A miniseries or mini-series is a TV show or series that tells a story in a predetermined, limited number of episodes. Many miniseries can also be referred to, and shown, as a television film. "Limited series" is a more recent US term which is sometimes used interchangeably. As of 2021, the popularity of miniseries format has increased in both streaming services and broadcast television.

The term "serial" is used in the United Kingdom and in other Commonwealth nations to describe a show that has an ongoing narrative plotline, while "series" is used for a set of episodes in a similar way that "season" is used in North America.

Definitions

A miniseries is distinguished from an ongoing television series; the latter does not usually have a predetermined number of episodes and may continue for several years. Before the term was coined in the US in the early 1970s, the ongoing episodic form was always called a "serial", just as a novel appearing in episodes in successive editions of magazines or newspapers is called a serial. In Britain, miniseries are often still referred to as serials or series.

Several commentators have offered more precise definitions of the term. In Halliwell's Television Companion (1987), Leslie Halliwell and Philip Purser suggest that miniseries tend to "appear in four to six episodes of various lengths",[1][2] while Stuart Cunningham in Textual Innovation in the Australian Historical Mini-series (1989) defined a miniseries as "a limited run program of more than two and less than the 13-part season or half season block associated with serial or series programming".[1][3] With the proliferation of the format in the 1980s and 90s, television films broadcast over even two or three nights were commonly referred to as miniseries in the US.[4][5]

In Television: A History (1985), Francis Wheen points out a difference in character development between the two: "Both soap operas and primetime series cannot afford to allow their leading characters to develop, since the shows are made with the intention of running indefinitely. In a miniseries on the other hand, there is a clearly defined beginning, middle, and end (as in a conventional play or novel), enabling characters to change, mature, or die as the serial proceeds".[1][6]

In 2015, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences changed its guidelines on how Emmy nominees are classified, with shows with a limited run all referred to as "limited series" instead of "miniseries". This was a reversion to 1974, when the category was named "outstanding limited series". It had been changed to "outstanding miniseries" in 1986. Miniseries were put in the same category as made-for-television films from 2011 to 2014 before being given separate categories again.[7]

21st-century definitions

The Collins English Dictionary (online, as of 2021, UK) defines a miniseries as "a television programme in several parts that is shown on consecutive days or weeks for a short period; while Webster's New World College Dictionary's (4th ed., 2010, US) definition is "a TV drama or docudrama broadcast serially in a limited number of episodes".[8]

In popular usage, by around 2020, the boundaries between miniseries and limited series have become somewhat blurred; the format has been described as a series with "a self-contained narrative – whether three or 12 episodes long".[9]

History

United Kingdom

The British television serial is rooted in dramatic radio productions developed between the First and the Second World Wars. In the 1920s the BBC pioneered dramatic readings of books. In 1925 it broadcast A Christmas Carol, which became a holiday favourite. Later, John Reith, wanting to use radio waves to "part the clouds of ignorance", came up with the idea of a Classic Serial, based on a "classical" literary text.[10]

In 1939 the BBC adapted the romantic novel The Prisoner of Zenda for radio broadcast. Its adapter, Jack Inglis, compressed several characters into one and simplified the plotline. The production struck a chord with listeners and served as a prototype for serials that followed it.

Post-war BBC Television picked up the classic radio serial tradition by broadcasting The Warden by Anthony Trollope over six-episodes in 1951. Pride and Prejudice was serialised in 1952, Jane Eyre in 1955. In 1953 the BBC broadcast the first serial written specifically for television: the six-part The Quatermass Experiment. Its success paved the way for two more six-part serials: Quatermass II in 1955 and Quatermass and the Pit in 1958. In November 1960 the BBC televised a thirteen-episode adaptation of Charles Dickens's Barnaby Rudge. In December of that year it broadcast a four-episode dramatisation of Jane Austen's Persuasion.[11]

To compete with commercial television, BBC launched BBC2 in 1964. It had a new time slot allocated for classic serial adaptations on Saturday evenings. The late-night broadcast allowed for more risky and sophisticated choices and for longer episodes. In 1967 The Forsyte Saga was broadcast in 26 50-minute episodes. Following its success in Britain, the series was shown in the United States on public television and broadcast all over the world, and became the first BBC television series to be sold to the Soviet Union.[12][13]

North America

Anthology series dominated American dramatic programming during the Golden Age of Television, when "every night was opening night; one never knew when a flick of the knob would spark the birth of great theatrical literature".[14] A different story and a different set of characters were presented in each episode. Very rarely the stories were split into several episodes, like 1955 Mr. Lincoln from Omnibus series, which was presented in two parts, or 1959 adaptation of For Whom the Bell Tolls[15][16] from Playhouse 90 series, which was initially planned by the director John Frankenheimer to consist of three parts, but ultimately was broadcast as two 90-minute installments.[17][18] The high cost and technical difficulties of staging a new play every week, which would cost as much as—or more than—an episode of a filmed television series, led to the demise of anthology programming by the end of the 1950s.[19] The void was filled with less expensive series like Gunsmoke or Wagon Train, which featured the same characters every week and had higher potential for lucrative rebroadcast and syndication rights. It was the American success in 1969–1970 of the British 26-episode serial The Forsyte Saga (1967) that made TV executives realize that finite multi-episode stories based on novels could be popular and could provide a boost to weekly viewing figures.[1][6]

The Blue Knight, a four-hour made-for-television movie broadcast in one-hour segments over four nights in November 1973, is credited with being the first miniseries on American television. It starred William Holden as a Los Angeles beat cop about to retire.[20] The miniseries form continued in earnest in the spring of 1974 with the CBC's eight-part serial The National Dream, based on Pierre Berton's nonfiction book of the same name about the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and ABC's two-part QB VII, based on the novel by Leon Uris. Following these initial forays, broadcasters used miniseries to bring other books to the screen.

Rich Man, Poor Man, based on the novel by Irwin Shaw, was broadcast in 12 one-hour episodes in 1976 by ABC. It popularized the miniseries format and started a decade-long golden age of television miniseries versions of popular books featuring stars above television class.[21] Alex Haley's Roots in 1977 can fairly be called the first blockbuster success of the format. Its success in the USA was partly due to its schedule: the 12-hour duration was split into eight episodes broadcast on consecutive nights, resulting in a finale with a 71 percent share of the audience and 130 million viewers, which at the time was the highest rated TV program of all time. TV Guide ( 11–17 April 1987) called 1977's Jesus of Nazareth "the best miniseries of all time" and "unparalleled television". North and South, the 1985 adaptation of a 1982 novel by John Jakes, remains one of the 10 highest rated miniseries in TV history.[22][23][24]

Japan

Japanese serialized television production can be traced back to the Sunday Diary of My Home (Waga Ya no Nichiyo Nikki), which was aired by NTV in 1953 and consisted of 25 half-hour episodes. This "home drama" focused on generational differences and the contradictions of being a loving family in a confined space, outlining a style of drama that lives on to this day. In the same year NHK tried its own variation of the home drama format in the Ups and Downs Toward Happiness (Kofuku e no Kifuku), which comprised thirteen episodes. Its protagonists, a formerly wealthy family fallen on hard times, is forced to struggle for its own existence.[25] Since then, Japanese television drama, also called dorama (ドラマ), became a staple of Japanese television.

Evening dramas air weekly and usually comprise ten to fourteen one-hour long episodes. Typically, instead of being episodic there is one story running throughout the episodes. Since they are of a fixed length, dramas have a definite ending, and since they are relatively long, they can explore character, situation, and interesting dialogue in a way not possible in movies. Doramas are never canceled mid-season, but they also do not continue into the next season even if extremely popular. Popular dramas do often give rise to "specials" made after the final episode, if the show has been a huge success.[26]

South Korea

South Korea started to broadcast television series (Korean: 드라마; RR: deurama) in the 1960s. Since then, the shows became popular worldwide, partially due to the spread of the Korean Wave, with streaming services that offer multiple language subtitles.

Korean dramas are usually helmed by one director and written by one screenwriter, thus having a distinct directing style and language, unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together.[27] Series set in contemporary times usually run for one season, for 12–24 episodes of 60 minutes each.

Historical series (Sageuk) may be longer, with 50 to 200 episodes, and are either based on historical figures, incorporate historical events, or use a historical backdrop. While technically the word sageuk literally translates to "historical drama," the term is typically reserved for dramas taking place during Korean history.[28] Popular subjects of sageuks have traditionally included famous battles, royalty, famous military leaders and political intrigues.

Korean dramas are usually shot within a very tight schedule, often a few hours before actual broadcast. Screenplays are flexible and may change anytime during production, depending on viewers' feedback.

Soviet Union/Russia

While the Soviet Union was among the first European countries to resume television broadcast after the Second World War, early Soviet television did not indulge its viewers with a variety of programming. News, sports, concerts and movies were the main staples during the 1950s. With state control over television production and broadcast, television was intended not merely for entertainment, but also as the means of education and propaganda. Soap operas, quiz shows and games were considered too lowbrow.[29]

In the beginning of the 1960s television was expanding rapidly. The increase in the number of channels and the duration of daily broadcast caused shortage of content deemed suitable for broadcast. This led to production of television films, in particular multiple-episode television films (Russian: многосерийный телевизионный фильм mnogoseriyny televizionny film)—the official Soviet moniker for miniseries.[29] Despite that the Soviet Union started broadcasting in color in 1967, color TV sets did not become widespread until the end of the 1980s. This justified shooting made-for-TV movies on black-and-white film.

The 1965 four-episode Calling for fire, danger close[30] is considered the first Soviet miniseries. It is a period drama set in the Second World War depicting the Soviet guerrilla fighters infiltrating German compound and directing the fire of the regular Soviet Army to destroy the German airfield. During the 1970s the straightforward fervor gave way to a more nuanced interplay of patriotism, family and everyday life wrapped into traditional genres of crime drama, spy show or thriller. One of the most popular Soviet miniseries—Seventeen Moments of Spring[31] about a Soviet spy operating in Nazi Germany—was shot in 1972. This 12-episode miniseries incorporated features of political thriller and docudrama and included excerpts from period newsreels. Originally produced in black-and-white in 4:3 aspect ratio, it was colorized and re-formatted for wide-screen TVs in 2009.

Other popular miniseries of the Soviet era include The Shadows Disappear at Noon[32] (1971, 7 episodes) about the fate of several generations of locals from a Siberian village; The Long Recess[33] (1973, 4 episodes) about the students and teachers of a night school; The Ordeal[34] (1977, 13 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Aleksey Tolstoy, which traces the development of the Russian society during the critical years of the First World War, the 1917 revolution and the civil war that followed; The Days of the Turbins[35] (1976, 3 episodes)—an adaptation of the play of the same name by Mikhail Bulgakov, about the fate of intelligentsia during the October Revolution in Russia; The Twelve Chairs[36] (1976, 4 episodes)—an adaptation of the satirical novel of the same name by Ilf and Petrov, where two partners in crime search for chairs from a former twelve-chair set, one of which has jewelry stashed in it; Open Book[37] (1977, 9 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Veniamin Kaverin about a Soviet female microbiologist who obtained the first batches of penicillin in the Soviet Union and organized its production; The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed (1979, 5 episodes) about the fight against criminals in the immediate post-war period; Little Tragedies (1979, 3 episodes)—a collection of short theatrical plays based on works by Alexander Pushkin; The Suicide Club, or the Adventures of a Titled Person (1981, 3 episodes) about the adventures of Prince Florizel, a character of The Suicide Club stories by Robert Louis Stevenson; Dead Souls (1984, 5 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of that name by Nikolai Gogol chronicling travels and adventures of Pavel Chichikov and the people whom he encounters; and TASS Is Authorized to Declare... (1984, 10 episodes) about the tug-of-war of Soviet and American intelligence agencies.

Numerous miniseries were produced for children in the 1970s–1980s. Among them are: The Adventures of Buratino (1976, 2 episodes)—an adaptation of The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino by Alexey Tolstoy, which in turn is a retelling of The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi; The Two Captains[38] (1976, 6 episodes)—an adaptation of The Two Captains by Veniamin Kaverin about a search for a lost Arctic expedition and the discovery of Severnaya Zemlya; The Adventures of Elektronic (1979, 3 episodes) about a humanoid robot meeting and befriending his prototype—a 6th grade schoolboy; Guest from the Future (1985, 5 episodes) about a girl travelling to contemporary time from the future.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Russian television saw a period of privatization and liberalization. The television programming of the 1990s–2000s included a great deal of crime dramas set both in contemporary times (The Criminal Saint Petersburg,[39] 2000, 90 episodes) as well in the Tsarist Russia (The Mysteries of Sankt Petersburg,[40] 1994, 60 episodes).

Starting from the 2000s, Russian TV saw a resurgence of book adaptations, such as The Idiot[41] (2003, 10 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky; The Case of Kukotskiy[42] (2005, 12 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Lyudmila Ulitskaya; The Master and Margarita[43] (2005, 10 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Mikhail Bulgakov; Doctor Zhivago[44] (2006, 11 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Boris Pasternak; Fathers and Sons[45] (2008, 4 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Ivan Turgenev; Life and Fate[46] (2012, 12 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel by Vasily Grossman; Kuprin[47][48][49] (2014, 13 episodes)—an adaptation of several novels by Aleksandr Kuprin.

Brazil

In Brazil, the Rede Globo television network commenced the production of this type of television genre with the transmission of Lampião e Maria Bonita,[50][51] written by Aguinaldo Silva and Doc Comparato and directed by Paulo Afonso Grisolli, and broadcast in 1982 in eight episodes;[52] in Brazil these episodes are popularly known as "chapters", because each episode is analogous to a book chapter, where the following chapter begins at the same point where the previous one has ended.[53]

Rede Manchete, in the following year after its creation (1984), has produced and broadcast Marquesa de Santos.

The Brazilian miniseries usually consist of several dozen chapters, occasionally having longer duration, like Brazilian Aquarelle[54] that consists of 60 chapters, making it almost a "mini-telenovela".

Due to the fact that they are broadcast at a later time than telenovelas (usually after 22:00 or 10 pm), miniseries are more daring in terms of themes, scenes, dialogues and situations, a function previously played by the "novelas das dez"—a popular term referring to the telenovelas that were broadcast at 10 p.m. between 1969 and 1979.

Miniseries made by Rede Globo are released in the DVD format by the aforementioned television network, and a few of these miniseries are also released as a book, especially in the case of great successes such as Anos Rebeldes ("Rebel Years") and A Casa das Sete Mulheres ("The House of the Seven Women"); the latter was based on the eponymous book written by Letícia Wierzchowski, which became known due to the miniseries.

Australia

The first locally produced miniseries in Australia was Against the Wind, which aired in 1978.[55] Over one hundred miniseries were produced in Australia over the next decade.[56] Historical dramas were particularly popular with Australian audiences during this period. Between 1984 and 1987, twenty-seven out of a total of thirty-four Australian-made miniseries had historical themes.[57] Some notable examples included The Dismissal, Bodyline, Eureka Stockade, The Cowra Breakout, Vietnam, and Brides of Christ. The narratives of these miniseries often followed one or two fictionalized individuals in the context of actual historical events and situations.[58] Literary adaptations were also popular, with notable examples including A Town like Alice, A Fortunate Life, The Harp in the South, and Come In Spinner.

Although most Australian miniseries during this period were historically focused, there were occasional variants into genres such as contemporary action/adventure and romantic melodrama.[58] The 1983 miniseries Return to Eden was Australia's most successful miniseries ever, with over 300 million viewers around the world, and has been described as "the best Australian example of the melodramatic miniseries."[59][60]

The number of Australian-made miniseries declined in the 1990s, and many of those that were made had more of an "international" focus, often starring American or British actors in the leading roles and/or being filmed outside of Australia.[56] Some notable examples included The Last Frontier, Which Way Home, A Dangerous Life, Bangkok Hilton, and Dadah Is Death.

More recently, true crime docudrama miniseries have become popular, with notable examples including Blue Murder and the Underbelly anthology.

Popularity

The eighteen-hour 1983 miniseries The Winds of War was a ratings success, with 140 million viewers for all or part of the miniseries, making it the most-watched miniseries up to that time.[61] Its 1988 sequel War and Remembrance won for best miniseries, special effects and single-camera production editing, and was considered by some critics the ultimate epic miniseries on the American television.[21] However, it also signalled the start of the format's decline, as the $105 million production was a major ratings flop; the advent of VCR and cable television options was responsible for the decrease of length and ratings of most miniseries that continued into the mid-1990s.[21] By 1996, the highest-rated miniseries of the winter season garnered a 19 rating, less than the rating average of 22 of that same season's top-rated regular series.[21]

In Egypt, the 1980s and 1990s was the golden age of television miniseries attracting millions of Egyptians. For example, The Family of Mr Shalash miniseries starring Salah Zulfikar was the highest rated at the time.[62]

The Emmy Award was taken three times by the British police procedural drama Prime Suspect. A highlight of the 1990s was an HBO production From the Earth to the Moon, telling the story of the landmark Apollo expeditions to the Moon during the 1960s and early 1970s.

In the 21st century the format made a comeback on cable television and became popular on streaming services. History, for example, has had some of its greatest successes with miniseries such as America: The Story of Us, Hatfields & McCoys and The Bible, Political Animals by USA Network was honored with a Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series award, while HBO's Big Little Lies (which was eventually renewed for a second season) won eight Emmy awards.[63]

To designate one-season shows that are not intended for being renewed for additional seasons, the broadcast and television industry came up with terms like "limited series" or "event series". These terms also apply to multi-season shows which feature rotating casts and storylines each season, such as American Horror Story, Fargo and True Detective. This makes the self-contained season longer than a miniseries, but shorter than the entire run of the multi-season series. This terminology became relevant for the purpose of categorization of programs for industry awards.[64]

Several television executives interviewed by The Hollywood Reporter stated that the term "miniseries" has negative connotations to the public, having become associated with melodrama-heavy works that were commonly produced under the format, while "limited series" or "event series" demand higher respect.[65] (Such was the cause of the parody miniseries The Spoils of Babylon, which lampooned many of the negative stereotypes of miniseries.)[66]

In the 21st century, two miniseries have had significant impact on pop culture, and are often named the two best shows ever made: Band of Brothers, released in 2001, and Chernobyl, released in 2019. When the final episode of Chernobyl aired, it was already the highest rated show in IMDb history.[67][68]

The mini-series as a format has become more popular than ever before.[9][69]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Miniseries". Museum of Broadcast Communication. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  2. ↑ Halliwell, Leslie, and Peter Purser, Halliwell's Television Companion, London: Paladin, 1987
  3. ↑ Cunningham, Stuart. "Textual Innovation in the Australian Historical Mini-series", chapter in Australian Television: Programs, Pleasures and Politics, Sidney: Allen and Unwin, 1989
  4. ↑ Corry, John (31 January 1986). "Joan Collins In Sins, A Mini-Series". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Scott, Tony (16 October 1992). "Review: NBC Movie of the Week Danielle Steel's Jewels". Variety. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  6. 1 2 Wheen, Francis; Television: A History, London: Century Publishing, 1985
  7. ↑ Albiniak, Paige (25 May 2015). "Rule Changes Open Gates To More Hopefuls". Broadcasting Cable. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  8. ↑ "Miniseries definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  9. 1 2 Davies, Hannah J. (2 June 2020). "Less! Less! Less!: How the miniseries took over TV". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  10. ↑ Giddings, Robert; Selby, Keith. The Classic Serial on Television and Radio. p. 1.
  11. ↑ Giddings, Robert; Selby, Keith. The Classic Serial on Television and Radio. p. 20.
  12. ↑ The Forsyte Saga at PBS Masterpiece Theatre, URL accessed 12 October 2009
  13. ↑ "The Forsyte Saga". televisionheaven.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009.
  14. ↑ Settel, Irving; Laas, William (1969). "A pictorial history of television" (PDF).
  15. ↑ "For Whom the Bell Tolls (part 1)". 1959. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  16. ↑ "For Whom the Bell Tolls (part 2)". 1959. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  17. ↑ Frankenheimer, John (23 October 2017). "Playhouse 90: "For Whom the Bell Tolls"". Television Academy Interviews.
  18. ↑ "Producing Playhouse 90: 'For Whom the Bell Tolls'". The Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  19. ↑ "Playhouse 90 and the end of the Golden Age". The Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  20. ↑ Burlingame, Jon (1996). TV's Biggest Hits. Schirmer Books. p. 267.
  21. 1 2 3 4 De Vito, John; Tropea, Frank (8 March 2010). Epic Television Miniseries: A Critical History. McFarland. ISBN 9780786457335.
  22. ↑ Bennett, Mark (11 August 2007). "John Jakes' journey to New York Times bestseller list included boyhood years in Terre Haute". Tribune-Star.
  23. ↑ Thompson, Bill (18 March 2002). "Bestselling novelist penning saga of fictional Charleston family". The Post and Courier. Excerpted at DePauw.edu. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  24. ↑ Jones, Mary Ellen (30 November 1996). "The People's Author: The Life of John Jakes". John Jakes: A Critical Companion. Greenwood Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-313-29530-1. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  25. ↑ Clemens, Jonathan; Tamamuro, Motoko (2003). The Dorama Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese TV Drama Since 1953. Asahi TV. p. XIII. ISBN 978-1-880656-81-5. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  26. ↑ Leo, John (12 April 1997). "Renzoku Ren'ai Dorama". the Conference on Japanese Popular Culture. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  27. ↑ Chosun Ilbo (8 January 2007). "Korean Vs. U.S. Soaps". The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  28. ↑ "Introduction to Sageuks". Sageuk: Korean Historical Dramas. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  29. 1 2 "Television film in the USSR (in Russian)". russiancinema.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  30. ↑ "Vyzyvaem ogon na sebya (Calling for fire, danger close)". imdb.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  31. ↑ "Seventeen Moments of Spring". imdb.com. 11 August 1973. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  32. ↑ "Teni ischezayut v polden (The Shadows Disappear at Noon)". imdb.com. 16 November 1971. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  33. ↑ "The Long Recess". imdb.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  34. ↑ "The Ordeal". imdb.com. 11 October 1977. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  35. ↑ "Dni Turbinykh". imdb.com. November 1976. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  36. ↑ "12 stulev". imdb.com. 2 January 1977. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  37. ↑ "Otkrytaya kniga (Open Book)". imdb.com. 8 January 1980. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  38. ↑ "Dva kapitana (The Two Captains)". imdb.com. 26 February 1976. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  39. ↑ "Banditskiy Peterburg (The Criminal Sankt Petersburg)". imdb.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  40. ↑ "Peterburgskie tayny (The Mysteries of Sankt Petersburg)". imdb.com. 12 April 1994. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  41. ↑ "Idiot". imdb.com. 12 May 2003. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  42. ↑ "Kazus Kukotskogo (The Case of Kukotskiy)". imdb.com. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  43. ↑ "The Master and Margarita". imdb.com. 19 December 2005. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  44. ↑ "Doktor Zhivago". imdb.com. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  45. ↑ "Ottsy i deti". imdb.com. 12 October 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  46. ↑ "Life and Fate". imdb.com. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  47. ↑ "Kuprin. Yama". imdb.com. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  48. ↑ "Kuprin. Vpotmakh". imdb.com. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  49. ↑ "Kuprin. Poedinok". imdb.com. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  50. ↑ "Bloody Destiny (Original title: Lampião e Maria Bonita)". IMDb. 26 April 1982. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  51. ↑ "Rede Globo irá reexibir séries em formato condensado: Saiba quais". adorocinema.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 29 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  52. ↑ "Lampião e Maria Bonita – Sinopse" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  53. ↑ "Minisséries" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  54. ↑ "Brazilian Aquarelle (Original title: Aquarela do Brasil)". imdb.com. 22 August 2000. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  55. ↑ Cunningham, Stuart (28 July 2020), "Textual Innovation in the Australian Historical Mini-Series", Australian Television, Routledge, pp. 39–51, doi:10.4324/9781003114949-4, ISBN 978-1-003-11494-9, S2CID 225356205, retrieved 15 March 2023
  56. 1 2 Cunningham, Stuart (1994). Contemporary Australian television. N.S.W. University Press. ISBN 0-86840-397-0. OCLC 986689762.
  57. ↑ Paterson, Richard Smith, Anthony (2005). Television : an international history. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-815928-5. OCLC 255698381.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. 1 2 Moran, Albert (28 July 2020), "Three Stages of Australian Television", Australian Television, Routledge, pp. 1–14, doi:10.4324/9781003114949-1, ISBN 978-1-003-11494-9, S2CID 225485835, retrieved 15 March 2023
  59. ↑ Mercado, Andrew (2006). Super Aussie soaps : behind the scenes of Australia's best loved TV shows. Vision Australia Information Library Service. OCLC 1122566950.
  60. ↑ Humphries, Scott (2023). The Age of Melodramatic Miniseries: When Glamour Ruled on Television, 1980–1995. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. p. 151. ISBN 9781476691626.
  61. ↑ Lewis, Dan (16 February 1983). "'Winds of War' Takes Ratings By Storm". The Record. p. 53. Retrieved 26 December 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. ↑ Kijamii. "15 Timeless Egyptian Series You Should Watch Over And Over Again | NileFM | EGYPT'S#1 FOR HIT MUSIC". nilefm.com. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  63. ↑ "Television Academy: Big Little Lies". Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  64. ↑ Schneider, Michael (9 March 2015). "Inside the Emmys' New Rules". TV Guide. pp 8–9.
  65. ↑ Lacey Rose and Lesley Goldberg (28 February 2014). "Heroes, 24: What's the Difference Between a 'Miniseries,' 'Limited' or 'Event' Series?". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  66. ↑ Locker, Melissa (3 June 2013). "IFC's "The Spoils of Babylon" to feature Jessica Alba, Will Ferrell, Toby Maguire, Kristen Wiig, Tim Robbins and more". IFC. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  67. ↑ Spangler, Todd (5 June 2019). "HBO's 'Chernobyl' Is Now the Top-Rated TV Show on IMDb". Variety. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  68. ↑ Tassi, Paul. "'Chernobyl' Ends Its HBO Run As The Highest Audience Rated TV Series In History". Forbes. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  69. ↑ "The Rise and Rise of the Mini-Series". Australian Centre for the Moving Image. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
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