| Muinane | |
|---|---|
| Muìnánɨ | |
| Native to | Colombia |
| Region | Puerto Santander, Amazonas; between Caquetá River and Yari River in Caquetá Department |
| Ethnicity | 2,100 (2018)[1] |
Native speakers | 150 (2007)[1] |
?Bora–Witoto
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bmr |
| Glottolog | muin1242 |
| ELP | Muinane |
 | |
Muinane is an indigenous American language spoken in Colombia.
Classification
Muinane belongs to the Boran language family, along with Bora.
Geographic distribution
Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the Department of Amazonas. There may be some speakers in Peru.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
| Plosive | p b | t d | tʲ dʲ | k ɡ | ʔ |
| Affricate | tʃ dʒ | ||||
| Fricative | ɸ β | s | ʃ j | x | |
| Trill | r | rʲ |
- Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their geminate counterparts: tː tʃː tʲː kː.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| Low | ɛ | a | o |
Tone
There are two tones in Muinane: high and low.
Grammar
Word order in Muinane is generally SOV. Case marking is nominative–accusative.
Writing System
Muinane is written using a Latin alphabet. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent is as follows:
| Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | /a/ | b | /b/ | c | /k/-/s/ | ch | /tʃ/ | d | /d/ | e | /e/ |
| f | /ɸ/ | g(u) | /ɡ/-/x/ | h | /ʔ/ | i | /i/ | ɨ | /ɨ/ | j | /x/ |
| ll | /dʒ/ | m | /m/ | n | /n/ | ñ | /ɲ/ | o | /o/ | p | /p/ |
| qu | /k/ | r | /r/ | z | /s/ | s | /ʃ/ | t | /t/ | u | /u/ |
| v | /β/ | y | /j/ |
- Palatalized consonants are written using the unpalatalized forms plus y: ty /tʲ/, dy /dʲ/, ry /rʲ/. For the purposes of alphabetization, these are considered sequences of letters.
- Tone is not generally indicated in writing. When it is shown, it is indicated by an acute accent over the vowel: á, é, í, ɨ́, ó, ú.
- The Muinane writing system is based on Spanish orthography. For that reason, the sound /k/ is written as c before a, ɨ, o, and u and as qu before e and i. Likewise, the sound /ɡ/ is written as gu before e and i, and g elsewhere.
References
- 1 2 Muinane at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Sources
- Aschmann, Richard P. (1993), Proto-Witotoan, Arlington, TX: SIL International, ISBN 0-88312-189-1
- Walton, James P.; Walton, Janice W.; Pakky de Buenaventure, Clementina (1997), Diccionario Bilingüe Muinane-Español/Español-Muinane, Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Buena Semilla, OCLC 468683910
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