F.; Burnet, Philip W.J. (2018). "The Microbiome in Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Cell Press. 22 (7): 611–636. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.006. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 29907531. S2CID 49223741.
  7. 1 2 Turnbaugh, Peter J.; Gordon, Jeffrey I. (2008). "An Invitation to the Marriage of Metagenomics and Metabolomics". Cell. Cell Press. 134 (5): 708–713. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.025. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 18775300. S2CID 12427440.
  8. 1 2 Douglas, Angela E. (2015-01-07). "Multiorganismal Insects: Diversity and Function of Resident Microorganisms". Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews. 60 (1): 17–34. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020822. ISSN 0066-4170. PMC 4465791. PMID 25341109.
  9. 1 2 3 Arora, Arinder K.; Douglas, Angela E. (2017). "Hype or opportunity? Using microbial symbionts in novel strategies for insect pest control". Journal of Insect Physiology. Elsevier. 103: 10–17. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.09.011. ISSN 0022-1910. PMID 28974456.
  10. ↑ Frago, Enric; Dicke, Marcel; Godfray, H. Charles J. (2012). "Insect symbionts as hidden players in insect–plant interactions". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Cell Press. 27 (12): 705–711. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.08.013. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 22985943.
  11. ↑ Vavre, Fabrice; Kremer, Natacha (2014-10-01). "Microbial impacts on insect evolutionary diversification: from patterns to mechanisms" (PDF). Current Opinion in Insect Science. Elsevier. 4: 29–34. doi:10.1016/j.cois.2014.08.003. ISSN 2214-5745. PMID 28043405.
  12. ↑ "Kudzu Bug Distribution - Kudzu Bug". 7 December 2022.
  13. ↑ Lovejoy, Riley T.; Johnson, David A. (2014). "A Molecular Analysis of Herbivory in Adults of the Invasive Bean Plataspid, Megacopta cribraria". Southeastern Naturalist. Humboldt Field Research Institute. 13 (4): 663–672. doi:10.1656/058.013.0412. ISSN 1528-7092. S2CID 21315011.

Further reading

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