TV cast of The Amos 'n' Andy Show (1951-53). Spencer Williams (Andy), Tim Moore (Kingfish), and Alvin Childress (Amos)

A black sitcom is a sitcom that principally features black people in its cast. Prominent black sitcoms to date typically come from the United States with African American casts. Although sitcoms with primarily black characters have been present since the earliest days of network television, this genre rose to prominence in the 1990s, mostly then on upstart networks outside the Big Three.[1][2][3]

History

Early twentieth century

In the early days of television, black actors were often cast in stereotypical roles, often as comic clowns in a tradition tracing back to the genre of black minstrelsy popular in the early 20th century thru the late 1940s or as servants, usually maids.[4] In 1948, the sitcom, The Laytons starred singer and actress, Amanda Randolph. It was the first time a black actor was a series regular on a network TV series in the United States. Randolph portrayed a problem solving maid to a white suburban family.[5][6]

1950s

The first television sitcom to principally portray black people, Amos 'n' Andy, was widely popular among diverse audiences. The actors on the original radio show were both white, but the 1951-53 CBS television show portrayed them with black actors, and represented black individuals as businesspeople, judges, lawyers and policemen. After over seventy episodes, it was taken off the air after protests from the NAACP and others who alleged that the show engaged in stereotyping.[7] Beulah, a CBS radio sitcom 1945-54 and ABC television sitcom 1950-53, centered a black woman character in a racially mixed cast and faced similar criticism.

1960s

Julia (NBC, 1968-71) and Room 222 (ABC, 1969-74) each had a black performer as first-billed lead of a racially mixed cast. The Bill Cosby Show (NBC, 1969-71) had Cosby as its sole billed star. For her portrayal of Julia, actress Diahann Carroll became the first black woman to receive an Emmy nomination.[8] Otherwise, after Amos 'n' Andy there were no new sitcoms with an all or mostly black permanent main cast in the U.S. until the 1970s.

1970s

Several popular black sitcoms appeared in the 1970s, including Sanford and Son, Good Times, That's My Mama, The Jeffersons, and What's Happening!! While the sitcoms were widely popular among diverse audiences, celebrated black culture and addressed social issues,[7] they were critiqued for an excess of loud and buffoonish characters, mostly in lower socioeconomic classes with the exception of The Jeffersons.[9] Impressed with child actor, Gary Coleman, the President of NBC created the sitcom Different Strokes specifically as a vehicle for him. Coleman would eventually become NBC's highest paid actor on a comedic series during its run.[10] Although the series starred two black child actors and addressed social issues mainly from their perspective, it featured an otherwise all white cast and in retrospect has been criticized by some as a White Savior narrative.[11][12]

1980s

In the 1980s sitcoms such as The Cosby Show, A Different World, 227, and Frank's Place challenged stereotypical portrayals of black people, with subtler comedy and characterization and much increased representation of the black middle class. These series were well received with diverse audiences.[7][9] The Cosby Show became the most-watched series of any genre on television for five consecutive seasons and in the top 20 for all its eight seasons.[13]

1990s

After the 1980s, the major U.S. television networks appeared to lose interest in black sitcoms. In the 1990s, newer networks such as Fox, The WB and UPN, anxious to establish themselves with a black audience, featured black sitcoms such as Martin and Living Single, which drew high ratings among black households and were profitable even with a limited white viewership.[7][14][15][16] Several black sitcoms of the 1990s were successful with both black and white audiences, especially family, adolescent, and young adult oriented series like Family Matters, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Moesha, and Sister, Sister. Roc, about a working-class family, was critically acclaimed for combining comedy and drama with a cast led by theater veterans.[17] In Living Color and Nickelodeon's Kenan & Kel advanced black comedy on television beyond the sitcom format with innovative sketch comedy while The WB released multiple series such as The Jamie Foxx Show, The Parent 'Hood, Smart Guy, The Wayans Bros., and The Steve Harvey Show. The Famous Jett Jackson also debuted on the Disney Channel along with Hangin' with Mr. Cooper on ABC.[18]

2000s

Black sitcoms in the 2000s experimented with genre conventions. The Bernie Mac Show and Everybody Hates Chris used single-camera setup and narration. The Boondocks, an adult animated sitcom made for cable television, ran four seasons intermittently from 2005 to 2014. Its blunt style and social critiques were sometimes controversial. It won an NAACP Image Award and Peabody Award. The Disney Channel also released the popular animated family sitcom, The Proud Family and That's So Raven, both of whom would see a revival and return to TV in the 2020s.[18]

From 1997 to 2001, the number of black sitcoms on U.S. television declined from 15 to 6 as white viewership declined,[19] and that decline generally continued into the 2000s.[20] Civil rights organizations accused networks of denying minorities equal opportunity as well as a broader participation in general television programming.[7] The explosion of reality television and the decline of broadcast audience numbers in the 2000s also challenged the sitcom genre.

2010s

By the early 2010s, black sitcoms had faded from broadcast television but there were signs of a comeback on cable including The Game, canceled by The CW in 2009 then renewed on BET, A.N.T. Farm on Disney Channel, Are We There Yet?, Tyler Perry's For Better Or Worse on TBS, Love That Girl! on TV One, and Let's Stay Together and Reed Between the Lines, on BET. Popular black sitcoms from prior decades returned in reruns on BET, BET Her, Bounce TV, TV Land, TV One, MTV2, and TBS.[21]

In 2012, Tyler Perry's House of Payne surpassed The Jeffersons to become the longest-running sitcom with a predominantly African-American cast by number of episodes.[21]

Also in 2012, Debbie Allen, showrunner of A Different World from 1988 to 1993, wrote on Twitter that she wanted to reboot the series. Over a million people on Facebook, Twitter, and blogs reacted to the tweet signalling approval of the potential reboot.[21]

In 2014, Black-ish premiered on ABC to over 11 million viewers and mostly positive reviews.[22] The show addressed many current racial issues.[23][24] Black-ish spawned the spin-offs Mixed-ish and Grown-ish, also with African-American leads and addressing racial issues.

2020s

Abbott Elementary, a workplace comedy about the staff of a predominantly black Philadelphia public school, debuted in 2021 on ABC. By its second season it was the network's most-watched comedy and received universal critical acclaim.[25][26] The Wonder Years, ABC's 2021 series about a black family in the 1960s – a reimagining of the 1988 series of the same name about a white family in the 1960s – lasted two seasons.

Analysis

The favorite programs of television audiences tend to reflect their different ethnic origins and affinities. The exposure of the black community on U.S. TV has been greater than that of other minorities but continues to reflect racial divisions within American society.

After U.S. networks were criticized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for a lack of racial diversity, drama shows, such as The West Wing, began casting more black characters.[27]

From the 1980s to early 2000s, Black sitcoms such as The Cosby Show, Family Matters, Living Single, Moesha, and One on One, showed an evolution of how the lives of African Americans were portrayed.[28]

Black sitcoms feature highly in the black audience's top 10 programs but have limited success with white audiences, attributed by Doug Alligood, senior vice-president at the advertising agency BBDO which has analyzed ratings figures, to the failure of humor to translate. The high ratings achieved by The Cosby Show have been ascribed to humor that has appealed to both whites and blacks.[27] Black households make up over 20 percent of regular TV viewers.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Dalton, Mary M.; Laura R. Linder (2005). The sitcom reader: America viewed and skewed. Suny Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-7914-6569-1.
  2. ↑ Moss, Robert F. (February 25, 2001). "TELEVISION/RADIO; The Shrinking Life Span of the Black Sitcom". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
  3. ↑ Bogle, Donald (2001). Primetime Blues: African Americans on Network Television. Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 0-374-12720-4.
  4. ↑ "Breaking Barriers". PBS. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  5. ↑ Kurp, Joshua. "America's First Sitcom and Other Forgotten Comedies on Dumont the Lost Network". Vulture. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  6. ↑ DeBerry, Debra. "The Clerk's Black History Series" (PDF). DeKalb County Superior Clerk. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Why Is TV So Segregated?, Alvin Poussaint, M.D., FamilyEducation.com, Retrieved February 18, 2010
  8. ↑ Ocana Perez, Damarys. "8 Boundary-Breaking Black TV Shows". History.com. A+E Networks. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  9. 1 2 Cummings, Melbourne S. (1988). "The Changing Image of the Black Family On Television". Journal of Popular Culture (Bowling Green, Ohio). 22 (2): 75–85. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  10. ↑ Rossen, Jake. "13 Things You Might Not Know About Diff'rent Strokes". Mental Floss. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  11. ↑ Walter, Susa. "In 'Diff'rent Strokes,' a model for courage with our own families". Ames Tribune. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  12. ↑ "TV Needs To Tune Into The Needs of Black America". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  13. ↑ Heads, TV Talking (December 13, 2016). "What 29 TV Shows Have Been #1 in the Annual Nielsen Rankings?". TV Talking Heads. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017.
  14. ↑ Joyce Millman (January 25, 1999). "Movin' on down". Salon.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  15. ↑ Suzanne C. Ryan (May 10, 2006). "Black sitcoms may lose home". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  16. ↑ Nancy Hass (February 22, 1998). "A TV Generation Is Seeing Color". The New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2010.("In fact, over all, there is astonishingly little overlap between the most-watched shows among blacks and those among whites.")
  17. ↑ Zurawik, David (28 October 1994). "Too stark for network TV, BET airs 'lost' 'Roc' show". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  18. 1 2 Kimble, Julian; Lewis, Alyson. "The 30 Best Black Sitcoms of All Time". Complex. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  19. ↑ Robert F. Moss (February 25, 2001). "The Shrinking Life Span of the Black Sitcom". The New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  20. ↑ Aaron Barnhart (September 29, 2009). ""Brothers": Last of the black network sitcoms". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  21. 1 2 3 "Where Are All the Black TV Shows?". BET.
  22. ↑ "black-ish: Season 1 (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  23. ↑ Robinson, Joanna. "How Black-ish's Searing Political Commentary Transcended "Very Special Episode" Territory". HWD. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  24. ↑ Kang, Inkoo (January 12, 2017). "You Should Watch Black-ish's Essential 'Lemons' Episode Before The Inauguration". MTV News. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  25. ↑ Porter, Rick (7 June 2023). "'Abbott Elementary' Hits Three-Year High for ABC Comedies (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  26. ↑ "Abbott Elementary - Season 2 Reviews - Metacritic". Metacritic. 23 September 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-09-23.
  27. 1 2 Duncan Campbell (February 6, 2003). "US watches TV in black and white". The Guardian. London. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  28. ↑ Belle, Jhanaya (February 8, 2023). "The Evolution of Black Sitcoms". TV ONE. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
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