Muziki wa dansi (in Swahili: "dance music"), or simply dansi, is a Tanzanian music genre, derivative of Congolese soukous and Congolese rumba. It is sometimes called Swahili jazz because most dansi lyrics are in Swahili, and "jazz" is an umbrella term used in Central and Eastern Africa to refer to soukous, highlife, and other dance music and big band genres. Muziki wa dansi can also be referred to as Tanzanian rumba, as "african rumba" is another name for soukous.[1]

Muziki wa dansi began in the 1930s in the Dar es Salaam area (where most dansi bands come from),and it is still popular in Tanzania, although new generations are more likely to listen to bongo flava or other forms of pop music. Notable dansi bands include DDC Mlimani Park, International Orchestra Safari Sound, Juwata Jazz, Maquis Original, Super Matimila, and Vijana Jazz.[2][3]

History

In the first decades of the 20th century, soukous bands from Belgian Congo and French Congo were getting very popular across Eastern Africa. This craze brought along dance clubs, especially in major cities like Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, where bands would play live 7 days a week. While some of these bands were actually from Zaire, local bands emerged in Kenya, Tanzania and elsewhere and began to develop their own blend of soukous.[4] In Dar, some of the bands that pioneered the "tanzanian rumba" were Dar es Salaam Jazz Band (founded in 1932), Morogoro Jazz and Tabora Jazz. These early bands were typically big bands based on brass and drums.[3][4]

After Tanzania became independent (in 1961), a sponsorship system was introduced by Julius Nyerere's government, whereby bands would be financially supported by government departments or other national institutions. One of the major dansi bands of this era was the NUTA Jazz Band, which was named after its sponsor, the National Union of Tanzania. At the same time, bands gradually came to be managed like profit companies; the band owned the instruments, and musicians were employees, either on wage or salary. NUTA Jazz Band was one of the first bands to adopt this model; soon many others followed, including notable bands such as Orchestra Maquis Original, DDC Mlimani Park Orchestra, Tancut Alimasi and Vijana Jazz.[5] As a consequence of this, the most talented musicians would typically switch back and forth between bands to the best offerer, until they had gathered enough money to start their own band. Composers like Muhiddin Maalin and Hassani Bitchuka wrote hit songs for virtually all the major bands of their times. Conversely, a band was more of a "brand" than any specific ensemble of musicians; some bands kept playing for up to 50 years, while their members came and went.[6]

Dansi music flourished through the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, with bands such as Orchestra Safari Sound, Orchestra Maquis Original, International Orchestra Safari Sound and DDC Mlimani Park Orchestra battling to get the audience's favours. Competition was in fact a relevant concept in the development of dansi. Music festivals were usually in the form of contests, and each band typically had its own fan base, much in the venue of sporting teams.[3][4] Also, a band often had its "nemesis", i.e., their foremost competitor; for example, the dansi scene in the 1970s was characterized by the rivalry between Orchestra Maquis Original and Orchestra Safari Sound, which was later replaced by that between International Orchestra Safari Sound and Mlimani Park.[6]

Mitindo (in Swahili, "styles") were a key element in the rivalry between dansi bands. Each band would typically create its own style (mtindo), which was designed to be catchy for the audience and be clearly distinctive of the band. Mitindo were usually associated with, and often named after, some specific dancing style; for example, the name of Orchestra Maquis' mtindo ogelea piga mbizi means "dive and swim", as dancers were supposed to move their arms like they were diving. Bands often changed their mtindo when it began to go out of style. Some musicians and composers were specifically renowned as "mtindo makers".[3]

Mitindo were also important to identify a band irrespective of who was actually playing in that band. When a musician switched from one band to another, he would change his style to reflect the new band's mtindo. Again, the most appreciated dansi musicians could easily change their style as needed.[4]

Over time, dansi music changed, partly influenced by the evolution of European and American music. Bands in the 1960s and 1970s typically had electric guitars and electric bass guitars; in the 1980s keyboards became commonplace, and later bands even used synthesizers and drum machines (as was the case with Vijana Jazz). The sound of most recent dansi bands like Gari Kubwa, Tokyo Ngma and Atomic Advantage is actually keyboard-based.[7]

Notable bands

NameAlso known asTimelineLocationMitindoNotable musicians
Dar es Salaam Jazz BandDar Jazz1930s-1970sDar es SalaamMichael Enoch
Morogoro Jazz BandMorogoroMbaraka Mwinshehe, Salim Adballah
NUTA Jazz BandJuwata Jazz Band, OTTU Jazz Band1960s-presentJoseph Lusungu, Mnenge Ramadhani, Muhiddin Maalim, Hassani Bitchuka, Saidi Mabera, Abel Balthazar
Orchestra Maquis Original1970s-presentDar es Salaamkamanyola, zembwelaChinyama Chianza, Nguza Mbangu, Dekula Kahanga, Kasaloo Kyanga, Kyanga Songa, Tshimanga Assosa
Orchestra Safari Sound1970s-1985Ndala Kasheba, Skassy Kasambula, Kalala Mbwembwe, Molai Tungwa, Kababa Nkomba Gabi, Sony Mobali, Twahir Mohd, Muhidin Maalim
Mlimani Park Orchestra1978-?sikindeMuhiddin Maalim, Hassani Bitchuka, Abel Balthazar, Michael Enoch, Cosmas Chidumule, Shaaban Dede
Vijana Jazz1980s-1990sPamba motoHemedi Maneti, Cosmas Chidumule, Mhina Panduka, Jerry Nashon, Hamza Kalala, Yohana Shaban, Gotagota, Rashid Pembe, Hasan Dalali
International Orchestra Safari SoundIOSS1985-?ndekuleMuhiddin Maalim, Hassani Bitchuka, Abel Balthazar, Nguza Mbangu

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kaduma, Godwin Z. (1978). A theatrical description of five Tanzanian dances (Thesis). Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.
  2. ↑ Stone, Ruth M., ed. (2008). The Garland Handbook of African Music. New York: Routledge. pp. 14, 46–50, 136–137. ISBN 9781135900014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Graebner, Werner (1989). "Whose music? The songs of Remmy Ongala and Orchestra Super Matimila". Popular Music. Cambridge University Press. 3 (8): 243–258. doi:10.1017/S0261143000003548. ISSN 1474-0095. S2CID 162437123 – via Cambridge CORE.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Njogu, Kimani; Maupeu, Herv (2007). "Music and Politics in Tanzania: a case study of Nyota-wa-Cigogo". Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd. pp. 241–246. ISBN 978-9987-08-108-0.
  5. ↑ Edmondson, Laura (2007). McNaughton, Patrick (ed.). Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11705-2.
  6. 1 2 Mahenge, Elizabeth (2022-04-16). "Matumizi ya Mbinu ya Usimulizi katika Kuibua Dhamira ya Ukombozi wa Kisiasa Kusini mwa Afrika: Uchunguzi wa Nyimbo Teule za Muziki wa Dansi nchini Tanzania 1940-1990" [Use of Narrative Techniques in Raising the Demand for Political Liberation in Southern Africa: An Examination of Selected Dance Music Songs in Tanzania 1940-1990]. Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam (in Swahili). Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam. 40 (40).
  7. ↑ Kerr, David (2018-01-02). "From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam". Journal of African Cultural Studies. Routledge. 30 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776. ISSN 1369-6815. S2CID 146229942.
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