Milan Kundera
Kundera in 1980
Kundera in 1980
Born(1929-04-01)1 April 1929
Brno, Czechoslovakia
Died11 July 2023(2023-07-11) (aged 94)
Paris, France
OccupationNovelist
Language
  • French
  • Czech
Citizenship
Education
Notable works
Notable awards
ParentLudvík Kundera (father)
RelativesLudvík Kundera (cousin)
Signature

Milan Kundera (UK: /ˈkʊndərə, ˈkʌn-/ KU(U)N-dər-ə,[1][2] Czech: [ˈmɪlan ˈkundɛra] ⓘ; 1 April 1929 – 11 July 2023) was a Czech and French novelist. Kundera went into exile in France in 1975, acquiring citizenship in 1981. His Czechoslovak citizenship was revoked in 1979, but he was granted Czech citizenship in 2019.[3]

Kundera's best-known work is The Unbearable Lightness of Being. Before the Velvet Revolution of 1989, the country's ruling Communist Party of Czechoslovakia banned his books. He led a low-profile life and rarely spoke to the media.[4] He was thought to be a contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature and was also a nominee for other awards.[5][6]

Kundera was awarded the Jerusalem Prize in 1985, the Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 1987, and the Herder Prize in 2000. In 2021, he received the Golden Order of Merit from the president of Slovenia, Borut Pahor.[7]

Early life and education

Kundera was born in 1929 at Purkyňova 6 (6 Purkyně Street) in Královo Pole, a district of Brno, Czechoslovakia (present-day Czech Republic), to a middle-class family. His father, Ludvík Kundera (1891–1971), was an important Czech musicologist and pianist who served as the head of the Janáček Music Academy in Brno from 1948 to 1961.[8][9][10] His mother Milada Kunderová (born Janošíková)[11] was an educator.[10] His father died in 1971, his mother in 1975.[10]

Milan learned to play the piano from his father and later studied musicology and musical composition. Musicological influences, references and notation can be found throughout his work. Kundera was a cousin of Czech writer and translator Ludvík Kundera.[12] In his youth, having been supported by his father in his musical education, he was testing his abilities as a composer.[13][14] One of his teachers at the time was Pavel Haas.[15] His approach to music was eventually dampened due to his father not being able to launch a piano career for insisting on playing the unpopular modernist and Jew Arnold Schoenberg.[14]

At the age of eighteen, he joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in 1947.[16] In 1984, he recalled that "Communism captivated me as much as Stravinsky, Picasso and Surrealism."[17]

He attended lectures on music and composition at the Charles University in Prague, but soon moved to the Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (FAMU) to study film.[18] In 1950, he was expelled from the party.[13] After graduating, the Film Faculty appointed Kundera a lecturer in world literature in 1952.[19] Following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, he lost his job at the Film Faculty.[20] In 1956, Kundera also married for the first time, the soperette singer Olga Haas, the daughter of the composer and his teacher Pavel Haas and the doctor of Russian origin Sonia Jakobson, the first wife of Roman Jakobson.[21][22]

Political activism and professional career

His expulsion from the Communist party was described by Jan Trefulka in his novella Pršelo jim štěstí (Luck Rained on Them, 1962).[19] Kundera also used the expulsion as an inspiration for the main theme of his novel Žert (The Joke, 1967),[19] in which he ridiculed the ruling Communist party.[20] In 1956 Kundera was readmitted to the party but was expelled for a second time in 1970.[14][23] He took part in the Fourth Congress of the Czech Writers union in June 1967, where he delivered an impressive speech.[24] In the speech he focused on the Czech effort to maintain a certain cultural independence among its larger European neighbors.[24] Along with other reformist Communist writers such as Pavel Kohout, he was peripherally involved in the 1968 Prague Spring. This brief period of reformist activities was crushed by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. Kundera remained committed to reforming Czechoslovak Communism, and argued vehemently in print with fellow Czech writer Václav Havel, saying, essentially, that everyone should remain calm and that "nobody is being locked up for his opinions yet," and "the significance of the Prague Autumn may ultimately be greater than that of the Prague Spring." In 1968, the year his books were banned by the Czech Government, he made his first journey to Paris, where he befriended the publisher Claude Gallimard.[14] After he returned to Prague, he was frequently visited by Gallimard who encouraged Kundera to emigrate to France and also smuggled the manuscript for Life Is Elsewhere out of Czechoslovakia.[14] Finally, Kundera gave in and moved to France in 1975.[14] In 1979, his Czechoslovak citizenship was revoked.[17] He lectured for a few years at the University of Rennes.[14][23] After three years, he moved to Paris.[14]

Works

Although his early poetic works are staunchly pro-communist,[25][26] his novels escape ideological classification. Kundera repeatedly insisted that he was a novelist rather than a politically motivated writer. Political commentary all but disappeared from his novels after the publication of The Unbearable Lightness of Being except in relation to broader philosophical themes. Kundera's style of fiction, interlaced with philosophical digression, was greatly inspired by the novels of Robert Musil and the philosophy of Nietzsche.[27] In 1945 the journal Gong published his translation of some of the works from the Russian poet Vladimir Majakovsky.[19] The next year the journal Mladé archy printed a poem of his, to which he was inspired by his cousin Ludvik Kundera, also a writer.[19]

In the mid 1950s he was readmitted to the Communist party and he was able to publish Manː A Wide Garden in 1953, a long epic poem in 1955 called The Last May dedicated to Julius Fucik and the collection of lyrical poetry Monologue in 1957.[13] Those, together with other fore and afterwords are deemed to be in written in the fashion of uncontroversial propaganda which allowed him to benefit to a certain degree of the advantages that came with being an established writer in a Communist environment.[13] In 1962 he wrote the play The Owners of the Keys, which became an international success and was translated into several languages.[13] Kundera himself claimed inspiration from Renaissance authors such as Giovanni Boccaccio, Rabelais and, perhaps most importantly, Miguel de Cervantes, to whose legacy he considered himself most committed. Other influences include Laurence Sterne, Henry Fielding, Denis Diderot, Robert Musil, Witold Gombrowicz, Hermann Broch, Franz Kafka, Martin Heidegger and Georges Bataille.[28] Originally he wrote in the Czech language, but from 1985 onwards, he made a conscious transition from Czech towards the French which has since become the reference language for his translations.[13] Between 1985 and 1987, he undertook the revision of the French translations of his earlier works himself. With Slowness his first work in French was published in 1995.[29] His works were translated into more than eighty languages.[13]

The Joke

In his first novel, The Joke (1967), he satirized the totalitarianism of the Communist era.[30] Following the Soviets occupation of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, the book was banned.[20] His criticism of the Soviet invasion in 1968 led to his blacklisting[19] in Czechoslovakia and the banning[31] of his books.

Life Is Elsewhere

Kundera's second novel was first published in French as La vie est ailleurs in 1973 and in Czech as Život je jinde in 1979. Life Is Elsewhere is a satirical portrait of the fictional poet Jaromil, a young and very naïve idealist who becomes involved in political scandals.[32] For the novel Kundera was awarded the Prix Médicis the same year.[33]

The Book of Laughter and Forgetting

In 1975, Kundera moved to France where The Book of Laughter and Forgetting was published in 1979.[13] An unusual mixture of novel, short story collection, and authorial musings which came to characterize his works in exile, the book dealt with how Czechs opposed the Communist regime in various ways. Critics noted that the Czechoslovakia Kundera portrays "is, thanks to the latest political redefinitions, no longer precisely there," which is the "kind of disappearance and reappearance" Kundera ironically explores in the book.[34]

The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Kundera's most famous work, The Unbearable Lightness of Being, was published in 1984. The book chronicles the fragile nature of an individual's fate, theorizing that a single lifetime is insignificant in the scope of Nietzsche's concept of eternal return. In an infinite universe, everything is guaranteed to recur infinitely. In 1988, American director Philip Kaufman released a film adaptation, which Kundera disliked.[17] The book focuses on the life of a Czech dissident surgeon's journey from Prague to Zurich and his return to Prague, where he was not permitted to take up work as a surgeon.[31] He worked instead as a window washer and used his job to arrange sex with hundreds of women.[31] At the end he and his wife move to the country.[31] The book was not published in the Czechoslovakia due to Kundera's fear it would be badly edited. He eventually delayed the publishing date for years and only in 2006 an official translation was available in the Czech language.[31] The book was available in the Czech language previously as a Czech expatriate in Canada translated the book in 1985.[31]

Ignorance

In 2000, Ignorance was published. The novel centers on the romance of two alienated Czech émigrés, two decades after the Prague Spring of 1968. It is thematically concerned with the suffering of emigration. In it, Kundera undermines the myths surrounding nostalgia and the émigré's longing for return. He concludes that in the "etymological light nostalgia seems something like the pain of ignorance, of not knowing." Kundera suggests a complex relationship between memory and nostalgia, writing that our memory can "create rifts both with our earlier selves and between people who ostensibly share a past." The main characters of Irena and Josef discover how emigration and forgetfulness have ultimately freed them from their pain. Kundera draws heavily from the myth of Odysseus, specifically the "mythology of home, the delusions of roots."[35][36] Linda Asher translated the original French version of the novel to English in 2002.[37]

The Festival of Insignificance

The 2014 novel focuses on the musings of four male friends living in Paris who discuss their relationships with women and the existential predicament confronting individuals in the world, among other things. The novel received generally negative reviews. Michiko Kakutani of the New York Times describes the book as being a "knowing, pre-emptive joke about its own superficiality".[38] A review in the Economist stated that the book was "sadly let down by a tone of breezy satire that can feel forced."[39]

Writing style and philosophy

François Ricard suggested that Kundera conceived his fiction with regard to the overall body of his work, rather than limiting his ideas to the scope of just one novel at a time, his themes and meta-themes traversing his entire œuvre. Each new book manifests the latest stage of his personal philosophy. Some of these meta-themes include exile, identity, life beyond the border (beyond love, beyond art, beyond seriousness), history as continual return, and the pleasure of a less "important" life.[40]

Many of Kundera's characters seem to develop as expositions of one of these themes at the expense of their full humanity. Specifics in regard to the characters tend to be rather vague. Often, more than one main character is used in a novel; Kundera may have even completely discontinued a character, resuming the plot with somebody new. As he told Philip Roth in an interview in The Village Voice: "Intimate life [is] understood as one's personal secret, as something valuable, inviolable, the basis of one's originality".[41]

Kundera's early novels explore the dual tragic and comic aspects of totalitarianism. He did not view his works, however, as political commentary. "The condemnation of totalitarianism doesn't deserve a novel", he said. According to the Mexican novelist Carlos Fuentes, "What he finds interesting is the similarity between totalitarianism and the immemorial and fascinating dream of a harmonious society where private life and public life form but one unity and all are united around one will and one faith". In exploring the dark humor of this topic, Kundera seems deeply influenced by Franz Kafka.[28]

Kundera considered himself a writer without a message. In Sixty-three Words, a chapter in The Art of the Novel, Kundera tells of a Scandinavian publisher who hesitated to publish The Farewell Party because of its apparent anti-abortion message. Not only was the publisher wrong about the existence of such a message, Kundera explained, but, "I was delighted with the misunderstanding. I had succeeded as a novelist. I succeeded in maintaining the moral ambiguity of the situation. I had kept faith with the essence of the novel as an art: irony. And irony doesn't give a damn about messages!".[42]

Kundera also ventured often into musical matters, analyzing Czech folk music for example; or quoting from Leoš Janáček and Bartók; or placing musical excerpts into the text, as in The Joke;[43] or discussing Schoenberg and atonality.[44]

Miroslav Dvořáček controversy

On 13 October 2008, the Czech weekly Respekt reported that an investigation was being carried out by the state-funded historical archive and research Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes,[45] into whether a young Kundera had denounced a returned defector, Miroslav Dvořáček, to the StB, or Czechoslovak secret police, in 1950.[46] The accusation was based on a police station report which named "Milan Kundera, student, born 1.4.1929" as the informant in regard to Dvořáček's presence at a student dormitory.[47] But the report did not include his ID card number, which was usually included, nor his signature.[47] According to the police report, the ultimate source of the information about Dvořáček's previous desertion from military service and defection to the West was Iva Militká.[46]

Dvořáček had allegedly fled Czechoslovakia after being ordered to join the infantry in the wake of a purge of the flight academy, and returned to Czechoslovakia as an agent of an anti-communist espionage agency organised by Czechoslovak exiles, an allegation which was not mentioned in the police report.[46] Dvořáček returned secretly to the student dormitory of a friend's ex-girlfriend, Iva Militká. Militká was dating and later married a fellow student, Ivan Dlask, who knew Kundera.[46] The police report alleges that Militká told Dlask of Dvořáček's presence, and that Dlask told Kundera, who told the secret police.[46] Although the prosecutor sought the death penalty, Dvořáček was sentenced to 22 years of hard labour, fined 10,000 crowns, stripped of personal property, and deprived of his civic rights for ten years.[46] Dvořáček served 14 years in a labor camp, some of it working in a uranium mine, before he was released.[48]

In his response to Respekt's announcement, Kundera denied turning Dvořáček in to the StB,[48] stating he never knew him at all, and could not even remember an individual named "Militká".[49] On 14 October 2008, the Czech Security Forces Archive announced that they had ruled out the possibility that the document could be a forgery, but refused to arrive at any other definite conclusions.[50] Vojtech Ripka of the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes said, "There are two pieces of circumstantial evidence [the police report and its sub-file], but we, of course, cannot be one hundred percent sure. Unless we find all survivors, which is unfortunately impossible, it will not be complete." Ripka added that the signature on the police report matches the name of a man who worked in the corresponding National Security Corps section and that a police protocol is missing.[50]

Many in the Czech Republic condemned Kundera as a "police informer", while many others accused Respekt of committing journalistic misconduct by publishing such a poorly researched piece. On the other hand, presenting an ID card was procedure whenever dealing with the StB in 1950. Kundera was the student representative of the dorm Dvořáček had visited, and while it cannot be ruled out that another student could have denounced him to the StB using Kundera's name,[47] impersonating someone else in a Stalinist police state posed a significant risk. Contradictory statements by Kundera's fellow students appeared in the Czech news media in the wake of this scandal. Historian Adam Hradílek, the co-author of the Respekt article, was also accused of an undeclared conflict of interest since one of the individuals involved in the incident was his aunt.[47] Nonetheless, Respekt states on its website that its task is to "impartially study the crimes of the former communist regime".[51] With time, the Western journalists realized the whole controversy was flawed, with French newspapers defending Kundera.[47] The literary scholar Karen de Kunes investigated the reports and came to the conclusion that even if Kundera had issued the report, all he reported was the existence of a suitcase in the hallway.[47]

On 3 November 2008, eleven internationally recognized writers came to Kundera's defence, including four Nobel laureates, Orhan Pamuk, Gabriel García Márquez, Nadine Gordimer and J. M. Coetzee, as well as Carlos Fuentes, Juan Goytisolo, Philip Roth, Salman Rushdie, and Jorge Semprún.[52]

Awards and honors

In 1973, Life is elsewhere received the French Prix Médicis.[33] In 1979 Kundera was awarded the Mondello Prize for The Farewell Party.[53] In 1985, Kundera received the Jerusalem Prize.[15] His acceptance address appears among the essays collected in The Art of the Novel. He won The Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 1987. In 2000, he was awarded the international Herder Prize. In 2007, he was awarded the Czech State Literature Prize.[54] In 2009, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. In 2010, he was made an honorary citizen of his hometown, Brno.[55] When he died the Greek Newspaper Efimerida ton Syntakton (Journal of the editors) published a special section where all the current affairs on each page were described with a book title of Kundera's.[56]

In 2011, he received the Ovid Prize.[57] The asteroid 7390 Kundera, discovered at the Kleť Observatory in 1983, is named in his honor.[58] In 2020, he was awarded the Franz Kafka Prize, a Czech literary award.[59]

Personal life

Stripped of Czechoslovak citizenship in 1979, Kundera became a French citizen in 1981.[60] He maintained contact with Czech and Slovak friends in his homeland,[61] but rarely returned and never with any fanfare.[4] He was granted Czech citizenship in 2019.[62] He saw himself as a French writer and insisted his work should be studied as French literature and classified as such in bookstores.[63]

Kundera was married twice. His first wife was the singer Olga Haasová-Smrčková, daughter of composer Pavel Haas.[15] His second marriage was to Věra Hrabánková, whom he married in 1967.[10] Vera reportedly was his secretary, translator of his works and the gatekeeper between Kundera and the outside world.[10]

Kundera died after a prolonged illness, in Paris on 11 July 2023, at the age of 94.[64][65] He was cremated in Paris on 19 July 2023.[66]

Bibliography

Novels

Short fiction

Collections

Stories

  • The Apologizer (2015)[69]

Poetry collections

  • Člověk zahrada širá (Man: A Wide Garden) (1953)[13]
  • Poslední máj (The Last May) (1955) – celebration of Julius Fučík[13]
  • Monology (Monologues) (1957)[13]

Essays

  • Český úděl (The Czech Deal) in Listy (December 1968)[70]
  • Radikalizmus a expozice (Radicalism and Exhibitionism) (1969)[71]
  • The Art of the Novel (L'art du Roman) (1986)[72]
  • Testaments Betrayed: An Essay in Nine Parts (Les testaments trahis: essai) (1993)[72]
  • D'en bas tu humeras les roses – rare book in French, illustrated by Ernest Breleur (1993)[72]
  • The Curtain (Le Rideau) (2005)[73]
  • An Encounter (Une rencontre) (2009)[74]

Drama

Articles

  • What is a novelist (2006)[76]
  • Die Weltliteratur (2007)[77]

Non-fiction

  • A Kidnapped West: The Tragedy of Central Europe (2023)[78]

References

  1. ↑ "Kundera". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  2. ↑ "Kundera, Milan". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021.
  3. ↑ "Milan Kundera má po 40 letech opět české občanství – Novinky.cz". novinky.cz. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  4. 1 2 "Kundera rejects Czech 'informer' tag". BBC News. 13 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008. The Czech Republic's best-known author, Milan Kundera, has spoken to the media for the first time in 25 years ... .
  5. ↑ Crown, Sarah (13 October 2005). "Nobel prize goes to Pinter". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  6. ↑ "'Milan Kundera' coming to China". People's Daily. 25 June 2004. Retrieved 25 June 2004.
  7. ↑ W3bStudio (13 November 2021). "Pahor presents Golden Order of Merit to author Milan Kundera". Slovenia Times. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Mareček, Luboš. "Legacy of Leoš Janáček". JAMU. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  9. ↑ Webb, Kate (12 July 2023). "Milan Kundera obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Darlingberg, Dwomoh (12 July 2023). "Milan Kundera's Married Wife and Children: Meet The Author's Partner Věra Hrabánková and Kids". Thedistin. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  11. ↑ Kunderová, Milada. "Milada Kunderová". Encyklopedie dějin města Brna. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  12. ↑ "Ludvík Kundera". JAMU. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Boyer-Weinmann, Martine (12 July 2023). "Milan Kundera, existential novelist, has died". Le Monde. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (in French) Clavel, André, ""L'intransigeant amoureux de la France"" L'Express, 3 April 2003
  15. 1 2 3 Ivry, Benjamin (13 July 2023). "How Milan Kundera embodied the Jewish spirit". The Forward. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  16. ↑ Sanders, Ivan (1991).p103
  17. 1 2 3 Duffield, Charlie (12 July 2023). "What did Milan Kundera write? Author dies aged 94". Evening Standard. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  18. ↑ Rüdenauer, Ulrich (12 July 2023). "Vom Lachen und Vergessen". Die Zeit. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Culík, Jan. "Milan Kundera (1929-)". Gale. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Kimball, Roger (1986). "Milan Kundera". The Wilson Quarterly. The New Criterion. 10 (3): 34. ISSN 0363-3276. JSTOR 45266182 – via JSTOR.
  21. ↑ "Milan Kundera". Encyclopedia of the city of Brno. Brno. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  22. ↑ "Olga Haasová-Smrčková, niece of Hugo Haas and first wife of Milan Kundera, has died". iDNES.cz (in Czech). 13 December 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  23. 1 2 (in English) Kramer, Jane, "When there is no word for 'home'", The New York Times, 29 April 1984
  24. 1 2 Sabatos, Charles (2008). "Criticism and Destiny: Kundera and Havel on the Legacy of 1968". Europe-Asia Studies. 60 (10): 1829–1830. doi:10.1080/09668130802434711. ISSN 0966-8136. JSTOR 20451662. S2CID 154092932.
  25. ↑ "Man, a wide garden: Milan Kundera as a young Stalinist – Enlighten". University of Glasgow. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  26. ↑ Jan Culik (January 2007). "Man, a wide garden: Milan Kundera as a young Stalinist" (PDF). University of Glasgow. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  27. ↑ "Kundera Milan: The Unbearable Lightness of Being". Webster.edu. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  28. 1 2 Škop, Martin (2011). Milan Kundera and Franz Kafka – How not to Forget the Everydayness. Masaryk University.
  29. ↑ Jones, Tim (2009). "Milan Kundera's Slowness - Making It Slow". Review of European Studies. 1 (2): 64. doi:10.5539/RES.V1N2P64. S2CID 53477512.
  30. ↑ Howe, Irving. "RED RULERS AND BLACK HUMOR". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Czech writer and former dissident Milan Kundera dies in Paris aged 94". Hereford Times. 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  32. 1 2 Theroux, Paul (28 July 1974). "Life Is Elsewhere". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  33. 1 2 Sanders, Ivan (1991). "Mr. Kundera, the European". The Wilson Quarterly. 15 (2): 104. ISSN 0363-3276. JSTOR 40258623.
  34. ↑ "The Book of Laughter and Forgetting by Milan Kundera – Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists". Goodreads.com. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  35. 1 2 Hron, Madelaine (2007). "The Czech Émigré Experience of Return after 1989: The great return: the pain of ignorance". The Slavonic and East European Review. Modern Humanities Research Association. 85 (1): 72–76. doi:10.1353/see.2007.0104. ISSN 0037-6795. JSTOR 4214394. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  36. ↑ Jaggi, Maya (15 November 2002). "Czech mate". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  37. ↑ Howard, Maureen (6 October 2002). "Shut Up, Memory". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  38. 1 2 Kakutani, Michiko (14 June 2015). "Review: Milan Kundera's 'The Festival of Insignificance' Is Full of Pranks, Lies and Vanity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  39. ↑ "Unbearable lightness". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  40. ↑ Ricard, François; Kundera, Milan (2003). Le dernier après-midi d'Agnès: essai sur l'œuvre de Milan Kundera. Arcades. Paris: Gallimard. ISBN 978-2-07-073024-7.
  41. ↑ Contemporary Authors Online, Thomson Gale, 2007
  42. ↑ Kundera, Milan (6 March 1988). "Key Words, Problem Words, Words I love". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
  43. ↑ Beckerman, Michael (1996). "Kundera's Musical Joke and "Folk" Music in Czechoslovakia, 1948-?". Retuning Culture. Duke University Press. pp. 39–40. doi:10.1515/9780822397885-003. ISBN 9780822397885. S2CID 242196564. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  44. ↑ Benson, Stephen (2003). "For Want of a Better Term?: Polyphony and the Value of Music in Bakhtin and Kundera". Narrative. 11 (3): 304. doi:10.1353/nar.2003.0013. JSTOR 20107320. S2CID 144073112. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  45. ↑ "The Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes" (in Czech). Ustrcr.cz. 15 May 2013. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Milan Kundera's denunciation". Respekt. 13 October 2008. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Čulík, Jan (2020). "Was Milan Kundera a Bastard?" (PDF). University of Glasgow.
  48. 1 2 Pancevski, Bojan (14 October 2008). "Milan Kundera denies spy tip off claims". The Times. Vienna. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021.
  49. ↑ Archived 17 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  50. 1 2 "|". ceskenoviny.cz. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015.
  51. ↑ "Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů" (in Czech). Ustrcr.cz. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  52. ↑ Coetzee, J. M. (4 November 2008). "Support Milan Kundera". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  53. 1 2 3 Kuhlman, Martha (2001). "Images of the Crowd in Milan Kundera's Novels: From Communist Prague to Postmodern France". The Comparatist. 25: 92. ISSN 0195-7678. JSTOR 44367083.
  54. ↑ "Czechs 'to honour Kundera', the writer they love to hate". eux.tv. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007.
  55. ↑ "Kundera becomes honorary citizen of native city Brno". České Noviny News. 8 December 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
  56. ↑ "Μιλάν Κούντερα". Η Εφημερίδα των Συντακτών. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  57. ↑ "Milan Kundera and Ognjen Spahic awarded at Days and Nights of Literature Festival". nineoclock.ro. 14 June 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  58. ↑ Schmadel, Lutz D.; International Astronomical Union (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 594. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  59. ↑ Alison Flood (22 September 2020). "Milan Kundera 'joyfully' accepts Czech Republic's Franz Kafka prize". The Guardian.
  60. ↑ "Biography Milan Kunder". Kundera.de. 1 April 1929. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  61. ↑ "Milan Kundera skips hometown conference on his work". CBC News. 30 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  62. ↑ "Milan Kundera má po 40 letech opět české občanství – Novinky.cz". novinky.cz. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  63. ↑ "Milan Kundera skips hometown conference on his work". CBC News. 30 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  64. ↑ Lewis, Daniel (13 July 2023). "'Unbearable Lightness' Author Gave Comical Flair to Despair". The New York Times. Vol. 172, no. 59848. pp. A1, A20.
  65. ↑ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Czech Writer Milan Kundera Dies At 94". barrons.com. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  66. ↑ "Spisovatel Kundera měl kremaci v Paříži. Uvažuje se o jeho pohřbení v Brně". Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  67. ↑ "The New York Times: Book Review Search Article". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  68. ↑ Iggers, Wilma (1976). "Review of Laughable Loves; The Guinea Pigs". The Slavic and East European Journal. 20 (2): 200–202. doi:10.2307/305836. ISSN 0037-6752. JSTOR 305836.
  69. ↑ Kundera, Milan (4 May 2015). "The Apologizer". The New Yorker. Vol. 91, no. 11. (trans) Linda Asher. pp. 56–64. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  70. ↑ Sabatos, Charles (2008). p.1831
  71. ↑ "The Debate That Won't Die: Havel And Kundera On Whether Protest Is Worthwhile". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 11 January 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  72. 1 2 3 Bibliothèque Nationale de France (June 2012). "Milan Kundera, lauréat 2012 du prix de la BNF" (PDF). bnf.fr. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  73. ↑ Banks, Russell (4 March 2007). "Reading With Kundera". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  74. ↑ Dyer, Geoff (22 August 2010). "Encounter: Essays by Milan Kundera". The Guardian / The Observer. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  75. 1 2 3 Jungmannova, Lenka (2022). "Unsigned Play by Milan Kundera? An Authorship Attribution Study". arXiv:2212.09879 [cs.CL].
  76. ↑ Kundera, Milan (9 October 2006). "What is a novelist". The New Yorker. pp. 40–45. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  77. ↑ Kundera, Milan (8 January 2007). "Die Weltliteratur". The New Yorker. (trans) Linda Asher. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  78. ↑ European Parliament. "Un Occident kidnappé, ou La tragédie de l'Europe centrale". European Parliament. Retrieved 15 July 2023.

Further reading

  • Leonidas Donskis. Yet Another Europe After 1984: Rethinking Milan Kundera and the Idea of Central Europe (Amsterdam Rodopi, 2012) 223 pp. ISBN 978-90-420-3543-0. online review
  • Charles Sabatos. "Shifting Contexts: The Boundaries of Milan Kundera's Central Europe," in Contexts, Subtexts, and Pretexts: Literary Translation in Eastern Europe and Russia, ed. Brian James Baer (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2011), pp. 19–31.
  • Nicoletta Pireddu, "European Ulyssiads: Claudio Magris, Milan Kundera, Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt," in Comparative Literature, Special Issue "Odyssey, Exile, Return" Ed. by Michelle Zerba and Adelaide Russo, 67 (3), September 2015: pp. 67–86. JSTOR 24694591.
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