Muralist Robert Wyland's whaling wall Ocean Planet (1992) appears on the Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center, which also includes a three acre rooftop mural of planet Earth.[1][2][3][4]

Greater Los Angeles, California, is home to thousands of murals, earning it the nickname "the mural capital of the world" or "the mural capital of America."[lower-alpha 1][7][8][9][10][11] The city's mural culture began and proliferated throughout the 20th century.[12] Murals in Los Angeles often reflect the social and political movements of their time and highlight cultural symbols representative of Southern California.[13] In particular, murals in Los Angeles have been influenced by the Chicano art movement and the culture of Los Angeles.[7][13] Murals are considered a distinctive form of public art in Los Angeles, often associated with street art, billboards, and contemporary graffiti.[14][15]

From 2002 to 2013, Los Angeles had a moratorium on the creation of new murals in the city, stemming from legal conflicts regarding large-scale commercial out-of-home advertising, primarily billboards.[16][17]: 237  The ban was lifted with the passing of LA Ordinance No. 182706, known as the mural ordinance.[18][19] Mural registration is administered through the City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs.[20] Because of the large number of murals throughout the city, numerous programs exist for their preservation and documentation, including the Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles, the Getty Conservation Institute, and others.[21][22]

History

Murals by Dean Cornwell in the Grand Rotunda of the Los Angeles Central Library depicting California history (1933)

Many of the city's oldest murals have been lost, usually from weathering or the process of urban development. Among the earliest known murals from Los Angeles were featured in the central business district, including those of Einar Petersen in 1912 and a ceramic tile panel for a cafeteria, created in 1913.[12][13]

The New Deal

Abbot Kinney and the Story of Venice (1941) by Edward Biberman, originally commissioned for a post office in Venice, Los Angeles, depicts developer Abbot Kinney and scenes from the history of Venice, including the Venice of America canal district and the Venice oil boom.[23][24][25]

In the early 1930s, most prominent Los Angeles murals were on commercial rather than civic buildings.[26] Notable exceptions to this trend include the political works of muralists David Alfaro Siqueiros and Myer Shaffer, often supported by artistic and cultural institutions in the city.[27]

Between 1933 and 1943, the United States government, as part of the New Deal, funded "federal art projects", a series of murals, paintings, and sculptures in and around public institutions.[28][29]: 40  These funds supported the creation of hundreds of murals around Los Angeles. Many of the resultant works feature rural landscapes, scenes from regional history, and portrayals of immigration, especially influenced by Mexican muralism after the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920).[28][30][31] Certain murals funded by the project were subsequently painted over, often because of their political overtones.[27][32] For example, Myer Shaffer's The Social Aspects of Tuberculosis (1936) at the Los Angeles Tuberculosis Sanitarium, originally supported by the Federal Art Project, was covered completely by 1938 because of its Communist themes.[27][33] Shaffer went on to document the growing number of murals blanketed by local authorities in the Jewish Community Press.[27]

2002 mural moratorium

Through the 1980s, commercial advertising on signage and billboards in Los Angeles was regulated by multiple government institutions, including the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans),[34] often without clear distinctions between murals and other types of signs.[16] Numerous efforts to ban billboards in the city had been proposed and in 1984 Los Angeles City Council passed a law preventing the development of billboards within 600 feet of each other.[35] Some advertisers sought to present commercials works as murals, in order to take advantage of a rule exempting murals from restrictions on sign posting.[16][36] In the 1990s, the Los Angeles city council faced lawsuits from advertisers, based on the claim that restrictions on commercial speech were an unfair exception to the First Amendment.[16][36][37][38]

In 1999, the Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs was in the process of developing guidelines for the regulation of supergraphic signage, including advertising billboards. In June of the same year, Jackie Goldberg, city councilmember for Los Angeles City Council District 13, filed a motion to temporarily halt the placement of new billboards after an influx of new signs were erected to pre-empt forthcoming regulations.[39]: 130  An interim control ordinance (ICO 173562) prohibiting the issuance of building permits for any off-site signs was passed to combat the accelerated pace of sign development in Hollywood, signed in 2000 by Los Angeles mayor Richard Riordan.[40][41] An extension to ICO 173562 was instituted in 2001, initially presented by city councilmember Eric Garcetti, also of the 13th district.[39]: 75–77 

In April 2002, LA Ordinance No. 174547 was passed, banning new "off-site signs" across the city.[42][43]

"(I) Off-site signs. No off-site sign shall be allowed in any zone, except when off-site signs are specifically permitted pursuant to a legally adopted specific plan, supplemental use district or an approved development agreement. Further, that legally permitted existing signs shall not be altered or enlarged."

— LA Ordinance No. 174547[42]

The definition of an off-site sign structure had recently been added to the municipal code after the implementation of a periodic sign inspection program.[lower-alpha 2][45]: 2  Later, in May 2002, City Council adopted LA Ordinance No. 174552, approved by mayor James Hahn, creating the supplemental use district designation "SN" for sign districts.[46][47] The establishment of sign districts would allow certain districts to have more flexible regulations regarding sign posting, with the intent of minimizing public advertising, the expansion of which being seen as a blight on the city.[46][48][49] A March 2003 amendment to the municipal code updated the definition of an off-site sign to:

Off-Site Sign. A sign which displays any message directing attention to a business, product, service, profession, commodity, activity, event, person, institution or any other commercial message, which is generally conducted, sold, manufactured, produced, offered or occurs elsewhere than on the premises where the sign is located.

— LA Ordinance No. 175151 (2003)[50]: 16 

Previously, in autumn 2002, three advertising companies had filed a lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles on the grounds that the restrictions on off-site signs limited their freedom of expression.[51][52] The companies were initially granted a preliminary injunction against the city, although it was vacated shortly thereafter by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in part based on the subsequent 2003 amendment.[51][52]

Fading mural in Hollywood
Restored mural in Hollywood
Hollywood Jazz — 1945-1972 (1990), a tile mural by Richard Wyatt Jr. at Capitol Records depicting significant jazz musicians, was restored in 2013.[53][54][55]

In 2013, City Council and mayor Eric Garcetti passed LA Ordinance No. 182706, amending the city municipal code to allow for the creation and preservation of existing and new non-commercial murals.[18][56] LA Ordinance No. 182825 the same year amended the Los Angeles administrative code, maintaining the general prohibition of murals on single family residences and accessory structures but excepting residences in city council districts 1, 9, and 14.[57][58][59] In 2017, Ordinance No. 185059 extended the exemption to Los Angeles City Council District 15 after being proposed by councilmember Joe Buscaino.[60][61]

El Monte city council instituted a similar ban in the adjacent city in 1977.[62][63]: 89 [64] The ban was later lifted and numerous mural projects have since been organized in the city.[65][66][67]

Major themes

Chicano art movement

Since the original settlement of Los Angeles by the pobladores from New Spain (modern Mexico), the art and culture of the city have been heavily influenced by that of Mexico.[13] Multiple major waves of immigration have brought migrants to the region, including the Mexican–American War (1846-1848), the California Gold Rush (1848-1855), and the growth of agriculture in California in the early 20th century.[68][69][70] Some of the earliest known murals in Los Angeles come from Mexican refugees, including David Alfaro Siqueiros, known as one of the "Big Three" of Mexican muralism.[lower-alpha 3][71][72] Siqueiros's fresco mural América Tropical (1932), at El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument, is the only of his American murals found in its original location, although it was once painted over due to its controversial anti-imperialist message.[27][73][74][75]

The Chicano movement and California labor movement, especially in the 1960s, were sources of inspiration for many murals in the region.[10] Labor leaders Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta often appear prominently in murals, as does the Aztec eagle, a symbol featured in the logo of the United Farm Workers, an agricultural labor union.[76]: 40  Religious identity, predominantly Catholicism, has also been a major theme.[77] In the second half of the century, the Chicano street art movement spread throughout barrios and other neighborhoods in East Los Angeles.[78][79][80]

In 1974, muralist and activist Judy Baca organized a citywide mural program in Los Angeles.[80][81][82] The program resulted in the production of hundreds of murals across the city, including Baca's Great Wall of Los Angeles (1978) along the Tujunga Wash.[lower-alpha 4][83][84][85] In 1976, with painter Christina Schlesinger and filmmaker Donna Deitch, Baca founded the Social and Public Art Resource Center, a community art center that sponsors the development and restoration of murals throughout the city.[10]

Sports and athletics

Many Los Angeles sports icons and teams are commemorated in murals, especially near their respective stadiums. Roadside murals have been commissioned for the Los Angeles Marathon multiple times, dating back to the original race in 1986.[86] Other major sports events represented in murals include the 1994 FIFA World Cup,[87] the Los Angeles Rams' 2022 victory in Super Bowl LVI at SoFi Stadium,[88][89] the Los Angeles Lakers' multiple NBA championships,[90][91] the Los Angeles Dodgers' 2020 World Series win,[92][93] the Los Angeles Kings' two Stanley Cup wins in 2012 and 2014,[94] and the MLS Cups of the LA Galaxy.[95][96] A number of murals also exist honoring significant Los Angeles baseball players, such as Jackie Robinson,[lower-alpha 5][98] Sandy Koufax,[99][100] Fernando Valenzuela,[101] and others.[102][103]

Olympics

Los Angeles has hosted the Summer Olympics twice, in 1932 and 1984.[lower-alpha 6][104][106] Prior to the 1932 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles Times art critic Arthur Millier recommended taking visiting attendees on a tour of the city's murals.[26] For the 1984 Summer Olympics, a series of ten murals were painted along the 110 and 101 freeways as part of the Olympic Arts Festival.[107][108][109] Beginning in 2007 after years of disrepair and tagging, Caltrans "hibernated" the murals, applying a coating and layer of gray paint to be removed later for restoration.[109][110][111] Efforts to restore many of the Olympic Festival freeway murals began in commemoration of the 30th anniversary of the Games.[110][112][113]

Kobe Bryant

Los Angeles Culture (2016), a mural located near the Lakers' home venue of Crypto.com Arena, depicts a celebratory Kobe Bryant and is one of numerous basketball-inspired murals in the city painted by sports muralist Jonas Never.[114][115][116]

Kobe Bryant was a highly-decorated basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers, winning five championships with the team. Throughout his career, murals were created acknowledging his accomplishments, including his career-high 81 point game in 2006 and retirement in 2016.[117][118] Following his 2020 death in a helicopter crash, many tributes to Bryant were created around the city, frequently featuring his daughter Gianna, who was also killed in the crash.[119][120] The prominence of these murals has led to their becoming a notable tourist attraction, resulting in maps and city guides documenting the collection of Kobe artwork.[121][122][123]

In media

The documentary film Mur Murs (1981) by French filmmaker Agnès Varda explores murals across the city and shares imagery of Los Angeles murals with Varda's feature film from the same year, Documenteur.[124][125][126] The documentary Exit Through the Gift Shop (2010) directed by street artist Banksy tells the story of Thierry Guetta, a French street artist in Los Angeles.[127][128]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The moniker has also been used to describe Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, another American city with a significant collection of murals.[5][6]
  2. ↑
    Off-Site Sign Structure. A structure of any kind or character, erected, used or maintained for an off-site sign or signs, upon which any poster, bill, printing, painting, projected image or other advertisement may be placed.
    — LA Ordinance No. 174736 (2002)[44]
  3. ↑ Along with José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera.
  4. ↑ Baca left her role in the Citywide Mural Project in 1977, concurrent with the beginning of her work on the Great Wall of Los Angeles.[81]: 70 
  5. ↑ Robinson played for the Brooklyn Dodgers, before their 1957 move to Los Angeles. However, he spent most of his childhood in Pasadena and played varsity sports (baseball, basketball, football, and track) for UCLA, leading him to still be seen as a sports icon for Los Angeles.[97]
  6. ↑ The 2028 Summer Olympics are also slated to be held in Los Angeles.[104][105]

References

  1. ↑ Swartz, Kirsten Lee (19 March 1992). "Laguna Artist's Big Mural Stirs Debate in Long Beach: Art: Robert Wyland's 'Planet Ocean' is planned as the world's largest such work. But critics say it's out of bounds at arena". Los Angeles Times.
  2. ↑ Canalis, John (21 April 2009). "Artist Wyland gives Long Beach the world". Press-Telegram.
  3. ↑ "Wyland Ocean Mural at Long Beach Convention Center Gets Fresh Paint". California Diving News. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  4. ↑ "Wyland California Whaling Wall List". SeeCalifornia.com. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  5. ↑ "L.A.'s street murals disappearing". Los Angeles Daily News. 21 October 2007.
  6. ↑ Hendricks, Karen (31 May 2022). "Mural Mecca: How Philadelphia became "mural capital of the world."". The Burg.
  7. 1 2 Sperling Cockcroft, E.; Barnet-Sánchez, H. (1993). "Introduction". Signs from the Heart: California Chicano Murals. pp. 5–21. ISBN 9780826314482.
  8. ↑ Sperling Cockcroft, E. (1993). "From Barrio to Mainstream: The Panorama of Latino Art". In Esteva-Fabregat, C.; Lomeli, F.; Kanellos, N. (eds.). Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the United States: Literature and Art. pp. 192–217. ISBN 9781611921632.
  9. ↑ Morrison, Patt (5 April 1998). "Defending the Mural Capital of America". Los Angeles Times.
  10. 1 2 3 Tannenbaum, Barbara (26 May 2002). "Art/Architecture; Where Miles of Murals Preach a People's Gospel". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ Graham, Jordan (8 September 2014). "A guide to the Mural Capital of the World". The Orange County Register.
  12. 1 2 Nodal, Adolfo V. (1993). "Foreword". Street Gallery: Guide to 1000 Los Angeles Murals. pp. V–VI. ISBN 0-9632862-1-8.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Dunitz, Robin J. (1993). "Introduction". Street Gallery: Guide to 1000 Los Angeles Murals. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0-9632862-1-8.
  14. ↑ Bloch, Stefano (2012). The Changing Face of Wall Space: Graffiti-Murals in the Context of Neighborhood Change in Los Angeles (PhD). University of Minnesota. hdl:11299/179789.
  15. ↑ Sánchez-Tranquilino, M. (2019). "27. Space, Power, and Youth Culture: Mexican American Graffiti and Chicano Murals in East Los Angeles, 1972–1978". In González, J.A.; Ondine Chavoya, C.; Noriega, C.; Romo, T. (eds.). Chicano and Chicana Art: A Critical Anthology. pp. 278–291. doi:10.1515/9781478003403-038. ISBN 9781478003403. S2CID 240860948.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Berg, Nate (22 March 2012). "The Convoluted Path to Ending Los Angeles's Mural Ban". Bloomberg.
  17. ↑ Davalos, K.M. (2017). "Notes". Chicana/o Remix: Art and Errata Since the Sixties. ISBN 9781479877966.
  18. 1 2 Los Angeles City Council (2013). "Ordinance No. 182706" (PDF). Los Angeles City Planning.
  19. ↑ Bjorgum, E. (January 2014). "Los Angeles Gets a New Mural Ordinance". Los Angeles Lawyer. 36 (10): 36.
  20. ↑ "Frequently asked questions". Department of Cultural Affairs, City of Los Angeles. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  21. ↑ Arnold, Shayna Rose (26 December 2014). "Isabel Rojas-Williams is on a Mission to Save L.A.'s Street Art". Los Angeles Magazine.
  22. ↑ Migdol, Erin; Brooks, Julian; Rainer, Leslie; Baca, Judith F. (24 August 2022). "How Do You Keep a Mural Alive?". Getty.
  23. ↑ Zimskind, Lyle (2 June 2014). "Framed: The Real Abbot Kinney and His "Venice of America"". Los Angeles Magazine.
  24. ↑ Vankin, Deborah (17 June 2014). "Restored 'Abbot Kinney' mural anchors exhibit on Venice history". Los Angeles Times.
  25. ↑ Grilli, Jon (14 November 2018). "A Venice Post Office Mural Preserves the History of Abbot Kinney". KCET.
  26. 1 2 Jovanovich, M.E. (2016). Power and Patronage: Public Art and Corporate Mural Commissions in Los Angeles, 1928–1936 (PhD). UC San Diego.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Schrank, Sarah (2010). "Public Art at the Global Crossroads: The Politics of Place in 1930s Los Angeles". Journal of Social History. 44 (2): 435–457. doi:10.1353/jsh.2010.0046. JSTOR 25790365. S2CID 144416855.
  28. 1 2 Dunitz, Robin J. (1993). "The New Deal Art Projects, 1933-1943". Street Gallery: Guide to 1000 Los Angeles Murals. pp. 6–10. ISBN 0-9632862-1-8.
  29. ↑ Dailey, Victoria; Shivers, Natalie; Dawson, Michael (2003). "Art". LA's Early Moderns: Art / Architecture / Photography. pp. 17–116. ISBN 1-890449-16-4.
  30. ↑ Alvarez, Leticia (2001). The Influence of the Mexican Muralists in the United States. From the New Deal to the Abstract Expressionism (MA). Virginia Tech. hdl:10919/32407.
  31. ↑ "California New Deal Murals and Reliefs". SDSU University Library. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  32. ↑ Colker, David (9 July 1989). "Hidden in Plain Sight: A brief guide to Los Angeles' forgotten public artworks". Los Angeles Times.
  33. ↑ "The Kaspare Cohn Hospital and the Mt. Sinai Hospital and Clinic, Part Five". Boyle Heights Historical Society. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  34. ↑ "Outdoor Advertising". Caltrans. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  35. ↑ Pelisek, Christine (24 April 2008). "Billboards gone wild: 4,000 illegal billboards choke L.A.'s neighborhoods". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008.
  36. 1 2 Saillant, Catherine (28 August 2013). "Los Angeles moves to lift decade-old ban on public murals". Los Angeles Times.
  37. ↑ Lopez, Andrew (7 November 2011). "Los Angeles mural regulations may be loosening soon". Daily Sundial. Cal State Northridge.
  38. ↑ Gonzalez, Saul (29 August 2013). "Photos: Rethinking LA's mural ban". KCRW.
  39. 1 2 "Council File: 99-1092" (PDF). LA City Clerk Connect. Office of the City Clerk.
  40. ↑ Los Angeles City Council (2000). "Ordinance No. 173562" (PDF). Office of the City Clerk.
  41. ↑ Casillas, Ofelia (20 June 2001). "A Hollywood Sign That Gets Mixed Reviews". Los Angeles Times.
  42. 1 2 Los Angeles City Council (2002). "Ordinance No. 174547" (PDF). Office of the City Clerk.
  43. ↑ Mehta, Seema (1 May 2002). "Council Bans New Billboards Citywide". Los Angeles Times.
  44. ↑ Los Angeles City Council (2002). "Ordinance No. 174736" (PDF). Office of the City Clerk.
  45. ↑ "Council File: 02-0070" (PDF). LA City Clerk Connect. Office of the City Clerk.
  46. 1 2 Los Angeles City Council (2002). "Ordinance No. 174552" (PDF). Office of the City Clerk.
  47. ↑ "Council File: 02-1167" (PDF). LA City Clerk Connect. Office of the City Clerk. 2002.
  48. ↑ Rushmore, RJ (29 January 2014). "When Is a Mural Not a Mural?". Hyperallergic.
  49. ↑ Reitan, Meredith Drake (2017). "Regulating Visual Blight". In Sloane, David C. (ed.). Planning Los Angeles. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351177436.
  50. ↑ "Council File: 02-2889" (PDF). LA City Clerk Connect. Office of the City Clerk.
  51. 1 2 "L.A., Inspection Fees Withstand Sign Companies' 1st Amendment Challenge". California Planning & Development Report. 18 (10). 2003.
  52. 1 2 "340 F.3d 810 (9th Cir.) - Clear Channel Outdoor v. City of Los Angeles". Casetext. 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  53. ↑ Lewis, Randy (18 February 2013). "'Hollywood Jazz' mural lives on more brightly". Los Angeles Times.
  54. ↑ Sonksen, Mike (7 February 2014). "Richard Wyatt: Artist for Los Angeles". KCET.
  55. ↑ Hill, Shannen (16 November 2017). "Los Angeles Artist Richard Wyatt Jr. Creates an Art Legacy with Everlasting Murals". Los Angeles Sentinel.
  56. ↑ City of Los Angeles Streets Standards Committee. "4.6 Public Art". Great Streets for Los Angeles: Complete Streets Design Guide (PDF). Los Angeles Department of City Planning. pp. 71–72.
  57. ↑ Los Angeles City Council (2013). "Ordinance No. 182825" (PDF). Office of the City Clerk.
  58. ↑ "Ordinance to Allow Murals on Single-Family Residences in Council Districts 1, 9, and 14" (PDF). Office of the City Clerk. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  59. ↑ Saillant, Catherine (3 December 2013). "Los Angeles council approves murals on single family homes". Los Angeles Times.
  60. ↑ Los Angeles City Council (2017). "Ordinance No. 185059" (PDF). Office of the City Clerk.
  61. ↑ "Council File: 11-0923-S4". Office of the Los Angeles City Clerk. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  62. ↑ Barker, Mayerene (10 March 1977). "El Monte Mural Stirs Ban Move". Los Angeles Times.
  63. ↑ Isé, Claudine (2003). "Considering the art world alternatives: LACE and community formation in Los Angeles". In James, D.E. (ed.). The Sons and Daughters of Los: Culture and Community in L.A. pp. 85–107. ISBN 9781439901373.
  64. ↑ Fuentes, Ed (28 May 2015). "The Moratorium that Stomped El Monte Murals". KCET.
  65. ↑ Martinez, Fidel (14 October 2021). "Latinx Files: The lost murals of El Monte". Los Angeles Times.
  66. ↑ Ohanesian, Liz (3 November 2021). "A 1970s Moratorium Stunted El Monte's Mural Movement. A New Work Brings It Back to Life". KCET.
  67. ↑ Rivera, Anissa (15 October 2022). "Colorful murals enliven downtown El Monte's Main Street thanks to an idea by online retailer Shein". San Gabriel Valley Tribune.
  68. ↑ Sánchez, G.J. (1993). "Farewell Homeland". Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945. pp. 17–37. ISBN 9780195096484.
  69. ↑ Benitez, Tomas (2004). "East L.A.: Past and Present". American Family: Journey of Dreams. PBS.
  70. ↑ Flores, L.A. (2016). "The Racial and Labor Landscapes of the Salinas Valley Before World War II". Grounds for Dreaming: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the California Farmworker Movement. pp. 12–38. doi:10.12987/yale/9780300196962.003.0001. ISBN 9780300216387.
  71. ↑ Helm, MacKinley (1941). "Siqueiros and the Younger Muralists". Mexican Painters: Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros and Other Artists of the Social Realist School. pp. 88–108. ISBN 9780486260280.
  72. ↑ Goldman, S.M. (1974). "Siqueiros and Three Early Murals in Los Angeles". Art Journal. 33 (4): 321–327. doi:10.2307/775970. JSTOR 775970.
  73. ↑ Piqué, F.; Derrick, M.; Parker, A.; Schilling, M.; Scott, D. (1995). "Original Technique of the Mural America Tropical by David Alfaro Siqueiros". MRS Online Proceedings Library. 352. doi:10.1557/PROC-352-365.
  74. ↑ Estrada, William David (2008). "Parades, Murals, and Bulldozers". The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. pp. 203–230. ISBN 9780292717558. Notes to chapter 7 on pg 300-305.
  75. ↑ "Conservation of América Tropical (1988–2012)". The Getty Conservation Institute. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  76. ↑ Erickson, Mary (1998). Mexican American Murals: Making a Place in the World (PDF). Getty Center for Education in the Arts. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  77. ↑ Salim, Z. (2017). "Painting a Place: A Spatiothematic Analysis of Murals in East Los Angeles". Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers. University of Hawai'i Press. 79: 41–70. doi:10.1353/pcg.2017.0003. JSTOR 26385008. S2CID 135232184.
  78. ↑ Simon, E. (1976). "Chicano Street Murals". The Journal of Popular Culture. X (3): 642–652. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1976.1003_642.x.
  79. ↑ Simon, E. (1980). "Chicano Street Murals: A Sociological Perspective". The Journal of Popular Culture. XIII (3): 516–525. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1980.1303_516.x.
  80. 1 2 Arreola, D.D. (1984). "Mexican American Exterior Murals". Geographical Review. 74 (4): 409–424. doi:10.2307/215024. JSTOR 215024.
  81. 1 2 Neumaier, D. (1985). "Judy Baca: our people are the internal exiles". In Kahn, D.; Neumaier, D. (eds.). Cultures in Contention. ISBN 9780941104067.
  82. ↑ Kapitanoff, Nancy (14 March 1993). "Street Gallery Works : A slide presentation and a tour will both emphasize women muralists and the many images they've made on the walls of Los Angeles". Los Angeles Times.
  83. ↑ Baca, Judy (1980). The great wall of Los Angeles (MA). California State University Northridge. hdl:10211.3/125594.
  84. ↑ "The Great Wall of Los Angeles". Los Angeles City Planning. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  85. ↑ "Great Wall of Los Angeles (Mural)". National Park Service.
  86. ↑ Ducker, Eric (18 March 2013). "Roadside Attractions: A Look at the Los Angeles Marathon Murals". Grantland.
  87. ↑ LePage, Andrew (30 May 1994). "World Cup Gives Artist Chance to Send Message: Art: Willie Herron's mural saluting the soccer tournament will welcome LAX's diverse visitors with a call for unity". Los Angeles Times.
  88. ↑ Scurlock, Amanda (3 February 2022). "L.A. Rams Give Watts Rams Murals, Super Bowl LVI Tickets". Los Angeles Sentinel.
  89. ↑ D'Andrea, Christian (29 June 2022). "Artist paints portrait of Odell Beckham Jr. saving himself from the Cleveland Browns". USA Today.
  90. ↑ Benjamin, Cody (19 July 2018). "LOOK: There's a new LeBron James Lakers mural in L.A., and it's got Kobe, Shaq, Kareem and Wilt". CBS.
  91. ↑ "'Leave A Legacy': Kobe Bryant Looks Over Champion Lakers In New Mid-City Mural". CBS News. 13 October 2020.
  92. ↑ Borelli, Matt (13 April 2021). "Dodgers News: Jonas Never Painted Joe Kelly Mural From World Series Ring Ceremony". Dodger Blue.
  93. ↑ "Dodgers: New Mural Featuring Julio Urias and Lakers' Kobe Bryant Spotted In LA". Fan Nation. Sports Illustrated. 27 November 2021.
  94. ↑ Merola, Lauren (12 October 2022). "Kings unveil beachy hockey mural in Los Angeles". NHL.
  95. ↑ "LA Galaxy Unveil Beckham Mural & Statue". Soccer Bible. 3 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  96. ↑ Sigal, Jonathan (24 February 2020). "Javier "Chicharito" Hernandez visits LA Galaxy mural near Venice Beach". MLS Soccer.
  97. ↑ Rogers, Paul (11 April 2022). "Celebrate Jackie Robinson's Legacy in Los Angeles". Discover Los Angeles.
  98. ↑ DeBord, Matthew (14 April 2013). "UCLA unveils Jackie Robinson mural at stadium named for baseball legend". KPCC.
  99. ↑ Stuart, Gwynedd (15 February 2018). "One of L.A.'s Most Iconic Chicano Murals Is Being Displayed in a Museum for the First Time Ever". Los Angeles Magazine.
  100. ↑ "Fairfax Community Mural". Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  101. ↑ Klein, Alan M. (31 January 2012). "Latinizing the "National Pastime"". In Stavans, Ilan (ed.). Béisbol. The Ilan Stavans Library of Latino Civilization. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-0313375132.
  102. ↑ Demeke, Matthew (2 January 2021). "List Of All The Best Los Angeles Dodgers Murals In Los Angeles". LA AM 570.
  103. ↑ "New Dodgers mural in Los Angeles features Vin Scully and Tommy Lasorda". ABC 7. 13 October 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  104. 1 2 Wharton, David (31 July 2017). "Details emerge in deal to bring 2028 Summer Olympics to Los Angeles". Los Angeles Times.
  105. ↑ Raymond, Adam K. (31 July 2017). "It's Official: The 2028 Olympics Will Be in Los Angeles". The New Yorker.
  106. ↑ "Los Angeles' Bid for the 2024 Olympics and Paralympics". Legislative Analyst's Office. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  107. ↑ Harmetz, Aljean (2 June 1984). "Olympic Arts Festival Opens in L.A." The New York Times.
  108. ↑ Giovannini, Joseph (17 July 1984). "Murals Deck Freeways Approaching Olympics". The New York Times.
  109. 1 2 Hummel, Emily (6 April 2017). "50 Years In LA: A Gallery Amidst Gridlock". NHL.com.
  110. 1 2 Jao, Carren (22 May 2013). "Uncovered Olympic Glories: Murals Restoration on the 101 Freeway". KCET.
  111. ↑ Gelt, Jessica (20 August 2014). "L.A. again carries a torch for 1984 Olympic murals, their artists". Los Angeles Times.
  112. ↑ Vankin, Deborah (1 March 2013). "Bringing back a piece of L.A.'s Olympic glory". Los Angeles Times.
  113. ↑ Suk Wang, Ann (2014). "Olympic Freeway Murals Come Alive Again". The Quarterly Magazine. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  114. ↑ Vives, Ruben; Mejia, Brittny (29 January 2020). "Kobe Bryant's memory runs through the heart of L.A., and on its walls". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
  115. ↑ Gharib, Anthony (25 May 2023). "Lakers News: Artist Jonas Never Shares Sneak Peek Of New Purple and Gold 75th Anniversary Team Mural". Lakers Nation.
  116. ↑ Djang, Daniel (25 August 2023). "Discover Kobe Bryant Murals in Los Angeles". Discover Los Angeles.
  117. ↑ Lemire, Christy (1 January 2015). "Paint the Town". UCLA Newsroom.
  118. ↑ Tschorn, Adam (1 November 2016). "Kobe Bryant marks Day of the Dead by burying his basketball career and unveiling a new shoe". Los Angeles Times.
  119. ↑ Jeffries, J.L.; Beckham, J. (2021). "A 6′6″ Guard from Lower Merion High School . . . ". Journal of African American Studies. 25 (2): 163–165. doi:10.1007/s12111-021-09532-8. S2CID 236307020.
  120. ↑ Lloyd, J. (24 February 2022). "Map: Kobe Bryant Murals in Southern California and Around the World". NBC Los Angeles.
  121. ↑ Thompson-Hernández, Walter (22 February 2020). "In L.A., Kobe Dominates the Paint". The New York Times.
  122. ↑ Marantos, Jeanette (24 July 2020). "He's looking for Kobe Bryant everywhere, in murals across L.A. and the world". Los Angeles Times.
  123. ↑ Peter, Josh (22 January 2021). "'An outpouring of public art:' Hundreds of Kobe Bryant murals fill Los Angeles landscape". USA Today.
  124. ↑ Maslin, Janet (2 October 1981). "Agnes Varda's Murals". The New York Times.
  125. ↑ Oyallon-Koloski, Jenny (2015). "Mur murs & Documenteur: Agnès Varda in Los Angeles". Cinematheque. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
  126. ↑ "The Murals of East Los Angeles: (A Museum Without Walls) with Mur murs". The Academy Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  127. ↑ Bradshaw, Peter (4 March 2010). "Review: Exit Through the Gift Shop". The Guardian.
  128. ↑ Felch, Jason (22 February 2011). "Getting at the truth of 'Exit Through the Gift Shop'". Los Angeles Times.

Further reading

  • Barnet-Sanchez, Holly; Drescher, Tim (2016). Give Me Life: Iconography and Identity in East LA Murals. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826357489.
  • Bloch, Stefano (2019). Going All City: Struggle and Survival in LA's Graffiti Subculture. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226493589.
  • Burgess Fuller, Diana; Salvioni, Daniela, eds. (2002). Art / Women / California, 1950-2000: Parallels and Intersections. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520230668.
  • Curtis, Erin M.; Hough, Jessica; Latorre, Guisela (2017). ¡Murales Rebeldes!: L.A. Chicana/Chicano Murals Under Siege. ISBN 978-1-62640-049-8.
  • Dunitz, Robin J. (1993). Street Gallery: Guide to 1000 Los Angeles Murals. RJD Enterprises. ISBN 9780963286215.
  • Garcia, Marshall Rupert (1981). La raza murals of California, 1963-1970 : a period of social change and protest (MA). University of California, Berkeley.
  • Schrank, Sarah (2011). Art and the City: Civic Imagination and Cultural Authority in Los Angeles. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812221534.
  • Young, Stanley (1988). The Big Picture: Murals of Los Angeles. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500274903.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.