Migraine surgery is a surgical operation undertaken with the goal of reducing or preventing migraines. Migraine surgery most often refers to surgical nerve decompression of one or several nerves in the head and neck which have been shown to trigger migraine symptoms in many migraine sufferers.[1][2][3][4] Following the development of nerve decompression techniques for the relief of migraine pain in the year 2000, these procedures have been extensively studied and shown to be effective in appropriate candidates.[5][6][7] The nerves that are most often addressed in migraine surgery are found outside of the skull, in the face and neck, and include the supra-orbital and supra-trochlear nerves in the forehead, the zygomaticotemporal nerve and auriculotemporal nerves in the temple region, and the greater occipital, lesser occipital, and third occipital nerves in the back of the neck.[8][1][9][3][2][4][10][11][12] Nerve impingement in the nasal cavity has additionally been shown to be a trigger of migraine symptoms.

Indications and patient selection

Migraine surgery is usually reserved for migraine patients who fail more conservative therapy or who cannot tolerate the side effects of drugs used to treat their migraines. Appropriate patients are screened using injections of local anesthesia to provide a temporary nerve block. In some cases, Botox may be used to provide temporary decompression of the nerve. Patients who respond to nerve blocks often see an immediate though temporary reduction in their pain by "shutting off" the nerve that is triggering the migraine, while pain relief following Botox injections is provided by relaxation of nearby muscle tissue that may be compressing the nerve. Patients who respond well to these screening procedures are felt to be excellent candidates for migraine surgery.[13][6][14][15]

Surgical procedures

Migraine surgery is an outpatient procedure which addresses peripheral nerves through limited incisions. Depending on the symptoms of the patient and the screening results following nerve blocks or Botox, different areas of the head and neck may be addressed to treat the nerves found to be the migraine trigger in a given patient. Migraine surgery is always individualized to each patient's symptoms and anatomy.

Anterior nerves

Nerves found in the forehead (supra-orbital and supra-trochlear nerves) are either addressed using endoscopic surgery or by using an incision in the crease of the upper eyelid.[16][17] Structures that are found pressing on the nerves here are released and may include bone at the upper orbit, fascia, blood vessels, or muscle tissue. The supra-orbital and supra-trochlear nerves travel through the corrugator supercilii muscle which enables frowning of the brow. These nerves are released from these muscles so they may lie free of pressure from these muscle structures. Small blood vessels which travel with these nerves may be divided to prevent pressure as well. In the bony notch where these nerves exit the eye socket, small pieces of bone or connective tissue may be removed so undue pressure is not placed on the nerves in this region.[18][19][20]

Nerves of the temple region

The zygomaticotemporal nerve and auriculotemporal nerves are found in areas between the top of the ear and the lateral portion of the eye, in different areas of the temple. These nerves can also be addressed by endoscopic techniques, or well hidden small incisions. Blood vessels next to or crossing these nerves are often found to be the source of compression, and these blood vessels may be divided to prevent irritation of these nerves. Associated temporal muscle release in the region of these nerves may also be indicated.[21] Because these nerves are very small and provide feeling to small regions of the scalp, they are often cut or avulsed, allowing the ends to retract into muscle tissue to prevent neuroma formation.[22]

Posterior nerves

Chronic irritation of the occipital nerves is called occipital neuralgia and is frequently the cause of migraine symptoms. The greater occipital and third occipital nerves are addressed through an incision at the base of the scalp in the upper neck by either a vertical or transverse incision. Incisions are usually placed within the hairline. The greater occipital nerve travels through several muscle layers (including the trapezius muscle and splenius capitis muscle) where it is often compressed, and therefore surgery for this nerve involves releasing it from tight muscle and fascia in the upper neck. Blood vessels found crossing the nerve such as the occipital artery may be divided in order to avoid chronic pressure and irritation of the greater occipital nerve.[2][23] The third occipital nerve is a small nerve that travels near the greater occipital nerve and may treated similarly in order to alleviate chronic irritation.[11]

The lesser occipital nerve is a small nerve that has additionally been found to be associated with migraine pain. This nerve is found near the sternocleidomastoid muscle and may be decompressed or divided here through a small incision. As this small nerve provides feeling for a small region of the scalp, the minimal numbness resulting from the division of this nerve often goes un-noticed.[8][11]

Nerves of the nose

The nerves of the nasal lining may be impinged by structures in the nose such as the nasal septum and turbinates. Nasal surgery to decompress these regions may include septoplasty, turbinectomy, or other rhinoplasty procedures.[24]

Surgical outcomes

Though initially thought to be experimental surgery, the benefits of migraine surgery have now been well documented. Followup data has shown that 88% of migraine surgery patients experienced a positive response to the procedure after 5 years. 29% of patients have been shown to achieve complete elimination of their migraine disease, while an additional 59% of patients reported a significant decrease in their pain and symptoms 5 years following their migraine surgery. 12% of patients undergoing migraine surgery reported no change in their symptoms after 5 years.[5][6][7][25]

Migraine surgery has additionally been studied in a socioeconomic context and has been shown to reduce both direct and indirect costs associated with migraine disease. Such costs after migraine surgery have been shown to be reduced by a median of $3,949 per patient per year.[26]

References

  1. 1 2 Ducic I, Moriarty M, Al-Attar A (March 2009). "Anatomical variations of the occipital nerves: implications for the treatment of chronic headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 123 (3): 859–63, discussion 864. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e318199f080. PMID 19319048.
  2. 1 2 3 Janis JE, Hatef DA, Reece EM, McCluskey PD, Schaub TA, Guyuron B (December 2010). "Neurovascular compression of the greater occipital nerve: implications for migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 126 (6): 1996–2001. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181ef8c6b. PMID 21124138.
  3. 1 2 Ascha M, Kurlander DE, Sattar A, Gatherwright J, Guyuron B (June 2017). "In-Depth Review of Symptoms, Triggers, and Treatment of Occipital Migraine Headaches (Site IV)". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 139 (6): 1333e–1342e. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000003395. PMID 28538577.
  4. 1 2 Mosser SW, Guyuron B, Janis JE, Rohrich RJ (February 2004). "The anatomy of the greater occipital nerve: implications for the etiology of migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 113 (2): 693–7, discussion 698–700. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000101502.22727.5d. PMID 14758238.
  5. 1 2 Guyuron B, Reed D, Kriegler JS, Davis J, Pashmini N, Amini S (August 2009). "A placebo-controlled surgical trial of the treatment of migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 124 (2): 461–8. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181adcf6a. PMID 19644260.
  6. 1 2 3 Janis JE, Barker JC, Javadi C, Ducic I, Hagan R, Guyuron B (October 2014). "A review of current evidence in the surgical treatment of migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 134 (4 Suppl 2): 131S–41S. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000000661. PMID 25254996.
  7. 1 2 Guyuron B, Kriegler JS, Davis J, Amini SB (February 2011). "Five-year outcome of surgical treatment of migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 127 (2): 603–8. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181fed456. PMID 20966820.
  8. 1 2 Lee M, Brown M, Chepla K, Okada H, Gatherwright J, Totonchi A, Alleyne B, Zwiebel S, Kurlander D, Guyuron B (December 2013). "An anatomical study of the lesser occipital nerve and its potential compression points: implications for surgical treatment of migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 132 (6): 1551–6. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182a80721. PMID 24005368.
  9. ↑ Janis JE, Hatef DA, Hagan R, Schaub T, Liu JH, Thakar H, Bolden KM, Heller JB, Kurkjian TJ (April 2013). "Anatomy of the supratrochlear nerve: implications for the surgical treatment of migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 131 (4): 743–50. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182818b0c. PMID 23249981.
  10. ↑ Chim H, Okada HC, Brown MS, Alleyne B, Liu MT, Zwiebel S, Guyuron B (August 2012). "The auriculotemporal nerve in etiology of migraine headaches: compression points and anatomical variations". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 130 (2): 336–41. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182589dd5. PMID 22842409.
  11. 1 2 3 Dash KS, Janis JE, Guyuron B (May 2005). "The lesser and third occipital nerves and migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 115 (6): 1752–8, discussion 1759–60. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000161679.26890.ee. PMID 15861086.
  12. ↑ Janis JE, Hatef DA, Thakar H, Reece EM, McCluskey PD, Schaub TA, Theivagt C, Guyuron B (August 2010). "The zygomaticotemporal branch of the trigeminal nerve: Part II. Anatomical variations". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 126 (2): 435–42. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181e094d7. PMID 20375758.
  13. ↑ Lee M, Monson MA, Liu MT, Reed D, Guyuron B (April 2013). "Positive botulinum toxin type a response is a prognosticator for migraine surgery success". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 131 (4): 751–7. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182818b7f. PMID 23542247.
  14. ↑ Guyuron B, Nahabet E, Khansa I, Reed D, Janis JE (October 2015). "The Current Means for Detection of Migraine Headache Trigger Sites". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 136 (4): 860–7. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001572. PMID 26397259.
  15. ↑ Janis JE, Dhanik A, Howard JH (July 2011). "Validation of the peripheral trigger point theory of migraine headaches: single-surgeon experience using botulinum toxin and surgical decompression". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 128 (1): 123–31. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182173d64. PMID 21701329.
  16. ↑ Gfrerer L, Maman DY, Tessler O, Austen WG (October 2014). "Nonendoscopic deactivation of nerve triggers in migraine headache patients: surgical technique and outcomes". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 134 (4): 771–8. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000000507. PMID 24945947.
  17. ↑ Liu MT, Chim H, Guyuron B (May 2012). "Outcome comparison of endoscopic and transpalpebral decompression for treatment of frontal migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 129 (5): 1113–9. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e31824a2c31. PMID 22544095.
  18. ↑ Chepla KJ, Oh E, Guyuron B (April 2012). "Clinical outcomes following supraorbital foraminotomy for treatment of frontal migraine headache". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 129 (4): 656e–62e. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182450b64. PMC 3315686. PMID 22456379.
  19. ↑ Hagan RR, Fallucco MA, Janis JE (July 2016). "Supraorbital Rim Syndrome: Definition, Surgical Treatment, and Outcomes for Frontal Headache". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open. 4 (7): e795. doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000000802. PMC 4977123. PMID 27536474.
  20. ↑ Fallucco M, Janis JE, Hagan RR (December 2012). "The anatomical morphology of the supraorbital notch: clinical relevance to the surgical treatment of migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 130 (6): 1227–33. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e31826d9c8d. PMID 23190806.
  21. ↑ Kurlander DE, Punjabi A, Liu MT, Sattar A, Guyuron B (April 2014). "In-depth review of symptoms, triggers, and treatment of temporal migraine headaches (Site II)". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 133 (4): 897–903. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000000045. PMID 24675192.
  22. ↑ Guyuron B, Harvey D, Reed D (July 2015). "A Prospective Randomized Outcomes Comparison of Two Temple Migraine Trigger Site Deactivation Techniques". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 136 (1): 159–65. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001322. PMID 25829156.
  23. ↑ Chmielewski L, Liu MT, Guyuron B (March 2013). "The role of occipital artery resection in the surgical treatment of occipital migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 131 (3): 351e–6e. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e31827c6f71. PMID 23446584.
  24. ↑ Behin F, Behin B, Bigal ME, Lipton RB (June 2005). "Surgical treatment of patients with refractory migraine headaches and intranasal contact points". Cephalalgia. 25 (6): 439–43. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00877.x. PMID 15910568.
  25. ↑ Guyuron B, Lineberry K, Nahabet EH (June 2015). "A retrospective review of the outcomes of migraine surgery in the adolescent population". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 135 (6): 1700–5. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001270. PMID 26017602.
  26. ↑ Faber C, Garcia RM, Davis J, Guyuron B (April 2012). "A socioeconomic analysis of surgical treatment of migraine headaches". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 129 (4): 871–7. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e318244217a. PMID 22183497.
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