Molgula
Molgula oculata; a) branchial orifice; b) atrial orifice
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Tunicata
Class: Ascidiacea
Order: Stolidobranchia
Family: Molgulidae
Genus: Molgula
Synonyms[1]
  • Anurella Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877
  • Ascopera Herdman, 1881
  • Astropera Pizon, 1898
  • Caesira Flemming, 1822
  • Ctenicella Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877
  • Cystingia Macleay, 1825
  • Eugyriopsis Roule, 1885
  • Euritteria Huntsman, 1922
  • Gymnocystis Giard, 1872
  • Lithonephria Giard, 1872 (misspelling)
  • Lithonephrya Giard, 1872
  • Meristocarpus Pizon, 1899
  • Mogula Kirkpatrick, 1905 (misspelling)
  • Molgulidium Seeliger, 1907
  • Molgulina Hartmeyer, 1914
  • Pera Stimpson, 1852
  • Syphonotethis Gervais, 1840
  • Xenomolgula Arnback, 1931

Molgula, or sea grapes, are very common, globular, individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes.[1]

They are translucent with two protruding siphons. They are found subtidally, attached to slow-moving submerged objects or organisms. All species of Molgula have a fluid-filled structure called the renal sac.[2] The renal sac contains nitrogenous wastes, solid concretions composed of weddellite and calcite,[3] and an apicomplexan symbiont called Nephromyces.[4]

In the western Atlantic Ocean, they range from the Arctic to North Carolina, to the center of the United States Eastern Seaboard.[5]

Species

  • Molgula aidae Oka, 1914
  • Molgula amesophleba (Codreanu & Mack-Fira, 1956)
  • Molgula antiborealis Millar, 1967
  • Molgula appendiculata Heller, 1877
  • Molgula arenata Stimpson, 1852
  • Molgula bacca (Herdman, 1910)
  • Molgula bathybia (Hartmeyer, 1912)
  • Molgula bisinus Monniot, 1989
  • Molgula bleizi (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
  • Molgula bourbonis Monniot, 1994
  • Molgula braziliensis Millar, 1958
  • Molgula brieni Monniot & Monniot, 1976
  • Molgula calvata Sluiter, 1904
  • Molgula caminae Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
  • Molgula celata (Michaelsen, 1914)
  • Molgula celebensis Millar, 1975
  • Molgula celtica Monniot, C., 1970
  • Molgula citrina Alder & Hancock, 1848
  • Molgula coactilis Monniot & Monniot, 1977
  • Molgula complanata Alder & Hancock, 1870
  • Molgula conchata Sluiter, 1898
  • Molgula confluxa (Sluiter, 1912)
  • Molgula contorta Sluiter, 1898
  • Molgula cooperi (Huntsman, 1912)
  • Molgula crinita Sluiter, 1904
  • Molgula crustosa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1988
  • Molgula cryptica Millar, 1962
  • Molgula cynthiaeformis Hartmeyer, 1903
  • Molgula davidi Monniot, 1972
  • Molgula delicata Monniot & Monniot, 1991
  • Molgula dextrocarpa Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974
  • Molgula diaguita Monniot & Andrade, 1983
  • Molgula dicosta Millar, 1988
  • Molgula dione (Savigny, 1816)
  • Molgula discogona Millar, 1975
  • Molgula diversa Kott, 1972
  • Molgula dolichentera Millar, 1960
  • Molgula ellistoni Kott, 1972
  • Molgula elva Kott, 2008
  • Molgula enodis (Sluiter, 1912)
  • Molgula eobia Redikorzev, 1941
  • Molgula estadosi Monniot & Monniot, 1983
  • Molgula eugyroides Traustedt, 1883
  • Molgula euplicata Herdman, 1923
  • Molgula euprocta Drasche, 1884
  • Molgula falsensis Millar, 1955
  • Molgula ficus (Macdonald, 1859)
  • Molgula flagrifera Sluiter, 1904
  • Molgula fortuita Monniot & Monniot, 1984
  • Molgula georgiana Michaelsen, 1922
  • Molgula gigantea (Cunningham, 1871)
  • Molgula griffithsii (MacLeay, 1825)
  • Molgula habanensis Van Name, 1945
  • Molgula hartmeyeri Oka, 1914
  • Molgula helleri Drasche, 1884
  • Molgula herdmani Brewin, 1958
  • Molgula hirta Monniot F. 1965
  • Molgula hodgsoni Herdman, 1910
  • Molgula hozawai Oka, 1932
  • Molgula impura Heller, 1877
  • Molgula incidata Kott, 1985
  • Molgula japonica Hartmeyer, 1906
  • Molgula karubari Monniot & Monniot, 2003
  • Molgula kerguelenensis Kott, 1954
  • Molgula kiaeri Hartmeyer, 1901
  • Molgula kolaensis Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1928
  • Molgula kophameli Michaelsen, 1900
  • Molgula lapidifera Redikorzev, 1941
  • Molgula longipedata Sluiter, 1904
  • Molgula longitubis Monniot, 2002
  • Molgula longivascula Millar, 1982
  • Molgula lutulenta Herdman, 1923
  • Molgula macquariensis Kott, 1954
  • Molgula malvinensis Arnback, 1938
  • Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843)
  • Molgula marioni Millar, 1960
  • Molgula millari Kott, 1971
  • Molgula mira (Ärnbäck, 1931)
  • Molgula mollis Herdman, 1899
  • Molgula monodi Peres, 1949
  • Molgula mortenseni (Michaelsen, 1922)
  • Molgula napiformis Lambert, 1993
  • Molgula novaeselandiae (Michaelsen, 1912)
  • Molgula occidentalis Traustedt, 1883
  • Molgula occulta Kupffer, 1875
  • Molgula oculata Forbes, 1848
  • Molgula oligostriata Tokioka, 1949
  • Molgula oregonia Ritter, 1913
  • Molgula pacifica (Huntsman, 1912)
  • Molgula pedunculata Herdman, 1881
  • Molgula phytophila Monniot, 1970
  • Molgula pigafettae Monniot & Monniot, 1983
  • Molgula pila Monniot & Monniot, 1985
  • Molgula plana Monniot, C., 1971
  • Molgula platana Van Name, 1945
  • Molgula platei Hartmeyer, 1914
  • Molgula platybranchia (Monniot, 1970)
  • Molgula primitiva Redikorzev, 1941
  • Molgula provisionalis Van Name, 1945
  • Molgula pugetiensis Herdman, 1898
  • Molgula pulchra Michaelsen, 1900
  • Molgula pumila Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1976
  • Molgula pyriformis Herdman, 1881
  • Molgula redikorzevi Oka, 1914
  • Molgula regularis Ritter, 1907
  • Molgula retortiformis Verrill, 1871
  • Molgula rheophila (Pérès, 1956)
  • Molgula riddlei F. Monniot, 2011
  • Molgula ridgewayi (Herdman, 1906)
  • Molgula rima Kott, 1972
  • Molgula robini Monniot & Monniot, 1983
  • Molgula robusta (Van Name, 1912)
  • Molgula romeri Hartmeyer, 1903
  • Molgula rotunda Oka, 1914
  • Molgula roulei Monniot C., 1969
  • Molgula sabulosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
  • Molgula salvadori Monniot, 1970
  • Molgula satyrus Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1993
  • Molgula scutata Millar, 1955
  • Molgula setigera Arnback, 1938
  • Molgula shimodensis Nishikawa, 1982
  • Molgula simplex Alder & Hancock, 1870
  • Molgula siphonalis Kiaer, 1896
  • Molgula siphonata Alder, 1850
  • Molgula sluiteri (Michaelsen, 1922)
  • Molgula socialis Alder, 1863
  • Molgula solenata (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877)
  • Molgula somaliensis Millar, 1988
  • Molgula sphaera Kott, 1972
  • Molgula spiralis Kott, 1954
  • Molgula susana Monniot & Monniot, 1976
  • Molgula tagi Michaelsen, 1923
  • Molgula taprobane Herdman, 1906
  • Molgula tectiformis Nishikawa, 1991
  • Molgula tethys Monniot F. & Monniot C., 1974
  • Molgula topata Monniot & Monniot, 1987
  • Molgula tubifera (Orstedt, 1844)
  • Molgula tzetlini Sanamyan, 1993
  • Molgula undulata (Tokioka, 1949)
  • Molgula vara Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1979
  • Molgula variazizi Monniot, 1978
  • Molgula verrilli (Van Name, 1912)
  • Molgula verrucifera Ritter & Forsyth, 1917
  • Molgula xenophora Oka, 1914

References

  1. 1 2 Sanamyan, K.; Monniot, C. (2012). Molgula Forbes, 1848. In: Noa Shenkar, Arjan Gittenberger, Gretchen Lambert, Marc Rius, Rosana Moreira Da Rocha, Billie J. Swalla, Xavier Turon (2012) Ascidiacea World Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=103509 on 2012-02-26
  2. Van Name, Willard Gibbs (1945). "The North and South American ascidians". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 84. hdl:2246/1186.
  3. Saffo, Mary Beth; Lowenstam, Heinz A. (1978-06-09). "Calcareous Deposits in the Renal Sac of a Molgulid Tunicate". Science. 200 (4346): 1166–1168. doi:10.1126/science.200.4346.1166. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17745108. S2CID 33253067.
  4. "Malaria, Sea Grapes, and Kidney Stones: A Tale of Parasites Lost - The Loom". The Loom. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
  5. Andrew J. Martinez (2003). Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England. Aqua Quest Publications. ISBN 9781881652328. Retrieved 2007-02-17.

Further reading

  • Howson, C. M.; Picton, B. E. (Ed.) (1997). The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Ulster Museum Publication, 276. The Ulster Museum: Belfast, UK. ISBN 0-948150-06-8. vi, 508 (+ cd-rom) pp.
  • Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidiacea & Sorberacea, in: Costello, M. J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 352–355
  • Sanamyan, K. (2007). Database of extant Ascidiacea. Version of 2 November 2007
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